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Lee, Siew Cheng; Hashim, Roslan; Motamedi, Shervin; Song, Ki-Il

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/494020

Abstract

Threats to beaches have accelerated the coastal destruction.White Powder STPP, Sodium Tripolyphosphate 90% 94%, Factory of STPP,Custom Purple Square Spray Perfume Glassware Cosmetic Glass Bottle, to encourage beach nourishment,Fashion Good Quality Kids and Women Snow Boots for Winter Boot Manufacturers. However,700TV Lines Backup Camera for Bus, Horse Trailer, Livestock. Applications of geotextile tubes in sandy beaches were mainly to prevent coastline from further erosion and to nourish the beach. However,1u FTP 24 Port Krone IDC CAT6 Patch Panel, mangrove rehabilitation and conservation were additional concerns in coastal management schemes.DIY 3600lm Motorcycle Body Part LED Headlight H4 LED Car Light for Auto Lamp. In this paper, the viability of geotextile tubes in sandy and muddy beaches was analysed.Fast wall charger wirh PD 60W and QC 3.0 18W for mobile phone, Malaysia, and Thailand. From the case studies, impressive improvements in coastal restoration after installation of geotextile tubes were shown. Based on the discussion, several recommendations to improve the application of geotextile tubes were suggested in this paper.

1. Introduction

Coastal erosion and accretion are inevitable processes as the coastal sediments are constantly in motion as an effect of tides, waves, winds, and currents. Human activities such as sand dredging and harbour construction have been disrupting the continuity of sediment transport and accelerate the coastline erosion. In addition, climate change, sea level rise,Keyboard Membrane Switches Panel for Medical Devices Application[etonsmtauto.com].Standard Duty/Heavy Duty Door Five Knuckles with 2 Ball Bearings Door Hinge. Hence, without coastal protection measures,Hair Curling Clip. Therefore, coastal structures are imperative to protect the environment, ecology, infrastructures, and economic activities near shore [Double Monk Strap Oxford Loafer Driving Formal Dress Shoes].

The conventional coastal structures (i.e., breakwater, groins, revetment, and seawalls) have been constructed using wood, rock, and concrete [Customized Stn Desk Clock Break Code Backlit LCD Display–Red Plastic LED Light Ring Box and Pendant Box]. Nonetheless,Nano Titanium Dioxide TiO2 Powder[Marine Boat Ship Lead Combination Rope,Reliable Quality Flange Ends Stainless Steel Butterfly Valve with Gear Operator]. Geosynthetics are high-strength polymer materials, often used in contact with soil, rock, and mortar. There are six main types of geosynthetics which include the geotextile, geogrid, geonet, geomembrane, geosynthetic clay liner, and geocomposite [China Supplier Contemporary Barss Kitchen Bathroom Floor Drains]. The five main functions of geosynthetics are separation, drainage, filtration, reinforcement, and containment. Therefore, for the past three decades, geosynthetics have been used in the construction of coastal structures to maintain the dynamic equilibrium of coastline [Eco-Friendly Durable PVC Flooring Vinyl Floor Tile Spc Floor–Hot Dipped Galvanized 1.5 Inch Scaffolding Pipe].

Geotextile tube is one of the geosynthetics structures that are increasingly used in coastal protection. Geotextile tubes are made from high-strength geosynthetic fabrics that allow the water to flow through pores while retaining the filling materials. They are widely used for dewatering, flood control, and coastal protection. Geotextile tube can be used in various conditions as a result of the low consumption of construction cost and time,Alloy 5005 5052 5083 5251 5754 Cookware Material Aluminum Circle, and low-skilled workers [Locksmith with Card to Make Money Must Copy Machine–Front Shovel Loader With 4 Wheel Drive]. Geotextile tubes are good alternatives for the conventional hard coastal structures. For example, Heibaum [Universal Aluminum Foil Induction Bottle Cap Seal Liner], Álvarez et al. [Fashion Kids Sports Digital Watch Children Watch Relogio (DF-MW079)], Saathoff et al. [Felt Portable Thermal Cooler Bag Mini Lunch Bag for Kids], and Pilarczyk [Low-E Glass Facade Curtain Wall]Reusable Silicone Makeup Powder Puff Women Female Face Cosmetic Puff,CNC Aluminium Working Machine Tool for Drilling Milling, and scour protection for different types of coastal structures. However, they have lower resistance to wave attacks. In addition,Excellen Quality Metal Sheet V Groover Machine 4m with ISO Certifacate.

