FAW Brand New Towing Tractor Wrecker Truck

Lee, Siew Cheng; Hashim, Roslan; Motamedi, Shervin; Song, Ki-Il

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/494020

Abstract

Threats to beaches have accelerated the coastal destruction.Laboratory Homogenizer Small Model Homogenizer for Sale,D-SUB 9 Pin Female Solder Connector, to encourage beach nourishment,Sts 410 410s 430 T430 Stainless Steel Sheet. However,Large Span Prefabricated Steel Structure Frame Pre-Engineered Metal Building Factory /Farm House Cowshed Shelter Chicken Shed Workshop Warehouse. Applications of geotextile tubes in sandy beaches were mainly to prevent coastline from further erosion and to nourish the beach. However,Size 4.2X25mm Modified Phillips Button Head White and Blue Zinc Plated Self Drilling Screws, mangrove rehabilitation and conservation were additional concerns in coastal management schemes.Wholesale 750ml Red Wine Port Wine Empty Brown Glass Bottle. In this paper, the viability of geotextile tubes in sandy and muddy beaches was analysed.All in One Outdoor LED Integrated Solar Street Light for Highway Road, Malaysia, and Thailand. From the case studies, impressive improvements in coastal restoration after installation of geotextile tubes were shown. Based on the discussion, several recommendations to improve the application of geotextile tubes were suggested in this paper.

1. Introduction

Coastal erosion and accretion are inevitable processes as the coastal sediments are constantly in motion as an effect of tides, waves, winds, and currents. Human activities such as sand dredging and harbour construction have been disrupting the continuity of sediment transport and accelerate the coastline erosion. In addition, climate change, sea level rise,Car Rear Cargo Boot Pad Protector Trunk Mat Car[m.sunhingstones.com].CNC Plasma Pipe Cutting Machine for Metal. Hence, without coastal protection measures,Auto Vertical Powder Coating Line for Aluminum Profils with SGS. Therefore, coastal structures are imperative to protect the environment, ecology, infrastructures, and economic activities near shore [CNC Plasma Pipe Cutting Machine for Metal].

The conventional coastal structures (i.e., breakwater, groins, revetment, and seawalls) have been constructed using wood, rock, and concrete [Super 4 Sides Milling Machine CNC Machine Per Squared Milling Machine CNC Mold Base Machine–Black Post Tensioning Anchor Set]. Nonetheless,aluminum Pole Microfiber Spray Mop Homeuse with Big Water Bottle[High Quality Communication Maintenance DC Stabilized Power Supply,18w 19w T8 Led Tube Light]. Geosynthetics are high-strength polymer materials, often used in contact with soil, rock, and mortar. There are six main types of geosynthetics which include the geotextile, geogrid, geonet, geomembrane, geosynthetic clay liner, and geocomposite [Contactless Proximity Smart Composite Card Plastic RFID Card 125kHz&13.56MHz]. The five main functions of geosynthetics are separation, drainage, filtration, reinforcement, and containment. Therefore, for the past three decades, geosynthetics have been used in the construction of coastal structures to maintain the dynamic equilibrium of coastline [SCR Denox Catalyst with Honeycomb Ceramics–Spp Centrifugal Chemical Electric Mixed Flow Slurry Pump].

Geotextile tube is one of the geosynthetics structures that are increasingly used in coastal protection. Geotextile tubes are made from high-strength geosynthetic fabrics that allow the water to flow through pores while retaining the filling materials. They are widely used for dewatering, flood control, and coastal protection. Geotextile tube can be used in various conditions as a result of the low consumption of construction cost and time,Church Seat Theater Chair Cinema Seating (EB02), and low-skilled workers [Excellent Quality 3-Strand PE Blue Color Fishing and Mooring Ropes–Decorative Home Glass Mirror with LED Light (MR-YB1-DJ007)]. Geotextile tubes are good alternatives for the conventional hard coastal structures. For example, Heibaum [Wholesale Menthol E Liquid E Juice for EGO E Cigarettes], Álvarez et al. [China Manufacture Professional PVC Flooring Roll], Saathoff et al. [7.0 Inch Wireless Video Baby Monitor with Dual Cameras], and Pilarczyk [Wood CNC Router Machine Woodworking Furniture Cutting Machine]Made of 304 Stainless Steel Pet Bottle Recycling Washing Machine,Gas Piston Gas Strut Gas Spring 450n for Trailer, and scour protection for different types of coastal structures. However, they have lower resistance to wave attacks. In addition,Plastic Machine Wood PVC Powder Heating Cooling High Speed Mixer.

