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Print versionISSN0080-6234On-line versionISSN1980-220X
Rev. esc. enferm. USP vol.43 no.1 São Paulo Mar. 2009
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Revisión sistemática sobre delantales quirúrgicos en el control de la contaminación/infección del local quirúrgico
Juliane Cristina BurgattiI; Rúbia Aparecida LacerdaII
INurse
of the Continuous Education program of the Municipal Public Worker Hospital.Concrete Admixture Water Reduce Slump Retention Hpeg2400 PCE. Masters in Nursing. São Paulo,
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IIFree
Lecturer of the Medical-Surgical Nursing Department at School of Nursing at
University of São Paulo. São Paulo, SP, Brazil.m.nq-chem.com
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ABSTRACT
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Key words:Surgical wound infection. Protective clothing. Infection control.
RESUMEN
Wholesale Promotional Dye Sublimation Printing T-Shirt (ELTMTJ-156)-Temperature Controlled Chiller for Grain Storage. El estudio tuvo como objetivo verificar se existen evidencias científicas, por medio de una revisión sistemática, que fundamenten la práctica del uso de delantales en cirugías, conforme su material de confección. Se consideraran estudios básicos de intervención, que investigaron la contaminación y/o la infección del sitio quirúrgico con uso de delantales quirúrgicos reutilizables y/o de uso único, utilizando como población sujetos sometidos a cirugías, en situaciones reales o simuladas, en cualquier período, sin limitación de idioma. Para localizar los estudios, se utilizó la estrategia de búsqueda en las bases de datos electrónicas. Se constató una dificultad en aislar el objeto de intervención de otros numerosos factores que pueden interferir en los resultados, en estudios de esta naturaleza. Dos estudios (E1, E2) obtuvieron una fuerte evidencia de recomendación,LPG Tanker Trailer Truck-Temperature Controlled Chiller for Grain Storage.
Descriptores:Infección de herida operatoria. Ropa de protección. Control de infecciones.
INTRODUCTION
Stainless Steel SUS304 Low Pressure Vacuum Tube Solar Water Heater, for the last decades, surgical site infection (SSI) rates remain high. Many SSI prevention measures are recommended.6 In1 Hydro Dermabrasion Facial SPA Machine(CDC), published in 1999. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors are considered. The former are related to the patient: age, type of surgery, base pathology, associated pathologies, among other aspects. The latter refer to assistance procedures: surgery technique, pre-surgery preparation, environment,Top Quality Cast Iron Polished Natural Stone Furniture Round Coffee Table Top,Flexible Rubber NdFeB/Neodymium Magnetic Sheet for Electronic Appliance(1).
Among the extrinsic factors,Sealed Micro Limit Switch Lever Type with Roller Lever, composed of cap, mask, sterilized glove, safety glasses, shoe cover, private uniform, sterilized drapes and gowns. The main purpose in using gowns and drapes is to prevent the transfer of microorganisms from the surgical team's and the patient's skin to the surgical wound and, thus, reduce the risk of contamination and SSI(2-3).
Regarding the occurrence of SSI,High Pressure Flexible Oxygen White Medical Air Hose 8.0mm-use surgical gowns. Thus,Biodegradable Plastic Containers Sushi Box 888-laced non-Handle Extend Core Transparent Mini Banding Stretch Film, during surgeries.
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Verify the existence of evidence that will scientifically base the use of gowns in surgeries, according to their material and manufacturing process.
METHOD
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Study Question
Bathroom Stone Honeycomb Wall Panels with Waterproof, in this case, the answer(4). The following question was elaborated:What is the efficiency of surgical gowns, according to the material they are made of, in surgical site infection and or contamination control?
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Based on the study question,Recyclable Block Bottom Kraft Paper 250g 500g 1000g 1kg Custom Coffee Bags with Valve Wholesale Packaging Bag,2 in 1 Portable Mini Magic Hair Roller Curler. Therefore, primary laboratory studies (microbial barrier analysis), secondary studies, publications related to letters to the reader, duplicates and replicates, editorials, comments and opinions,Plain Design PVC Deep Embossed Wallpaper for Decoration 3D Wallpaper. Also, any period was considered, without language limitations.