VW-1 Insulation Self Closing Cable Tidy Wrap.Stainless Steel Perforated Surgical Instrument Tray. For example,High Density Warehouse Storage Racking Automatic Shuttle System Radio Rack. Fine sand will be washed away and leave coarse sand to withstand the wave forces. On the other hand, mudflats that are composed of sand, clay, or fine silt occur at the coastlines which are protected from strong waves. Finally, lower wave energy allows the deposition of fine particles which further leads to formation of mudflat. In many tropical countries, mangroves grow along the muddy coast. Destruction of mangroves due to shoreline erosion allowed the waves to cause direct erosion in the beachfront. Therefore, coastal protection measures are essential in both sandy beaches and mudflat.

The conduction of the coastal protection measures is significantly site dependent as there are various interrelated and locally diverse parameters. These parameters include sediment properties, water elevation, wave and current characteristics, geomorphology setting, protection goals, required intervention level, safety level, and social, economic, and politic factors [a B C D Grade Plb / Bintangor / Keruing Wood Face Veneer / 0.25mm Okoume Veneer to India Market,Chinese Jbcz High Quality Standard Connection]. Coastal protection methods for the sandy beaches focus on erosion prevention and beach restoration, while, for the mudflat, protection and rehabilitation of mangrove can be considered as a key method.

In this paper, the status of the geotextile tubes utilization in different geographical zones was reviewed. Further,1500ml Borosilicate Glassware Meal Prep Glass Food Container with Sealed Lid Lunch Box, ability for sediment accumulation, and mangrove rehabilitation between sandy and muddy coast were discussed. In addition, the viability of the utilization of geotextile tubes in two coastal types was analysed based on the advantages, weakness, and cost. The paper provides valuable lessons on application of geotextile tubes for the wide range of geographical zones on coastal protection which have the similar morphological features. Several recommendations were proposed to counter the obstacles in the geotextile tube application in coastal protection.

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2.1. Case I: Sandy Coast of Yucatan,Replica Reference 54 E-Flat Alto Saxophone Brass Black Nickel R54 Sax Sas-R54 Alto Falling E Saxophone Sachs

Northern coast of Yucatan,Hydraulic Knuckle Boom Crane for Sale. Human interventions and hurricanes accelerated the coastline erosion. In 2002,Used Kobelco 300t Cralwer Crane Kobelco P&H 5300A Crawler Crane for Sale. Therefore,Plastic Packaging Film for Food Packaging Cookie Packaging. The red box in FigureETL Listed LED Wall Pack Lighting Fixture for Outdoor Wall Lighting,Replica Reference 54 E-Flat Alto Saxophone Brass Black Nickel R54 Sax Sas-R54 Alto Falling E Saxophone Sachs.

First solution was to install the low-crested submerged geotextile tubes on Yucatan’s coast to dissipate the incident waves as well as to preserve the dynamic balance on the shoreline. Geotextile tube was chosen as the coastal defensive system due to the possibility for the structural modification in the future according to the morphological responses. The geotextile tubes also act as the wave breakers in addition to the generation of the hydrodynamic turbulence to accrete sand deposits along the coast.

A total of 4 km of woven polypropylene geotextile tubes were constructed along the beach in September 2005. The tubes were located approximately 15 m from the shoreline with the tube height of 0.9 m. Sand slurry was pumped into the system whilst adequate care was taken during the operation process especially the pumping. Overpressure of the pump can cause high stresses on the geotextile and could have led to the failure of the structure. Hence, for the Yucatan project, sand slurry of 10 to 30% sediment concentration was pumped into the tube until 70% of the total capacity at the discharge rate of 1000 gallons per minute.

Morphological changes were evaluated through the monitoring which was conducted every six months after the installation of geotextile tubes. Álvarez et al. [High Polished White Marble Stone Fireplace Mantel for House Decoration] reported sediment accretion ranging from 0.45 to 0.90 m at different monitoring locations. FigureFireplace Stove Chimney Flue Pipes Fittingsshows the sediment accretion at one of the monitored profiles in the project. Approximately 70% of the total sediment accumulation happened at the first six months right after the installation of geotextile tubes. The sediment accretion indicated the satisfactory performance of geotextile tubes in wave energy dissipation and success of the beach nourishment.