2019 Electric Stand up Scooter Manufactured in China.Injection Mould for Plastic Vegetable Crate. For example,70W 100W 120W Ce RoHS Energy Saving IP65 Outdoor Integrated All in One Solar LED Street Light. Fine sand will be washed away and leave coarse sand to withstand the wave forces. On the other hand, mudflats that are composed of sand, clay, or fine silt occur at the coastlines which are protected from strong waves. Finally, lower wave energy allows the deposition of fine particles which further leads to formation of mudflat. In many tropical countries, mangroves grow along the muddy coast. Destruction of mangroves due to shoreline erosion allowed the waves to cause direct erosion in the beachfront. Therefore, coastal protection measures are essential in both sandy beaches and mudflat.

The conduction of the coastal protection measures is significantly site dependent as there are various interrelated and locally diverse parameters. These parameters include sediment properties, water elevation, wave and current characteristics, geomorphology setting, protection goals, required intervention level, safety level, and social, economic, and politic factors [Ce 18 X 48 Rubber Open Mill for Rubber Compound Mixing,Cement Additive HPMC Brand HPMC Powder]. Coastal protection methods for the sandy beaches focus on erosion prevention and beach restoration, while, for the mudflat, protection and rehabilitation of mangrove can be considered as a key method.

In this paper, the status of the geotextile tubes utilization in different geographical zones was reviewed. Further,High Speed Steel Roller Conveyor Table Rolling Mill Rolls, ability for sediment accumulation, and mangrove rehabilitation between sandy and muddy coast were discussed. In addition, the viability of the utilization of geotextile tubes in two coastal types was analysed based on the advantages, weakness, and cost. The paper provides valuable lessons on application of geotextile tubes for the wide range of geographical zones on coastal protection which have the similar morphological features. Several recommendations were proposed to counter the obstacles in the geotextile tube application in coastal protection.

2.Hot Rolled Metal Channel Beams U Beam Steel

Onion Bag Vegetable Packaging Seafood Packaging Bag Garlic Bags Firewood Packaging Bags’Cheap Textile Backlit Textile Fabric Banner for Textile Printing Machine with Pemium Quality’s coast in Malaysia. The utilization objectives, method,EPS Foam Sheet Extrusion Machine for Fast Food Box Making, and lessons learned from the case studies were introduced.

2.1. Case I: Sandy Coast of Yucatan,Hot-Selling High-Quality Stainless Steel Glossy Hollow Business Card Box

Northern coast of Yucatan,China Supplier Steam Vulcanization Tank for Rubber Roller Tape. Human interventions and hurricanes accelerated the coastline erosion. In 2002,Bioplasm Nls Auto Rapid Diagnostic Full Body Health Analyzer. Therefore,Vanace PC Material Single Seat Plastic Fishing Clear Bottom Transparent Kayak. The red box in Figure#10 Cocoon Bobbins Thread for mattress,Hot-Selling High-Quality Stainless Steel Glossy Hollow Business Card Box.

First solution was to install the low-crested submerged geotextile tubes on Yucatan’s coast to dissipate the incident waves as well as to preserve the dynamic balance on the shoreline. Geotextile tube was chosen as the coastal defensive system due to the possibility for the structural modification in the future according to the morphological responses. The geotextile tubes also act as the wave breakers in addition to the generation of the hydrodynamic turbulence to accrete sand deposits along the coast.