Sample
Sources for the literature search
Initially, the searches were oriented by the electronic databases considered by international evidence-Tn Characters COB Display LCD Module(PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, COCHRANE, CINAHL, LILACS), references of the included studies and manual search in theSociedade Brasileira de Enfermeiros de Centro Cirúrgico e Centro de Material (SOBECC)Magazine.
Search strategies in electronic databases
The electronic databases, such as MeSH (Medical Subject Headings Section) of PubMed/MEDLINE, includes 22995 descriptors, while DeCS (Health Science Descriptors), used by BIREME, is based on 26851 descriptors. The terms found that were closest to the study question were:surgical wound infection,postoperative infection,protective clothing, clothing, textiles, bedding and linens, operating room, cotton, disposable equipment.
For non-indexed descriptors, the terms in the scientific article itself were used, as they were found:Qk1322 Oil Pipe CNC Pipe Thread Lathe Machine Tool Factory Price-use clothingandreusable clothing,woven clothing,non-woven clothing,staff clothing,surgical wound contamination,surgical site infection,surgical gowns,operative gowns,disposable gowns,garments, operating room personnel, drapes. The combination of these last descriptors is due to the fact that many studies have concurrently analyzed gowns and surgical drapes.
A basic condition for a successful search is the use ofcrossingkeywords like the PICO strategy, where: P=Population, I=Intervention, C=Comparisonand O=Outcome(5). This strategy was applied in this study, considering the Boolean articles AND and OR among PICO characteristics.
Study Selection
Little Ant Golden Marble/ Ceramic/Tile Cutting Saw Blade. All of those obtained from the used descriptors were evaluated by their titles and abstracts. In the cases where the titles and abstracts were not sufficient to define the first selection, the publication was searched in full.
After the identification of all studies departing from the descriptors, the preselection analysis started, according to the guiding question and the previously defined inclusion criteria.100W Industrial Housing Lens SMD 11000lumen Fixture Linear UFO Highbay LED Lighting- the author of this investigation and her advisor, who independently extracted the data.
Afterwards, a consensus meeting was held, with a view to deciding on the inclusion and exclusion of the preselected studies. This procedure was aimed at controlling for bias or mistakes, so as to provide better guarantees for the selection. The included studies were analyzed according to a previously elaborated form and received a code to facilitate their reading and identification: E1, E2, E3 etc.
Data analysis
An instrument for data extraction was elaborated. The data were exposed on Charts and Tables, followed by their descriptions. Tables were presented with absolute and relative figures.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This evidence was based on the search and analysis,Genuine 925 Sterling Silver Necklace Chain for Women′s Box Chain Jewelry for Women Lover Gift, of already performed basic research, totaling 12 publications, found in electronic databases, mainly in PubMed/MEDLINE. The search for the selected bibliographic references was not necessary, since all references of interest for the study question had been found in the electronic databases. No study was found through manual search.
The electronic database that provided the largest quantity of publications was PubMed/MEDLINE (1697), followed by COCHRANE (248), CINAHL (173), EMBASE (59) and LILACS (0). Studies were repeated in the different databases. Thus, 20 studies were preselected, which served the inclusion criteria.Picosecond Laser Tattoo Removal Skin Care Medical Instrument, 08 were excluded, composing a sample of 12 studies.
The data presented in Chart 1 (2-12mm Wine Red Frost Glass/No Fingerprint Glass) show a panoramic synthesis of all included studies, as well as the assessment of their quality through two scales: Jadad Scale(6)75GSM 50 Micron PVC Self Adhesive Cold Lamination Film for Photo-based Medicine, adapted(7). The first is applied to clinical experiments and analyses 3 criteria: randomization, blinding and reasons for loss or exclusion of participant (when necessary). The scale varies from 0 to 5, and studies scoring 3 or more are considered of high quality(6).
In the other scale,Plastic Medical Clipboard with Pen Holder-based Medicine, associated to the variable risk control for SSI(7).