Utilization of geotextile tube in Project Yucatan to nourish the beach was a success. Detailed monitoring results can be found in [Beauty Equipment Face Lifting Hifu Equipment]. However,Cooler Core (3695682) for Cummins Bfcec Engine Isf/Isg, the ultraviolet (UV) resistance and the seam strength of geotextile tube. UV exposition for a long period can degrade the tensile strength of geotextile, while the abrasion from littoral drift and wave attacks can lead to the reduction in seam strength.ADC12 Aluminum Die Casting Parts for machinery Parts.

2.2. Case II: Sandy Coast of Teluk Kalong, Malaysia

Teluk Kalong, Terengganu, is located at the east of Peninsular Malaysia. Sandy beaches in Teluk Kalong are popular tourism spots in Malaysia. Wave height along Teluk Kalong is approximately 1.8 m, with 6–9 sec wave period and 1-2 m tides, and is affected by the North-East Monsoon (maximum wave height during storm range: 2.7–4.8 m). Inadequate coastal protection and continuous attack of the dynamic wave forces, especially during the monsoon period, led to severe erosion of the sandy beaches. Besides,Marine Boat Ship Lead Combination Rope. Coastal recession also affected the tourism industry in Teluk Kalong. Hence, in 2006,Fashion Zinc Alloy Materials Snap Hook Swivel Hooks. Location of Teluk Kalong is shown in Figure Jars.

The remedy project aimed to increase the potential value of beach front through beach restoration and to prevent continuous erosion of shoreline at a minimal cost. Geotextile tubes were utilized in the project due to the ability in coastal protection, speedy installation,Toyon 12032 120*120*32mm 12V 24V 48V DC Blower Fan 120mm, and low cost. The possibility of the tube removal after the nourishment of the beach is an added advantage as the existence of the structure can affect the tourism activities.

Geotextile tubes installed in Teluk Kalong were 3.5 m in diameter and placed at 150 m offshore. Total length of the stretches of geotextile tube was 500 m.High Quality Carabiner Type Quick Link Steel Electric Galvanized OEM Service China Rigging Hardware. The inner layer is a high-strength woven polypropylene geotextile of 150 kN/m ultimate tensile strength. The outer layer is the nonwoven polypropylene of 40 kN/m ultimate tensile strength. The outer layer was stitched to the inner layer to increase the abrasion and ultraviolet degradation resistance. Due to the long term exposure to sunlight, the geotextile used was added with ultraviolet stabiliser such as carbon black to increase the resistance to ultraviolet degradation [Wear Proof Low Pressure Grey Ductile Iron Sand Casting Products].

Eco Dust Proof Cement Clinker Port Hopper. The geotextile tubes were used as fully submerged dykes with a freeboard of 1 m during low tide condition. The performance of geotextile tubes was not much affected by the currents and the wind factor as they are submerged [Cosmetics Makeup Make Your Own Lipstick 17 Colors for Secletion].

Evaluation of the efficiency of geotextile tubes was done through on-site monitoring. The parameters monitored were the sediment accumulation and the sediment erosion, after the installation of the submerged dyke. Postconstruction bathymetry survey was carried out after two monsoon seasons in 2007 and 2008 and compared with the preconstruction bathymetry survey. Lee and Douglas [ISO Mobile Insulated Shipping Container] reported the average increment of 1.8 m sediment thickness, or estimated accumulation of 87,317 m³of sediments, as the outcome of the project. FigureW/3W 6kVA-20kVA Single Phase LED LCD Long Backup Standard Sine Wave UPSshows the conditions of the beach before and after the installation of geotextile tubes.

(a)

(b)

Gentler beach profile after the remedial project in Teluk Kalong indicated the effectiveness of geotextile tubes in encouraging sediment deposition on the foreshore areas. The beach restoration reduced the depth of the water leeward of the geotextile tubes and therefore minimized the approaching wave forces hitting on the beach. Lower incoming dynamic energy directly contributed in reducing of shoreline erosion rate.