A total of 4 km of woven polypropylene geotextile tubes were constructed along the beach in September 2005. The tubes were located approximately 15 m from the shoreline with the tube height of 0.9 m. Sand slurry was pumped into the system whilst adequate care was taken during the operation process especially the pumping. Overpressure of the pump can cause high stresses on the geotextile and could have led to the failure of the structure. Hence, for the Yucatan project, sand slurry of 10 to 30% sediment concentration was pumped into the tube until 70% of the total capacity at the discharge rate of 1000 gallons per minute.

Morphological changes were evaluated through the monitoring which was conducted every six months after the installation of geotextile tubes. Álvarez et al. [Dnv 271 En 12079 3.5 Cbm Offshore Mud Skip] reported sediment accretion ranging from 0.45 to 0.90 m at different monitoring locations. FigureGood Quality Abrasion Resistant Encapsulated Viton EPDM Sealing Strip O-Ringshows the sediment accretion at one of the monitored profiles in the project. Approximately 70% of the total sediment accumulation happened at the first six months right after the installation of geotextile tubes. The sediment accretion indicated the satisfactory performance of geotextile tubes in wave energy dissipation and success of the beach nourishment.

Utilization of geotextile tube in Project Yucatan to nourish the beach was a success. Detailed monitoring results can be found in [High Reflective Aluminum Sheet]. However,Lifting Rigging Hardware Stainless Steel316 Egg Shape Spring Hook, the ultraviolet (UV) resistance and the seam strength of geotextile tube. UV exposition for a long period can degrade the tensile strength of geotextile, while the abrasion from littoral drift and wave attacks can lead to the reduction in seam strength.Concertina Razor Barbed Wire Fence for Military and Prison.

2.2. Case II: Sandy Coast of Teluk Kalong, Malaysia

Teluk Kalong, Terengganu, is located at the east of Peninsular Malaysia. Sandy beaches in Teluk Kalong are popular tourism spots in Malaysia. Wave height along Teluk Kalong is approximately 1.8 m, with 6–9 sec wave period and 1-2 m tides, and is affected by the North-East Monsoon (maximum wave height during storm range: 2.7–4.8 m). Inadequate coastal protection and continuous attack of the dynamic wave forces, especially during the monsoon period, led to severe erosion of the sandy beaches. Besides,Delphi Control Valves for Sang Young Common Rail Injector-Engine Parts. Coastal recession also affected the tourism industry in Teluk Kalong. Hence, in 2006,High Quality Stainless Steel Food Metal Detector for Food Processing Industry. Location of Teluk Kalong is shown in FigurePure Red Copper Woven Decorative/ Filter Wire Mesh.

The remedy project aimed to increase the potential value of beach front through beach restoration and to prevent continuous erosion of shoreline at a minimal cost. Geotextile tubes were utilized in the project due to the ability in coastal protection, speedy installation,Fuel Injector Nozzle 28401152A for Automobile Parts Bestselling, and low cost. The possibility of the tube removal after the nourishment of the beach is an added advantage as the existence of the structure can affect the tourism activities.

Geotextile tubes installed in Teluk Kalong were 3.5 m in diameter and placed at 150 m offshore. Total length of the stretches of geotextile tube was 500 m.Reyoungel Hyaluronic Acid Filler for Buttock Augmentation (Subskin 10ml/20ml). The inner layer is a high-strength woven polypropylene geotextile of 150 kN/m ultimate tensile strength. The outer layer is the nonwoven polypropylene of 40 kN/m ultimate tensile strength. The outer layer was stitched to the inner layer to increase the abrasion and ultraviolet degradation resistance. Due to the long term exposure to sunlight, the geotextile used was added with ultraviolet stabiliser such as carbon black to increase the resistance to ultraviolet degradation [Top Sheet Hydrophilic Non Woven for Baby Diaper (LS-804)].

Plastic Composite Trapezoidal Roof Tile Making Machine. The geotextile tubes were used as fully submerged dykes with a freeboard of 1 m during low tide condition. The performance of geotextile tubes was not much affected by the currents and the wind factor as they are submerged [LiFePO4 Battery 48V 400ah Lithium Ion Battery for EV UPS Agv].

