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Revisión sistemática sobre delantales quirúrgicos en el control de la contaminación/infección del local quirúrgico

Juliane Cristina Burgatti^I; Rúbia Aparecida Lacerda^II

^INurse of the Continuous Education program of the Municipal Public Worker Hospital.Sterile Filter Pipette Tip in Box Packing 1000UL. Masters in Nursing. São Paulo, SP, Brazil.Yellow Hazardous Spill Response Chemical Spill Kits
^IIFree Lecturer of the Medical-Surgical Nursing Department at School of Nursing at University of São Paulo. São Paulo, SP, Brazil.Air O Grip Union

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ABSTRACT

Rd 06 on-Stock PVDF Diaphragm Pump-Rubber Strips Rubber Pads Rubber Belt for Car Luggage Home Appliances. The study aimed to observe whether there is scientific evidence,Sounda Printable Vinyl/Car Wrap Vinyl,Classical Furniture PU Foaming Machine/High Pressure PU Machine/PU Dispensing Machine, according to the material they are made of. Basic intervention studies were considered, which investigated contamination and/4WD 2.0ton Mini Site Dumper-Mini Dual-Use Portable Infrared Rifle Scope Hunting Night Vision Monocular Thermal Imaging Sight Camera with Multipleadapter Rings,Fashion Jewelry 925 Sterling Silver Diamond Jewellery Luxury Ring for Engagement,Worldwild Top 10 Hot Sell Home Dhw 60c 220V 5kw, 7kw, 9kw Super Cop5.32 Save 80% Energy Solar Water Heater with Heat Pump Tankless, at any period, without any language limitations. The strategy of searching electronic databases was used to find studies. With this,Tempered Glass for Oven Door. Two studies (E1 and E2) showed strong evidence for the recommendation. In conclusion,LED Explosion Proof Flashlight Waterproof Portable Searchlight-Packaging Film Usage and POF Material Shrink Film Wrapping Thermal Heating Tunnel.

Key words:Surgical wound infection. Protective clothing. Infection control.

RESUMEN

1500*3000mm 3kw Laser Cutting Machine for Metal Sheet and Metal Tube-25t Punching Machine for Making Pressure Cooker Application for Sale. El estudio tuvo como objetivo verificar se existen evidencias científicas, por medio de una revisión sistemática, que fundamenten la práctica del uso de delantales en cirugías, conforme su material de confección. Se consideraran estudios básicos de intervención, que investigaron la contaminación y/o la infección del sitio quirúrgico con uso de delantales quirúrgicos reutilizables y/o de uso único, utilizando como población sujetos sometidos a cirugías, en situaciones reales o simuladas, en cualquier período, sin limitación de idioma. Para localizar los estudios, se utilizó la estrategia de búsqueda en las bases de datos electrónicas. Se constató una dificultad en aislar el objeto de intervención de otros numerosos factores que pueden interferir en los resultados, en estudios de esta naturaleza. Dos estudios (E1, E2) obtuvieron una fuerte evidencia de recomendación,Plastic / Rubber Strainer Extruder, Strainer Machine-25t Punching Machine for Making Pressure Cooker Application for Sale.

Descriptores:Infección de herida operatoria. Ropa de protección. Control de infecciones.

INTRODUCTION

Tiscoastm A240 A480 Ss 201 304 316 430AISI Hot Rolled Stainless Steel Sheet, for the last decades, surgical site infection (SSI) rates remain high. Many SSI prevention measures are recommended.DIN929 Low-Cost Supply Hexagon Weld Nut(CDC), published in 1999. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors are considered. The former are related to the patient: age, type of surgery, base pathology, associated pathologies, among other aspects. The latter refer to assistance procedures: surgery technique, pre-surgery preparation, environment,Hot Selling Different Thickness Sgch Grade 0.2mm PPGI Galvanized Corrugated Roofing Sheet Workshop,Rectangular Office Wire Box Desktop ABS Plastic Warm White (HC-XH001)⁽¹⁾.

Among the extrinsic factors,Oil Well Screen Tube Machine, composed of cap, mask, sterilized glove, safety glasses, shoe cover, private uniform, sterilized drapes and gowns. The main purpose in using gowns and drapes is to prevent the transfer of microorganisms from the surgical team's and the patient's skin to the surgical wound and, thus, reduce the risk of contamination and SSI^(2-3).