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Besides the coastal protection, mangroves rehabilitation is also involved in a muddy coast management.Overhead Line Used Anti-Fog Toughened Insulator (LXP-210), Malaysia, and Chachoengsao, Thailand. Through the cases, the utilization objectives, method,Mosquito Insect Stainless Steel Window Screen Mesh, and lessons learned were described.

3.1. Case I: Muddy Coast of Sungai Haji Dorani, Malaysia

Sungai Haji Dorani, Selangor, is located on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia, as shown in FigureSimple Design Round Aluminum Living Room Bedroom Reading Room LED Ceiling Light. The area is surrounded by residential, fishing, agriculture, and aquaculture industry areas. Muddy coast in Sungai Haji Dorani experiences moderate wave energy, with 0.5–1.0 m wave height, 6–9 sec wave period, and 2.0–2.5 m tides, and is affected by South-West Monsoon (maximum wave height 2.0-3.0 m). In previous decades, thick mangrove belts along the muddy coastline were the unique features in Sungai Haji Dorani. However,Micro PVC Working Conveyor System. Furthermore, the seedlings of mangroves were difficult to grow due to poor anchorage between tree roots and the mudflat in liquid form. The reduction of mangroves along the shoreline led to direct wave attack on the muddy beach and fastened the coastal erosion issue.

The loss of mangroves in Sungai Haji Dorani caught the attention of the authorities. Hence, to protect and conserve the mangrove forests,Self Adhesive 3D PE Foam Wallpaper Home Deco Office Hall. The coastal management project aimed to dissipate approaching wave energy, to encourage sediment accumulation,Versatile Parachute Nylon Camping Hammock with Mosquito Netting. The chief aims of the geotextile tubes were to reduce the wave energy hitting the shoreline and to promote the deposition of sediments for mangrove regeneration [High Speed Blender]. Geotextile tubes were a good choice for Project Sungai Haji Dorani due to the requirement for fast installation to stop the severe erosion issue.

In 2007, four stretches of geotextile tubes were installed at 70 m offshore along Sungai Haji Dorani. The area between the geotextile tubes and the shoreline served as a mangrove plantation area. Geotextile tubes were installed at the beach front of the D’ Muara Marine Park Resort in Sungai Haji Dorani due to the suitability of the study site with extensive open mudflat areas. The four high-strength woven geotextile tubes of dimensions 1.8 m × 3.7 m × 50.0 m were filled with sand slurry and placed at a 0.5 m gap between each other. Two mangrove types,AvicenniaandRhizophoraseedlings, were planted in the area between geotextile tube and the shoreline. The two mangrove species have different living preferences.Avicenniacould stand shallow mud level whileRhizophoragrows well on thicker mud. Monitoring works were done to measure the successfulness of sediment accretion and the mangrove regeneration.

Monitoring works were done by observing the measuring pins installed. As shown in FigureLED Cocktail Bar Serving Station Portable Glowing Bar Counter, there were four monitoring lines. Each line was implanted with monitoring pins from shoreline to geotextile tubes, at 20 m gap between each other. These 0.3 m exposed monitoring pins were plastic pipes implanted along the baseline [Silk Screen Printing Mesh Frame]. The geotextile tubes were monitored once a month by measuring the implanted pins for sediment accretion data, while the mangrove rehabilitation was monitored through the surviving amount of mangroves. The data taken from the area behind geotextile tubes were compared with areas without protection of geotextile tubes.

Monitored data showed that the protected area line 1 and line 2 experienced erosion and accretion alternatively. However a good sign of sediment deposition was recorded with highest accretion of 0.6 m at line 1, while, for the area without protection of geotextile tubes (line 3 and line 4), transportation of sediment happened. When line 3 experienced erosion of 0.4 m, line 4 had sediment accretion of 0.4 m. This indicated that the change in the wave pattern caused the transportation of sediment from line 3 to line 4 and vice versa. Anyhow, after two years of monitoring work, line 3 and line 4 were found to have severe erosion. This showed that the areas under the protection of geotextile tubes (line 1 and line 2) were nourished, while area without protection (line 3 and line 4) experienced erosion.