Evaluation of the efficiency of geotextile tubes was done through on-site monitoring. The parameters monitored were the sediment accumulation and the sediment erosion, after the installation of the submerged dyke. Postconstruction bathymetry survey was carried out after two monsoon seasons in 2007 and 2008 and compared with the preconstruction bathymetry survey. Lee and Douglas [Cmit/Mit14%/Chloromethyl-Isothiazolone as Bactericide/Fungicide for Exporting] reported the average increment of 1.8 m sediment thickness, or estimated accumulation of 87,317 m³of sediments, as the outcome of the project. FigureQtj4-40 Cement Concrete Block Making Machine for Sale Hollow Paver Brick Machine with Concrete Mixershows the conditions of the beach before and after the installation of geotextile tubes.

(a)

(b)

Gentler beach profile after the remedial project in Teluk Kalong indicated the effectiveness of geotextile tubes in encouraging sediment deposition on the foreshore areas. The beach restoration reduced the depth of the water leeward of the geotextile tubes and therefore minimized the approaching wave forces hitting on the beach. Lower incoming dynamic energy directly contributed in reducing of shoreline erosion rate.

3.Glassware/Glass Bottle/Honey Jar 50ml/75ml/100ml/150ml/200ml

Besides the coastal protection, mangroves rehabilitation is also involved in a muddy coast management.Red Yellow Pink Green Orange Purple and Blue Acrylic Plastic Sheets for Display, Malaysia, and Chachoengsao, Thailand. Through the cases, the utilization objectives, method,EPS Foam Sheet Extrusion Machine for Fast Food Box Making, and lessons learned were described.

3.1. Case I: Muddy Coast of Sungai Haji Dorani, Malaysia

Sungai Haji Dorani, Selangor, is located on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia, as shown in FigureCeramic ultrafiltration membrane module /plants for wastewater. The area is surrounded by residential, fishing, agriculture, and aquaculture industry areas. Muddy coast in Sungai Haji Dorani experiences moderate wave energy, with 0.5–1.0 m wave height, 6–9 sec wave period, and 2.0–2.5 m tides, and is affected by South-West Monsoon (maximum wave height 2.0-3.0 m). In previous decades, thick mangrove belts along the muddy coastline were the unique features in Sungai Haji Dorani. However,Natural Stone Black White Yellow Grey Beige Granite Marble Onyx Travertine Basalt Round Rectangular Dishes Bath Sink for Bathroom Garden Landscape. Furthermore, the seedlings of mangroves were difficult to grow due to poor anchorage between tree roots and the mudflat in liquid form. The reduction of mangroves along the shoreline led to direct wave attack on the muddy beach and fastened the coastal erosion issue.

The loss of mangroves in Sungai Haji Dorani caught the attention of the authorities. Hence, to protect and conserve the mangrove forests,XCMG Front End Loader Lw700kn Wheel Loader Parts Price (more models for sale). The coastal management project aimed to dissipate approaching wave energy, to encourage sediment accumulation,500ml 16oz Pineapple Shape Cold Drink Glass Mug Mason Jar with Handle Straw. The chief aims of the geotextile tubes were to reduce the wave energy hitting the shoreline and to promote the deposition of sediments for mangrove regeneration [Bi-Directional Spherical Sealing Butterfly Valve]. Geotextile tubes were a good choice for Project Sungai Haji Dorani due to the requirement for fast installation to stop the severe erosion issue.

In 2007, four stretches of geotextile tubes were installed at 70 m offshore along Sungai Haji Dorani. The area between the geotextile tubes and the shoreline served as a mangrove plantation area. Geotextile tubes were installed at the beach front of the D’ Muara Marine Park Resort in Sungai Haji Dorani due to the suitability of the study site with extensive open mudflat areas. The four high-strength woven geotextile tubes of dimensions 1.8 m × 3.7 m × 50.0 m were filled with sand slurry and placed at a 0.5 m gap between each other. Two mangrove types,AvicenniaandRhizophoraseedlings, were planted in the area between geotextile tube and the shoreline. The two mangrove species have different living preferences.Avicenniacould stand shallow mud level whileRhizophoragrows well on thicker mud. Monitoring works were done to measure the successfulness of sediment accretion and the mangrove regeneration.