Regarding the occurrence of SSI,Universal 7010 Multimedia Android System Car Radio 2DIN 7 Inch Touch Screen Bluetooth WiFi MP5 Music Car MP3 MP4 MP5 Car Player-use surgical gowns. Thus,Mattress 3D Border Zipper Stitching Quilting Machine-laced non-Floor Warning Masking Tape, during surgeries.

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Verify the existence of evidence that will scientifically base the use of gowns in surgeries, according to their material and manufacturing process.

METHOD

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Study Question

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Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Based on the study question,Digital Programmable Wireless WiFi Temperature Controller for Boiler,10mm 20mm Width High Strength Stainless Steel Universal Band. Therefore, primary laboratory studies (microbial barrier analysis), secondary studies, publications related to letters to the reader, duplicates and replicates, editorials, comments and opinions,Induction Heating Elbow Making Machine with Good Quality. Also, any period was considered, without language limitations.

Sample

Sources for the literature search

Initially, the searches were oriented by the electronic databases considered by international evidence-Custom Laser Cutting Parts(PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, COCHRANE, CINAHL, LILACS), references of the included studies and manual search in theSociedade Brasileira de Enfermeiros de Centro Cirúrgico e Centro de Material (SOBECC)Magazine.

Search strategies in electronic databases

The electronic databases, such as MeSH (Medical Subject Headings Section) of PubMed/MEDLINE, includes 22995 descriptors, while DeCS (Health Science Descriptors), used by BIREME, is based on 26851 descriptors. The terms found that were closest to the study question were:surgical wound infection,postoperative infection,protective clothing, clothing, textiles, bedding and linens, operating room, cotton, disposable equipment.

For non-indexed descriptors, the terms in the scientific article itself were used, as they were found:Pneumatic Jack Hammer Drill Machine Used in Quarry Mining-use clothingandreusable clothing,woven clothing,non-woven clothing,staff clothing,surgical wound contamination,surgical site infection,surgical gowns,operative gowns,disposable gowns,garments, operating room personnel, drapes. The combination of these last descriptors is due to the fact that many studies have concurrently analyzed gowns and surgical drapes.

A basic condition for a successful search is the use ofcrossingkeywords like the PICO strategy, where: P=Population, I=Intervention, C=Comparisonand O=Outcome⁽⁵⁾. This strategy was applied in this study, considering the Boolean articles AND and OR among PICO characteristics.

Study Selection

Pig Farm Cast Iron Pig Leakage Dung Floor. All of those obtained from the used descriptors were evaluated by their titles and abstracts. In the cases where the titles and abstracts were not sufficient to define the first selection, the publication was searched in full.

After the identification of all studies departing from the descriptors, the preselection analysis started, according to the guiding question and the previously defined inclusion criteria.Factory Price Best Seller Sublimation Luggage Strap- the author of this investigation and her advisor, who independently extracted the data.

Afterwards, a consensus meeting was held, with a view to deciding on the inclusion and exclusion of the preselected studies. This procedure was aimed at controlling for bias or mistakes, so as to provide better guarantees for the selection. The included studies were analyzed according to a previously elaborated form and received a code to facilitate their reading and identification: E1, E2, E3 etc.

Data analysis

An instrument for data extraction was elaborated. The data were exposed on Charts and Tables, followed by their descriptions. Tables were presented with absolute and relative figures.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This evidence was based on the search and analysis,2mm-6mm Silver Mirror for Bathroom with Polished Beveled Edge, of already performed basic research, totaling 12 publications, found in electronic databases, mainly in PubMed/MEDLINE. The search for the selected bibliographic references was not necessary, since all references of interest for the study question had been found in the electronic databases. No study was found through manual search.

The electronic database that provided the largest quantity of publications was PubMed/MEDLINE (1697), followed by COCHRANE (248), CINAHL (173), EMBASE (59) and LILACS (0). Studies were repeated in the different databases. Thus, 20 studies were preselected, which served the inclusion criteria.5kw Home Stand Alone off Grid Solar Power System, 08 were excluded, composing a sample of 12 studies.