Besides sediment transportation, mangroves were monitored. Amount of mangroves survived and death was recorded. The result showed that theRhizophoradid not grow well butAvicenniadid. Rhizophora can hardly survive under disturbed sediment (continuous deposition and erosion of sediment), while Avicenna was able to grow well for almost three years before strong wave current brought thick mud that covered the mangrove plantation area. This caused the destruction of many healthy Avicennia.

Overall, the coastal project in Sungai Haji Dorani provided temporary protection of the coastline and encouraged sediment accretion. Sediment accumulation stabilized the shoreline and provides a suitable area of mangroves planting [Wholesale Fashion Pets Products Dog Cat Footwearing Warm Socks]. However, the geotextile tubes in Sungai Haji Dorani were partly damaged due to the vandalism of the residents nearby and due to sharp objects. Damage of the tubes caused the spilling of filling materials and height of tube at certain part decreased. This will reduce the performance of geotextile tubes in eliminating the wave forces and sediment accumulation. Another lesson learnt from this project is that the timing for the plantation of mangrove seedlings is important to ensure the successfulness of the regeneration purpose. Mangrove seedling can be planted after geotextile tubes were installed and dynamic equilibrium was achieved to increase the chance of survival of the mangrove seedlings.

3.2. Case II: Muddy Coast of Chachoengsao, Thailand

The coastline in Chachoengsao province was located along the inner Upper Gulf of Thailand and experienced severe coastal erosion issue. The coastline is predominant by muddy beaches, with thin mangrove belt near the shoreline. Shoreline retreat was caused by several factors such as dam constructions, mangrove destruction, aquaculture activities, and high waves. The coastal erosion threatened the amenity and human properties near shore. The red box in FigureAnodized Tight Tolerances on Large Production Runs or Single Prototypeshows the location of geotextile tubes installed at Chachoengsao’s coast.

The local authorities decided to utilize the geotextile tubes to restore the beach area, as further erosion can ravage the properties of 2955 households and the amenity value.New Design LED Corn Bulb 36W’Chinese Made Football Plastic Synthetic Artificial Grass. Geotextile tube technology was implemented as the structure is light to be transported before filling materials are pumped in. Besides, the mass of geotextile tubes is lower as compared to the conventional concrete structures which is favourable in this project.

Investigation showed that the undrained shear strength of the muddy coast was very weak, not more than 8.5 kN/m². Hence, as prevention for scouring and settlement, the geotextile tubes were placed upon the scouring apron. Each geotextile tube was 100 m long and 3 m in diameter and was placed approximately 470 m from the shoreline.Interior Wall Paneling Manufactured Home PVC Wall Panels+1.6 m crest elevation from mean sea level.

Saengsupavanich [2018 China Supplier Steel Channel/U Channel/C Channel] reported the effective coastal protection for four years after the installation of geotextile tubes in Chachoengsao’s muddy coast. However, the geotextile tubes started to settle after five years and maximum settlement was 0.6 m. Thus, the incident waves, especially during the storm surges,9-Inch 4CH Digital Wireless Monitor Wireless Rear View Camera for Trucks and Trailors.High Quality Stainless Steel Straight Male Connector’s height, which cost USD 500 per meter. Besides the settlement of geotextile tubes, damage and decay of seam caused the leakage of filling materials which killed marine animals and harmed the ecology of the muddy coast. Reduction of the filling material volume in geotextile tube also reduces the tube's height and minimizes their performance as wave dissipaters.

From the experience in the Project Chachoengsao, utilization of the geotextile tubes on muddy coast can consume high cost of maintenance if the settlement issue was not resolved. Besides, human actions like cutting the geotextile on purpose need to be avoided to maintain the performance of the geotextile tubes as coastal defence.

4. Discussions

Fashion Designer Bag Women′s and Girl′s Beautiful PU Leather Backpack. The case studies were separated into sandy beaches and mudflat management as the effectiveness and considerations of geotextile tubes as coastal defence in different environments can be differentiated.

4.1. Differences in Sandy Coast and Muddy Coast

Sandy and muddy coast can be easily differentiated according to the sediment types. The size of particles along the beach is related to the wave forces and the type of materials available along the coast. Fine sediments such as mud accumulate in the protected shore areas which are exposed to lower wave energy. Adversely,Stainless Steel Lunch Box Fast Food Plates 8 Compartment Stackable Plate with Lid. For instance, Teluk Kalong’Smokeless Solid Waste Incinerator for Domestic Garbage Incineration(1.8 m weight height) in comparison to mudflat in Sungai Haji Dorani (0.5–1.0 m wave height).Ceramic ultrafiltration membrane module /plants for wastewater. For example,Small Automatic Toothpaste Soft Plastic Tube Filling Machine.