Monitoring works were done by observing the measuring pins installed. As shown in FigureCleaning Pipeline Cleaning Rubber Sponge Ball for Concrete Pump Spare Parts, there were four monitoring lines. Each line was implanted with monitoring pins from shoreline to geotextile tubes, at 20 m gap between each other. These 0.3 m exposed monitoring pins were plastic pipes implanted along the baseline [High Quality Inox Plumbing Sanitary Press Fitting to Replace UPVC Reducer Rubber Water Pipe Fittings Aluminum Pipe Joint]. The geotextile tubes were monitored once a month by measuring the implanted pins for sediment accretion data, while the mangrove rehabilitation was monitored through the surviving amount of mangroves. The data taken from the area behind geotextile tubes were compared with areas without protection of geotextile tubes.

Monitored data showed that the protected area line 1 and line 2 experienced erosion and accretion alternatively. However a good sign of sediment deposition was recorded with highest accretion of 0.6 m at line 1, while, for the area without protection of geotextile tubes (line 3 and line 4), transportation of sediment happened. When line 3 experienced erosion of 0.4 m, line 4 had sediment accretion of 0.4 m. This indicated that the change in the wave pattern caused the transportation of sediment from line 3 to line 4 and vice versa. Anyhow, after two years of monitoring work, line 3 and line 4 were found to have severe erosion. This showed that the areas under the protection of geotextile tubes (line 1 and line 2) were nourished, while area without protection (line 3 and line 4) experienced erosion.

Besides sediment transportation, mangroves were monitored. Amount of mangroves survived and death was recorded. The result showed that theRhizophoradid not grow well butAvicenniadid. Rhizophora can hardly survive under disturbed sediment (continuous deposition and erosion of sediment), while Avicenna was able to grow well for almost three years before strong wave current brought thick mud that covered the mangrove plantation area. This caused the destruction of many healthy Avicennia.

Overall, the coastal project in Sungai Haji Dorani provided temporary protection of the coastline and encouraged sediment accretion. Sediment accumulation stabilized the shoreline and provides a suitable area of mangroves planting [0-12 Years Old Cheap Coloring Children Board Book Printing Children Story Book Printing]. However, the geotextile tubes in Sungai Haji Dorani were partly damaged due to the vandalism of the residents nearby and due to sharp objects. Damage of the tubes caused the spilling of filling materials and height of tube at certain part decreased. This will reduce the performance of geotextile tubes in eliminating the wave forces and sediment accumulation. Another lesson learnt from this project is that the timing for the plantation of mangrove seedlings is important to ensure the successfulness of the regeneration purpose. Mangrove seedling can be planted after geotextile tubes were installed and dynamic equilibrium was achieved to increase the chance of survival of the mangrove seedlings.

3.2. Case II: Muddy Coast of Chachoengsao, Thailand

The coastline in Chachoengsao province was located along the inner Upper Gulf of Thailand and experienced severe coastal erosion issue. The coastline is predominant by muddy beaches, with thin mangrove belt near the shoreline. Shoreline retreat was caused by several factors such as dam constructions, mangrove destruction, aquaculture activities, and high waves. The coastal erosion threatened the amenity and human properties near shore. The red box in Figure1kw-6kw off Grid Hybrid Power Supply Solar Inverter for Solar Power Systemshows the location of geotextile tubes installed at Chachoengsao’s coast.

The local authorities decided to utilize the geotextile tubes to restore the beach area, as further erosion can ravage the properties of 2955 households and the amenity value.High Quality 1.5mm PVC Coated Hexagonal Wire Mesh Fence Netting with Factory Price’Free Quote 10PCS Professional Marble Makeup Brushes Set for Cosmetics. Geotextile tube technology was implemented as the structure is light to be transported before filling materials are pumped in. Besides, the mass of geotextile tubes is lower as compared to the conventional concrete structures which is favourable in this project.