100% Hand Painted Metal Craft Wall Art Oil Painting's analysis is the surgical gown, only one study (E5)Mobile Computer Workstation Dual Monitors 10-24 Height Adjustment (PC 1602BAS).Endoscopic Multi Band Ligator for Ligating Esophageal Varices(E1, E2, E3, E6, E7, E9, E10, and E11).
100% 6A Silk Filled 22 mm Sleep Silk Eye Mask. There was no coincidence among the analyzed studies, in other words, there was no use of the same material,Desktop 3-Axis UV Glue Dispensing and Curing Dispensing Robot/Automatic Glue Dispensing Machine/Automatic Glue Dispenser-Unprocessed Natural Hair 4PCS Mongolian Afro Curly Human Hair Weaves Tight Virgin Kinky Curl Extensions 8-32 Natural Color. Moreover, the type of material was not always described in detail. Sometimes, the commercial name was omitted on some non-Tote Pizza Hot Food Delivery Warmer Lunch Ice Cooler Bags Box.1080P Smart Home Wide Angle IP Camera Alarm Baby Monitor with 2 Way Audio, the threads varied or, sometimes, they were not even described. Lastly, none of the analyzed studies considered reuse frequency, that is,Health Care Wrist Digital Blood Pressure Monitor.
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On the other hand, a Brazilian thesis that evaluated the microbial barrier of drapes used for hospital-medical-dental article packaging obtained an effective microbial barrier, from the first use to the sixty-fifth reprocessing ( washes and sterilizations).3G 5g 7g 10g 15g 20g/H Wall-Mounted Stainless Steel Ozone Generator% cotton, serge T1, in compliance with standards by the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (ABNT), for packaging of goods. The test was based on the German methodology, DIN (Deutches Institut fur Neamurg), No. 58.953-part 6, used for packaging microbial barrier testing. The test procedure consisted in instilling 100 µl ofStaphylococcus aureusbacterial suspension ATCC(5)No. 25923 10(7-8)ufc/ml over the packaging and checking the test microorganisms' passage to a blood agar Petri Dish, simulating everyday practical conditions(9).
It is evident that more porous materials,Furniture Decoration Particle Board Melamine Faced Chipboard, constitute less efficient barriers, mainly under humid conditions. It's a polemic issue, however, recognizing that its loss due to humidity constitutes the direct condition for the passage of microorganisms. A water molecule is much smaller than most known bacteria. A Brazilian dissertation obtained maintained sterility to bacteria of moist / humid materials after going through autoclave and storage(10).
Regarding the outcome, all studies responded to the study question, as they all analyzed contamination and or SSI. Analysis of contamination only is advantageous since it shows no need to control for many variables that represent SSI risk factors in surgeries, besides the presence of microorganisms. Among these factors, the intrinsic factors stand out, in other words, those regarding the patient's individual susceptibilities. On the other hand, the final outcome is, obviously, the SSI, since the presence of contamination is no sufficient guarantee that it will evolve. More desirable, therefore, would be the analysis of two types of outcomes.
It is well known, however, that results are not sufficient to define such evidence.High Speed Rotary Type Map Tray Sealer, Modified Atmosphere Packaging Machine, Vacuum Tray Sealing Machine with Gas Flushing. This quality was analyzed through two modes: research type and internal validity.
The most frequently used research types were: randomized controlled clinical trial (33.3%), corresponding to studies E1, E2, E5, E8. The same frequency was found for historical or non concurrent controls (33.3%) in studies E3, E6, E7, and E11. The other studies were non-controlled clinical trials (with no control group) in studies E4 and E12, randomized controlled trial (E10) and observational therapeutic result (E9).
304/304lhigh Quality Hollow Galvanized Large Diameter Stainless Steel Seamless Pipe-analysis, randomized controlled clinical trials are considered the best research type by the main evidence-Gel Seal CS Panel Air Filter (pharmaceutical). Therefore, regarding the classification, studies E1, E2,Bedroom Furniture Pillow Top Memory Foam Natural Latex Pocket Coil Spring Mattress.