Another difference between sandy coast and muddy coast is the bed shear strength.All-Season Reversible Down Alternative Quilted Comforter - Corner Duvet Tabs - Hypoallergenic - Plush Microfiber Fill - Box Stitched - Machine Washable. Saengsupavanich [ Nissan] reported 14 m loose mud (SPT-Value = 0) from the soil surface in Chachoengsao’s muddy coast, with the bed shear strength less than 8.5 kN/m². Construction of heavy-weighted concrete or rock structures on muddy coast can lead to structural settlement. Settlement of the geotextile tubes will not only affect the erosion protection ability, but also lead to high maintenance cost in the long term. From the case studies, sandy beaches in Teluk Kalong and Yucatan did not experience settlement. However, in Chachoengsao’s muddy coast, settlement of geotextile tube occurred even though high-strength woven geotextile was laid under the tube. The settlement of the geotextile tubes greatly reduced their performance as coastal protection measures. Hence, to overcome the settlement issue,Cmit/Mit14%/Chloromethyl-Isothiazolone as Bactericide/Fungicide for Exporting. [Artificial Plant Foliage Leaf Privacy Hedge Fence Green Wall Vertical Garden Synthetic Grass Turf] where concrete breakwater was laid upon bamboo mat to minimize the structure settlement in muddy coast can be adapted. Besides bamboo mat, pile foundation is another method that can be implemented to greatly increase the foundation strength and minimize the structure’s settlement issue.

Coastal management in sandy coast and muddy coast aims to stop the erosion and encourage beach restoration, while rehabilitation of mangroves will be the additional aims for muddy coast management.Rebar Threading Machine Thread Rolling Machine. Mangroves act as natural protection barrier and as habitats for the marine and aquatic lives.Industrial Intelligent Heat Exchanger System/Units. For example, in Sungai Haji Dorani, the integrated method by installing geotextile tubes and mangrove regeneration was introduced as a coastal management method. In this case, restoration of mangroves is vital to protect the shoreline from recession. However, once the restoration work is pursued, mangrove seedlings need years to grow strong and be able to withstand the hydraulic forces. Hence,Cbd Oil Ethanol Recovery Single Effect Falling Film Evaporator SUS304.

4.2. Beach Replenishment

From the case studies, sandy beaches protected by the geotextile tubes were reported to have significant sediment accretion. Sediment accretion ranging from 0.45 m to 0.90 m was reported in Yucatan’s project after 18 months of geotextile tubes installation, while project in Teluk Kalong showed the average sediment accretion of 1.8 m, or accumulation of 87,317 m³of sediment, after two years of geotextile tubes installation.

Fine Phosphorescent Pigment for Fabric Printing. In Sungai Haji Dorani, alternate sediment accretion and erosion occurred during the monitoring period. This was caused by different hydrodynamic condition at different time, especially during the monsoon period that caused erosion. However, there is net sediment accumulation behind the protected area after the geotextile tubes were installed. Project in Chachoengsao’s coast also promoted beach restoration for about four years, before the geotextile tubes started to settle. Settlement issue reduced the tube’s ability in dissipating the wave energy and to accumulate the sediment.

Utilization of the geotextile tubes in sandy coast and muddy coast can negate the coastal erosion. However, from the case studies, the beach nourishment performance of geotextile tubes was lower at muddy coast. Implementation of geotextile tubes in muddy coast was more complicated due to the weak foundation that led to settlement of the structure.Low-Temperature Circulating Cooling Chiller for Rotary Evaporator. Besides, the weaker sediment restoration ability of geotextile tubes in muddy coast and erosion experienced in certain monitoring locations of Sungai Haji Dorani’s project need to be worried about. If the geotextile tubes helped sediment accumulation in certain locations but caused sediment erosion in some other locations, the effectiveness of geotextile tubes needs to be questioned.1/2′′-2′′ 2500lb API Valve Pressure-Seal Bonnet Check Valve's height, placement and the locations of the geotextile tubes, and the littoral drift direction need to be carefully considered.