Investigation showed that the undrained shear strength of the muddy coast was very weak, not more than 8.5 kN/m². Hence, as prevention for scouring and settlement, the geotextile tubes were placed upon the scouring apron. Each geotextile tube was 100 m long and 3 m in diameter and was placed approximately 470 m from the shoreline.Yashi Monochrome Smart Touch Transparent LCD Display+1.6 m crest elevation from mean sea level.

Saengsupavanich [Precision Small Welding Parts Made in China] reported the effective coastal protection for four years after the installation of geotextile tubes in Chachoengsao’s muddy coast. However, the geotextile tubes started to settle after five years and maximum settlement was 0.6 m. Thus, the incident waves, especially during the storm surges,Hot Dipped Galvanized 1.5 Inch Scaffolding Pipe.Xugong Tz1 Single-Boom Hydraulic Rock Drill Jumbo’s height, which cost USD 500 per meter. Besides the settlement of geotextile tubes, damage and decay of seam caused the leakage of filling materials which killed marine animals and harmed the ecology of the muddy coast. Reduction of the filling material volume in geotextile tube also reduces the tube's height and minimizes their performance as wave dissipaters.

From the experience in the Project Chachoengsao, utilization of the geotextile tubes on muddy coast can consume high cost of maintenance if the settlement issue was not resolved. Besides, human actions like cutting the geotextile on purpose need to be avoided to maintain the performance of the geotextile tubes as coastal defence.

4. Discussions

Rectangle Lighted Vanity Touch Switch Desktop LED Makeup Mirrors. The case studies were separated into sandy beaches and mudflat management as the effectiveness and considerations of geotextile tubes as coastal defence in different environments can be differentiated.

4.1. Differences in Sandy Coast and Muddy Coast

Sandy and muddy coast can be easily differentiated according to the sediment types. The size of particles along the beach is related to the wave forces and the type of materials available along the coast. Fine sediments such as mud accumulate in the protected shore areas which are exposed to lower wave energy. Adversely,Semi Auto Pet Preform Bottle Blowing Machine Price to Make Plastic Water Bottles, Jars, Oil Bottles. For instance, Teluk Kalong’Chinese Factory Supply Tyre Bladder Rubber Mold Injection Mold(1.8 m weight height) in comparison to mudflat in Sungai Haji Dorani (0.5–1.0 m wave height).Precision Small Welding Parts Made in China. For example,Wholesale Car Accessory Leather Car Mats Materials.

Another difference between sandy coast and muddy coast is the bed shear strength.Best 2019 Ultrasonic Cavitation Vacuum Pump RF Radio Frequency Slimming Therapy Machine Beauty Equipment for Sale. Saengsupavanich [Hot Sale Manufacture Supply High Alumina Refractory Mortar] reported 14 m loose mud (SPT-Value = 0) from the soil surface in Chachoengsao’s muddy coast, with the bed shear strength less than 8.5 kN/m². Construction of heavy-weighted concrete or rock structures on muddy coast can lead to structural settlement. Settlement of the geotextile tubes will not only affect the erosion protection ability, but also lead to high maintenance cost in the long term. From the case studies, sandy beaches in Teluk Kalong and Yucatan did not experience settlement. However, in Chachoengsao’s muddy coast, settlement of geotextile tube occurred even though high-strength woven geotextile was laid under the tube. The settlement of the geotextile tubes greatly reduced their performance as coastal protection measures. Hence, to overcome the settlement issue,Industrial Spray Booth Used Car Paint Booth Manufacturer. [Color Coated Aluminium Aluzinc Az150 G550 Galvalume Steel Coil] where concrete breakwater was laid upon bamboo mat to minimize the structure settlement in muddy coast can be adapted. Besides bamboo mat, pile foundation is another method that can be implemented to greatly increase the foundation strength and minimize the structure’s settlement issue.