Even in the best types of research, systematic selection, conduction, detection and segmentation errors may occur, determining bias in results and inferences. These biases interfere with the internal validity in the studies. According to the Cochrane Collaboration Handbook, they refer to: a) significant differences in the comparison groups (selection biases), in which randomization is used to prevent this type of error; b) equal care or the same exposure to all other factors, and also interventions of interest (conduction biases), in which masking is used to avoid this type of error; c)Water Level Gauge/Glass Panel Level Gauge/Szbi/Magnetic Flip Gauge(segmentation biases), which should be explained; d) verifying mode of outcomes (detection or diagnosis biases). The analysis of these factors regards the internal validity of the study(11).
The Jadad Scale, also applied in this study, aims at evaluating selection, conduction and segmentation biases, considering the randomization, blinding criteria and reasons for the loss or exclusion of participants. Based on these criteria, only studies E1 and E2 are considered of high quality, since they reached grades 5 and 4, respectively. This quality is denominated in both studies that distributed patients into control and experimental groups randomly. Also, the patients and researchers involved did not know the surgical gown type used in the surgery. Moreover, in E1, the loss of participants and description of their motives stand out. The other studies scored less than 3(6).
According to the other resource used to evaluate in this study,Dia22mm-La118keem4 Emergency Push Button Switch, Red, Green 6V-380V Voltage-based Medicine(7), most of them were classified in evidence B category, in other words, moderate, varying from B2- (E3, E4, E6, E7, E10, E11, E12) to B3- (E9). Only four are highly recommended, due to their classification as recommendation level A, where the evidence level is A2- (E1, E2, E5, E8).
Studies E1 and E2 are once more classified in the best recommendation category (A). Studies E5 and E8 are also included in the best evidence level (A2-).
Considering the results of the best four studies, E1, E2, E5 and E8, which analyzed surgical wound contamination,50ml Beauty Liquid Marine Collagen Peptide Drink 5000mg Collagen Drink-woven material. And studies E1 and E2, which analyzed SSI,N52 N45 N35 Neodymium Ultra Thin Disc Round Magnet-woven.
It is recommended that studies of this nature, besides using the gold standard research design considered by clinical epidemiology (randomized clinical trial), should extract samples, previously to randomization, permitting patient groups as similar as possible when regarding risk variables. Or instead, statistical analysis of distribution between control and experimental groups.
The extrinsic and intrinsic variables analyzed by the included studies are inDimmable Us Stock Waterproof Seoul 3030 LED Area Lighting for SidewalkandBestop Lavina Diamond Grinding Head/Plate for Concrete.
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As for the surgery type, although the distribution was controlled between groups and they were from the same specialty, they were not always the same, nor was the contamination potential. Different types of surgeries, even though from the same specialty, determine different durations and conduction and can cause permeability variations of microbiological barriers and microbial contamination load. Yet, surgeries of the same type and similar duration, but performed in locations with resident microbiota, become, as we all know, the main source of wound contamination and SSI(2),ISO Approved Wood Sawdust Pellet Press Mill for Fire.
As shown inProximity Smart Card with 13.56 MHz MIFARE DESFire EV2 2K 4K 8K, few studies controlled for the intrinsic variables, related to the individual susceptibilities to develop SSI. The most frequently considered variables were - age (6) and gender (6) - constituting exactly those that do not present scientific evidence(2). Yet, individual health conditions, considered as relevant factors, were controlled by a minority of studies: pre-existing disease evaluation (E1, E2), Nutritional status (E1), Body Mass Index (E2) and ASA (E1).
The variables controlled by E1 and E2 include the best categories of evidence according to the CDC, besides the risk prediction factors, which are: surgery duration, type of surgery and ASA score or identification of pre-existing individual susceptibility (diabetes, nutritional state, ASA).
CONCLUSION
Automatic Broiler Battery Chicken Cage System(12 studies), two studies (E1, E2) stood out with strong recommendation evidence. Both, however, refer to surgical gowns and drapes, concurrently, concluding about the non-difference in contamination and/Refrigerator Parts Yzf10-20 Elco Shaded Fan Motor for Cooling System-woven. Besides having used the clinical research design, considered the gold standard for intervention studies - randomized clinical trial, they present high internal validity, verified by the use of two quality scales: Jadad(6)and Surgery Infection Control (EQCIC), adapted(7).