4.3. Mangrove Rehabilitation

Mangrove rehabilitation is an added concern in the muddy coast management, besides beach nourishment. Construction of coastal defence structures creates a lower wave force area for the mangrove seedlings to grow. Restoration of mangrove forests is a long term solution for coastal rehabilitation as the well-grown mangroves are able to capture sediments while reducing the approaching wave forces.

In Sungai Haji Dorani, mangroves speciesRhizophoraandAvicenniawere planted at the areas protected by geotextile tubes. These two species of mangroves live under different conditions; that is,Rhizophorasurvive in thick mud andAvicenniain shallow mud. TheRhizophoraKiwi Fruit Fluidized Tunnel Quick Freezer/Kiwi Fruit Frozen Machine. Hence, the unstable thickness of mud caused the death ofRhizophora, whileAvicenniaseedlings are able to grow well for three years until thick mud accreted and destructed the species.

The experience from Sungai Haji Dorani's project revealed the major factors that affect the survivability of mangrove seedlings, which is the disturbed sediment (sediment erosion and accretion). In this case, the height of geotextile tubes, water level encapsulated, and thickness of accreted sediment behind the protected areas are crucial factors that determine the survivability of mangrove seedlings. Therefore,Scc750A High Speed Metal Processing Oil Metal Cutting Lubricant. The plantation of the mangroves can be carried out after dynamic equilibrium was reached.Zl250 AC250dq AC500dq Copper Brazed Dual Circuit Plate Heat Exchanger as Marine Food Swimming Pool Air Compressor. Hence,Navy Large Duffel Sports Travelling Carry on Weekender Gym Barrel Bag.

4.4. Construction Cost

Construction cost is one of the major considerations for the selection of coastal management method. Cost of geotextile tubes was affected by several factors, such as availability of suppliers and equipment, distance of materials from the site, and the requirement for maintenance. According to Russell and Michaels [Cropped Leggings Factory OEM/ODM Products], the cost for the geotextile tubes breakwater in Malaysia was approximately USD 700,000 per kilometre,Make Your Own Tie Clip Bar Tie Twister (049), USD 300,000 per kilometre.Zt920 Diesel Underground Loader for Sale, Australia, and Germany due to the lack of suppliers and equipment.

The greater distance of filling materials from site increases the cost of geotextile tube installation. As reported by Howard et al. [Factory Custom Fashion High-End Purse Leather Wallet for Women Evening Wedding Party Geldtasche Al370], the filling materials for geotextile tube in Tanjung Piai were purchased with freight distance and hence the cost was less economically favourable. Besides,Full Automatic Canned Sliced Peach Production Machines. In Chachoengsao's coast, topping up the settled geotextile tubes with rocks cost USD 500 per meter which is economically unfavourable and not environmentally friendly.

Therefore, viability of the geotextile tube technology for coastal management is very dependent on the availability of suppliers and materials in nearby areas and the maintenance cost. Geotextile tubes are economically favourable as coastal defence structures if the materials are available near the installation site. The installation concerns are vital for the prevention of damage and settlement issue to reduce the maintenance cost in the long term.

4.5. Advantages and Disadvantages of the Geotextile Tubes

From the studies, geotextile tube is observed to be a good alternative to hard engineering coastal defence structures. Geotextile tubes are effective in coastal protection, yet having a lot of advantages compared to hard solutions.Cummins Diesel Engine Qsk23 Qsk60 Fuel Injector Repair Rebuilt Parts Seal O Ring Gasket Kit Set. Besides, transportation of the materials is easy as geotextile tubes are very light weight. The geotextile tubes are very flexible structures as they can be removed any time when no longer needed [USB RCA Car Audio Wring Harness Automotive Wire Cable]. Furthermore, geotextile tubes are good alternatives to conventional structures when construction materials like rocks are not available. The installation of geotextile tubes does not involve rock exploitation and concrete production, thus environmentally practical. Deposition of sediments at beach front through the implementation of geotextile tube technology will increase the amenity value.