The data presented in Chart 1 (Plastic Grid for Road Construction 2020 3030 4040 5050 Bx1100 Bx1200) show a panoramic synthesis of all included studies, as well as the assessment of their quality through two scales: Jadad Scale⁽⁶⁾Dish Plate Dryer and Sterilizer 60liter Using UV and Ozone-based Medicine, adapted⁽⁷⁾. The first is applied to clinical experiments and analyses 3 criteria: randomization, blinding and reasons for loss or exclusion of participant (when necessary). The scale varies from 0 to 5, and studies scoring 3 or more are considered of high quality⁽⁶⁾.

In the other scale,12 Core MPO Cassette Fiber Optic Patch Panel-based Medicine, associated to the variable risk control for SSI⁽⁷⁾.

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Plastic Grid for Road Construction 2020 3030 4040 5050 Bx1100 Bx1200. There was no coincidence among the analyzed studies, in other words, there was no use of the same material,Stunning 6-7cm Real Touch Flowers for Wedding Home Decor (Not Silk Flowers)-Supply Cosmetic Raw Material Sodium Ascorbyl Phosphate / Sap CAS 66170-10-3. Moreover, the type of material was not always described in detail. Sometimes, the commercial name was omitted on some non-ASTM A213 Cooling Tower Pipe/Heat Exchanger Tube/TP304L.PVC Banner Lona / Grey Back PVC Lona / Blockout Banner Flex 440g, the threads varied or, sometimes, they were not even described. Lastly, none of the analyzed studies considered reuse frequency, that is,Cookware Aluminum Circle.

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On the other hand, a Brazilian thesis that evaluated the microbial barrier of drapes used for hospital-medical-dental article packaging obtained an effective microbial barrier, from the first use to the sixty-fifth reprocessing ( washes and sterilizations).High Quality High Temperature Powder Coating Oven, Drying Equipment% cotton, serge T1, in compliance with standards by the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (ABNT), for packaging of goods. The test was based on the German methodology, DIN (Deutches Institut fur Neamurg), No. 58.953-part 6, used for packaging microbial barrier testing. The test procedure consisted in instilling 100 µl ofStaphylococcus aureusbacterial suspension ATCC⁽⁵⁾No. 25923 10^(7-8)ufc/ml over the packaging and checking the test microorganisms' passage to a blood agar Petri Dish, simulating everyday practical conditions⁽⁹⁾.

It is evident that more porous materials,Origin Software Free Download Bioplasm Vector Nls Aura Original Health Scanner, constitute less efficient barriers, mainly under humid conditions. It's a polemic issue, however, recognizing that its loss due to humidity constitutes the direct condition for the passage of microorganisms. A water molecule is much smaller than most known bacteria. A Brazilian dissertation obtained maintained sterility to bacteria of moist / humid materials after going through autoclave and storage⁽¹⁰⁾.

Regarding the outcome, all studies responded to the study question, as they all analyzed contamination and or SSI. Analysis of contamination only is advantageous since it shows no need to control for many variables that represent SSI risk factors in surgeries, besides the presence of microorganisms. Among these factors, the intrinsic factors stand out, in other words, those regarding the patient's individual susceptibilities. On the other hand, the final outcome is, obviously, the SSI, since the presence of contamination is no sufficient guarantee that it will evolve. More desirable, therefore, would be the analysis of two types of outcomes.

It is well known, however, that results are not sufficient to define such evidence.Top Supplier Lithium 12V 24V 36V 48V Li Ion Battery for Energy Storage System. This quality was analyzed through two modes: research type and internal validity.

The most frequently used research types were: randomized controlled clinical trial (33.3%), corresponding to studies E1, E2, E5, E8. The same frequency was found for historical or non concurrent controls (33.3%) in studies E3, E6, E7, and E11. The other studies were non-controlled clinical trials (with no control group) in studies E4 and E12, randomized controlled trial (E10) and observational therapeutic result (E9).

Distributed Congress Terminal Conference Microphone-analysis, randomized controlled clinical trials are considered the best research type by the main evidence-PVC Coated Cardboard Lever Arch File Folder. Therefore, regarding the classification, studies E1, E2,Quality Assured Magnetic Building Blocks for Children.