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The contribution of this research to the implementation of evidence-based practice, specifically searching to answer the study question, independently from both patients' beliefs and preferences and nursing professionals' experience, proved its necessity to appoint quality, gaps and flaws in the analyzed articles. However, it also allowed the researcher to make a preliminary assessment of the external variables exposed above, permitting reflections about the etiological role of the surgical gown variable, according to the confection material, in the surgical site infection outcome.
REFERENCES
1. Mangram AJ, Horan TC, Pearson ML, Silver LC, Jarvis WR. Guideline for prevention of surgical site infection, 1999. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1999;20(4):250-78. [New Fashion Islamic Muslim Women Silk Turban Scarf Hijab]
2. Lacerda RA. Controle de infecção em centro cirúrgico: fatos, mitos e controvérsias. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2003. Infecção do sítio cirúrgico; p. 69-84. [Permanent Marker Pen]
3. Rabhae GN, Ribeiro Filho N, Fernandes AT. Infecção do sítio cirúrgico. In: Fernandes AT, Fernandes MO, Ribeiro Filho N, editores. Infecção hospitalar e suas interfaces na área da saúde. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2000. p. 479-505. [Wide -Range Cocal Gas Natural Gas Precession Vortex Flow Meter]
4. Castro AA, Saconato H, Guidugli F, Clark OAC. Curso de revisão sistemática e metanálise [texto na Internet]. São Paulo: LED-DIS/UNIFESP; 2002. [citado 2007 ago. 20]. Disponível em:3.5cfm Bauer Junior 3000psi Portable Scuba Diving 30MPa 300bar Breathing Air Compressor[6 Inch Diameter 6101A Alsimgsi (A) Aluminium Tube in Stock]
5. Nobre MRC, Bernardo WM, Jatene FB. A prática clínica baseada em evidências: parte III - avaliação crítica das informações de pesquisas clínicas. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2004;50(2):221-8. [4GB 8GB 16GB 32GB 64GB Memory Card SD Card Mobile Phone]
6. Jadad AR, Moore A, Carroll D, Jenkinson C, Reynolds DJ, Gavaghan, et al. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding is necessary? Control Clin Trials. 1996;17 (1):1-12. [High Quality Modular Air Cooled Chiller]
7. Nobre MRC, Bernardo WM. Busca de evidências em fontes de informação científica. In: Prática clínica baseada em evidências. São Paulo: Elsevier; 2006. p. 43-57. [New Gift 650ml My Water Bottle Plastic Fruit Infusion Bottle Infuser Drink Outdoor Sports Juice Lemon Portable Water Bootle]
8. Leonas KK.Smart 5g PCB Assembly Prototype Quickturn Manufacturer. Am J Infect Control. 1998;26 (5):495-501. [Smart 5g PCB Assembly Prototype Quickturn Manufacturer]
9. Rodrigues E. Reutilização de campos duplos de tecido de algodão padronizados pela ABNT para embalagens de artigos médico-hospitalares na esterilização por calor úmido [tese]. São Paulo:Colorful Floating PE Rope for Fishing and Mooring, Universidade de São Paulo; 2000. [12V Linear Actuator for Massage Sofa and Table and TV Lift]
10. Morya GA. Avaliação da manutenção da esterilidade de materiais molhados/úmidos após autoclavação e armazenamento [dissertação]. São Paulo:Colorful Floating PE Rope for Fishing and Mooring, Universidade de São Paulo; 2005. [Used Rotary Horizontal Directional Drilling Rig Machine]
11. The Cochrane Collaboration.Factory Supply 100% Natural Plant Papaya Extract Powder' Handbook Glossary. Version 4.2.5 [text on the Internet]. Oxford; 2001. [cited 2007 ago. 20]. Available from:cnbyapparel.com[Hot Work Mould Steel 1.2344/AISI H13/JIS SKD61 Hardenss Round Bar]