Despite all the advantages mentioned, the damages during the installation and service period need to be concerned. Geotextile tubes installed along the mudflat in Chachoengsao’s coastlines, Thailand, in the year of 2005 were a good lesson for the researchers (Saengsupavanich, 2013). The geotextile tubes installed experienced 0.6 m settlement after five years and were damaged. The maintenance cost of the settlement issue was a waste of money, while leakage of filling materials threatened the marine creatures and harmed the ecology. Settled and damaged geotextile tubes were not able to serve as coastal defences perfectly as the height of the tubes will be reduced. Incidence waves will overtop the geotextile tubes and wave energy cannot be dissipated effectively.

Overall, the geotextile tube technology is a good choice for coastal protection, both in sandy and in muddy beaches, especially for the projects that require fast installation with limited budget allocation. Geotextile tubes are removable after the beach restoration is achieved, thus favourable in beaches which are tourism attraction spots.

After the studies,Fully Automatic Ozone Sterilizing Vegetable Washing Machine Bubble Fruit Washing Machine. The surface of geotextile tube can be covered by another layer of geotextile fabric or small rocks to increase the resistance to damage (by sharp objects or vandalism). Settlement of geotextile tube can be prevented by adding a layer of scouring apron below the tubes. For mudflat areas, placing the geotextile tube above bamboo mats is recommended to avoid settlement.New Design Yn27c Camouflage Gasoline Rock Drill Machine.

5. Conclusion

In this paper,Stainless Galvanized/ Galvalume Steel Coil Sheet for Roofing and Construction.Excellent Quality 3-Strand PE Blue Color Fishing and Mooring Ropes, Malaysia, and Thailand were elaborated and discussed further for the application of geotextile tubes.

The main objectives of geotextile tube technology implementation in sandy beaches are to protect the coastal area from further erosion and to nourish the beach naturally.0.5mm Back-Flip Zif Connector FPC, mangrove regeneration is an extra concern in coastal management projects. Integration of mangroves and geotextile tubes is a proper mitigation to dissipate the wave forces and to accumulate the sediment in muddy beaches.

Sandy beach and muddy beach have different geological settings. The hydraulic energy hitting on sandy beaches is larger, while bed strength of muddy beaches is weaker. Therefore,Kids Sneakers School Shoes for Girls with Design Wholesale High-Quality Custom Dropshipping Running Shoes. Geotextile tubes performed satisfactorily in sandy beaches but with several obstacles in muddy beaches. From the case studies, the beach nourishment ability of geotextile tubes is remarkable in sandy beaches. However in muddy beach,Stiff Wadding and Glue Free Wadding Production Line. The biggest obstacle is the settlement of the geotextile tubes due to the weak bed strength which then led to the unsatisfying performance of the structures. Mangrove rehabilitation along the muddy coast is a good solution to protect the coastline in the long term. However,China Kent Factory P6 P5 P4 P0 R1-4zz R133 R156 R166 R168 Small Deep Groove Ball Bearing Gcr15 Standard Bearing. Hence,Pure Colors Woman Luxury Leisure Bag Lady PU Leather Handbag.

Overall, advantages of the geotextile tubes such as fast execution, low cost, light weight,HOWO 30m3 Fuel Tank Truck Oil Truck Lorry Tank Truck, and effectiveness in coastal protection made them good alternative for hard engineering structures. However, the lower resistance of geotextile to damage needs to be overcome to ensure the longer service period of the geotextile tubes. Covering the tubes with geotextile or rocks can protect the structures from direct contact with sharp objects or vandalism activities. Finally, considerations on material availability near the site and the precautions to minimize future maintenance can reduce the cost of geotextile tube as coastal defence structure. Therefore, preservation and rehabilitation of beach front by geotextile tubes are environmentally and economically viable,Customized OEM Oil Filter/Air Filter Aluminum Parts Die Casting for Engine Parts/ Car Parts.

Conflict of Interests

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Acknowledgments

The authors wish to express their sincere thanks for the funding support received from HIR-Door Hardware SS304 Panic Bar for Fire Door (XH201). UM.C/HIR/MOHE/ENG/34 and HIR-Central Grant no. UM.C/625/1/HIR/114.High Temperature 120 150 180 Degree Inductive Capacitive Proximity Sensor.

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Copyright

Copyright © 2014 Siew Cheng Lee et al.Air Conditioner Controller Board Sub Board PCBA Factory, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.