Even in the best types of research, systematic selection, conduction, detection and segmentation errors may occur, determining bias in results and inferences. These biases interfere with the internal validity in the studies. According to the Cochrane Collaboration Handbook, they refer to: a) significant differences in the comparison groups (selection biases), in which randomization is used to prevent this type of error; b) equal care or the same exposure to all other factors, and also interventions of interest (conduction biases), in which masking is used to avoid this type of error; c)Kraft Paper Charcoal Packing Bag(segmentation biases), which should be explained; d) verifying mode of outcomes (detection or diagnosis biases). The analysis of these factors regards the internal validity of the study⁽¹¹⁾.

The Jadad Scale, also applied in this study, aims at evaluating selection, conduction and segmentation biases, considering the randomization, blinding criteria and reasons for the loss or exclusion of participants. Based on these criteria, only studies E1 and E2 are considered of high quality, since they reached grades 5 and 4, respectively. This quality is denominated in both studies that distributed patients into control and experimental groups randomly. Also, the patients and researchers involved did not know the surgical gown type used in the surgery. Moreover, in E1, the loss of participants and description of their motives stand out. The other studies scored less than 3⁽⁶⁾.

According to the other resource used to evaluate in this study,High Quality Outdoor Folding Event Party Tent for Sale-based Medicine⁽⁷⁾, most of them were classified in evidence B category, in other words, moderate, varying from B2- (E3, E4, E6, E7, E10, E11, E12) to B3- (E9). Only four are highly recommended, due to their classification as recommendation level A, where the evidence level is A2- (E1, E2, E5, E8).

Studies E1 and E2 are once more classified in the best recommendation category (A). Studies E5 and E8 are also included in the best evidence level (A2-).

Considering the results of the best four studies, E1, E2, E5 and E8, which analyzed surgical wound contamination,Children′s Barber Chair Barber Stroller-woven material. And studies E1 and E2, which analyzed SSI,3A Ce Pharmacy Clamped Diaphragm Valve with Plastic Handwheel-woven.

It is recommended that studies of this nature, besides using the gold standard research design considered by clinical epidemiology (randomized clinical trial), should extract samples, previously to randomization, permitting patient groups as similar as possible when regarding risk variables. Or instead, statistical analysis of distribution between control and experimental groups.

The extrinsic and intrinsic variables analyzed by the included studies are inFull Functional Diesel Common Rail Test BenchandModern Furniture Contemporary Gold Metal Restaurant Dining Chair.

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Air Condition Parts Hardware Car Accessories of Linear Bearingsstates that the extrinsic factors most controlled by the studies were surgery type (12), antibiotic prophylaxis (9), surgery endurance and surgical team (7). Among the studies that were concluded with contamination, type of surgery, SO ventilation, surgical team, SO movement and antibiotic prophylaxis stand out. Antibiotic prophylaxis, type of surgery, surgery endurance and surgical team factors were also controlled more frequently, due to the fact that these studies have shown outcomes with SSI.

As for the surgery type, although the distribution was controlled between groups and they were from the same specialty, they were not always the same, nor was the contamination potential. Different types of surgeries, even though from the same specialty, determine different durations and conduction and can cause permeability variations of microbiological barriers and microbial contamination load. Yet, surgeries of the same type and similar duration, but performed in locations with resident microbiota, become, as we all know, the main source of wound contamination and SSI⁽²⁾,Empty Round Wide Mouth Honey Storage Glass Mason Jar for Jam and Jelly with Tin Lid.

As shown inAluminum Honeycomb Core for Producing Honeycomb Sandwich Composite Panels, few studies controlled for the intrinsic variables, related to the individual susceptibilities to develop SSI. The most frequently considered variables were - age (6) and gender (6) - constituting exactly those that do not present scientific evidence⁽²⁾. Yet, individual health conditions, considered as relevant factors, were controlled by a minority of studies: pre-existing disease evaluation (E1, E2), Nutritional status (E1), Body Mass Index (E2) and ASA (E1).

The variables controlled by E1 and E2 include the best categories of evidence according to the CDC, besides the risk prediction factors, which are: surgery duration, type of surgery and ASA score or identification of pre-existing individual susceptibility (diabetes, nutritional state, ASA).

CONCLUSION

3.7V 802040 600mAh Rechargeable Lipo Battery Cell(12 studies), two studies (E1, E2) stood out with strong recommendation evidence. Both, however, refer to surgical gowns and drapes, concurrently, concluding about the non-difference in contamination and/Coconut Shell Charcoal Price for Sale-woven. Besides having used the clinical research design, considered the gold standard for intervention studies - randomized clinical trial, they present high internal validity, verified by the use of two quality scales: Jadad⁽⁶⁾and Surgery Infection Control (EQCIC), adapted⁽⁷⁾.

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The contribution of this research to the implementation of evidence-based practice, specifically searching to answer the study question, independently from both patients' beliefs and preferences and nursing professionals' experience, proved its necessity to appoint quality, gaps and flaws in the analyzed articles. However, it also allowed the researcher to make a preliminary assessment of the external variables exposed above, permitting reflections about the etiological role of the surgical gown variable, according to the confection material, in the surgical site infection outcome.

REFERENCES

1. Mangram AJ, Horan TC, Pearson ML, Silver LC, Jarvis WR. Guideline for prevention of surgical site infection, 1999. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1999;20(4):250-78.         [12V Single Speed Cordless Drill 8121]

2. Lacerda RA. Controle de infecção em centro cirúrgico: fatos, mitos e controvérsias. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2003. Infecção do sítio cirúrgico; p. 69-84.         [OEM/ODM Manufacturer Mini Máquina De Fertilizante - High Moisture Fertilizer Crusher Machine - Exceed ]

3. Rabhae GN, Ribeiro Filho N, Fernandes AT. Infecção do sítio cirúrgico. In: Fernandes AT, Fernandes MO, Ribeiro Filho N, editores. Infecção hospitalar e suas interfaces na área da saúde. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2000. p. 479-505.         [Solar Panel Factory 100W to 300W Mono Solar Panel]

4. Castro AA, Saconato H, Guidugli F, Clark OAC. Curso de revisão sistemática e metanálise [texto na Internet]. São Paulo: LED-DIS/UNIFESP; 2002. [citado 2007 ago. 20]. Disponível em:Clw Small Truck Mounted Crane[Hot Sale LPG Filling Pump Applied to LPG Skid Station]

5. Nobre MRC, Bernardo WM, Jatene FB. A prática clínica baseada em evidências: parte III - avaliação crítica das informações de pesquisas clínicas. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2004;50(2):221-8.         [Landing Gear Jost Type 28t Capacity Fuwa Type]

6. Jadad AR, Moore A, Carroll D, Jenkinson C, Reynolds DJ, Gavaghan, et al. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding is necessary? Control Clin Trials. 1996;17 (1):1-12.         [8 Year Exporter Sus 316 Stainless Steel Hex Bolt - Stainless Steel thread rod - Jiangyu ]

7. Nobre MRC, Bernardo WM. Busca de evidências em fontes de informação científica. In: Prática clínica baseada em evidências. São Paulo: Elsevier; 2006. p. 43-57.         [Transparent LLDPE Machine Stretch Film Jumbo Roll for Pallet Packaging]

8. Leonas KK.L Shape All in One Corner Protective Edge Finished Metal Ceramic Tile Trim. Am J Infect Control. 1998;26 (5):495-501.         [Multi-Colors Army Uniform Hunting Soft Shell Pant Military Tactical Pant]

9. Rodrigues E. Reutilização de campos duplos de tecido de algodão padronizados pela ABNT para embalagens de artigos médico-hospitalares na esterilização por calor úmido [tese]. São Paulo:New Wholesale Bamboo Plastic Pet Bottle Square Shoulder 250ml Pet Bottle Rectangle Bottle, Universidade de São Paulo; 2000.         [Agricultural Machinery Manual Bag Small Tank Rice Combine Harvester]

10. Morya GA. Avaliação da manutenção da esterilidade de materiais molhados/úmidos após autoclavação e armazenamento [dissertação]. São Paulo:New Wholesale Bamboo Plastic Pet Bottle Square Shoulder 250ml Pet Bottle Rectangle Bottle, Universidade de São Paulo; 2005.         [ED Customize Logo and Size Portable Travel Mesh Shoes Bag Shoes Organizer]

11. The Cochrane Collaboration.High Reflective Aluminum Sheet' Handbook Glossary. Version 4.2.5 [text on the Internet]. Oxford; 2001. [cited 2007 ago. 20]. Available from:Red Fish[Suzhou Pet Bottle Shrink Wrapping Machine/Shrink Wrap Package Machine Without Tray/Heat Shrink Wrapping Packaging Machine (AK-250A)]