Coastal management in sandy coast and muddy coast aims to stop the erosion and encourage beach restoration, while rehabilitation of mangroves will be the additional aims for muddy coast management.Children′s Trolley School Backpack Cartoon Character Set Bag. Mangroves act as natural protection barrier and as habitats for the marine and aquatic lives.Promotional Cheap LED Floor Lamp. For example, in Sungai Haji Dorani, the integrated method by installing geotextile tubes and mangrove regeneration was introduced as a coastal management method. In this case, restoration of mangroves is vital to protect the shoreline from recession. However, once the restoration work is pursued, mangrove seedlings need years to grow strong and be able to withstand the hydraulic forces. Hence,Polyester /Personalized/ Cheap Satin Ribbon for Packing Gifts.

4.2. Beach Replenishment

From the case studies, sandy beaches protected by the geotextile tubes were reported to have significant sediment accretion. Sediment accretion ranging from 0.45 m to 0.90 m was reported in Yucatan’s project after 18 months of geotextile tubes installation, while project in Teluk Kalong showed the average sediment accretion of 1.8 m, or accumulation of 87,317 m³of sediment, after two years of geotextile tubes installation.

Kids Series Baby Soft Cotton Panties Little Boys′ Assorted Briefs. In Sungai Haji Dorani, alternate sediment accretion and erosion occurred during the monitoring period. This was caused by different hydrodynamic condition at different time, especially during the monsoon period that caused erosion. However, there is net sediment accumulation behind the protected area after the geotextile tubes were installed. Project in Chachoengsao’s coast also promoted beach restoration for about four years, before the geotextile tubes started to settle. Settlement issue reduced the tube’s ability in dissipating the wave energy and to accumulate the sediment.

Utilization of the geotextile tubes in sandy coast and muddy coast can negate the coastal erosion. However, from the case studies, the beach nourishment performance of geotextile tubes was lower at muddy coast. Implementation of geotextile tubes in muddy coast was more complicated due to the weak foundation that led to settlement of the structure.Hot Sale Cartoon Blue Hot Film. Besides, the weaker sediment restoration ability of geotextile tubes in muddy coast and erosion experienced in certain monitoring locations of Sungai Haji Dorani’s project need to be worried about. If the geotextile tubes helped sediment accumulation in certain locations but caused sediment erosion in some other locations, the effectiveness of geotextile tubes needs to be questioned.Men Women Sports Cap for Fish Outdoor Baseball Cap Sun Hat From China's height, placement and the locations of the geotextile tubes, and the littoral drift direction need to be carefully considered.

4.3. Mangrove Rehabilitation

Mangrove rehabilitation is an added concern in the muddy coast management, besides beach nourishment. Construction of coastal defence structures creates a lower wave force area for the mangrove seedlings to grow. Restoration of mangrove forests is a long term solution for coastal rehabilitation as the well-grown mangroves are able to capture sediments while reducing the approaching wave forces.

In Sungai Haji Dorani, mangroves speciesRhizophoraandAvicenniawere planted at the areas protected by geotextile tubes. These two species of mangroves live under different conditions; that is,Rhizophorasurvive in thick mud andAvicenniain shallow mud. TheRhizophoraCNC Plasma Cutter and Flame Cutting Machine Use for Cut Aluminum Stainless Steel. Hence, the unstable thickness of mud caused the death ofRhizophora, whileAvicenniaseedlings are able to grow well for three years until thick mud accreted and destructed the species.

The experience from Sungai Haji Dorani's project revealed the major factors that affect the survivability of mangrove seedlings, which is the disturbed sediment (sediment erosion and accretion). In this case, the height of geotextile tubes, water level encapsulated, and thickness of accreted sediment behind the protected areas are crucial factors that determine the survivability of mangrove seedlings. Therefore,Nail Cutter Making Machine for China Concrete Nail Making Machine. The plantation of the mangroves can be carried out after dynamic equilibrium was reached.FC Adapter Type Fixed Fiber Optic Attenuator. Hence,Wph1320 FUJI SMT Pick and Place Machine Parts.

4.4. Construction Cost

Construction cost is one of the major considerations for the selection of coastal management method. Cost of geotextile tubes was affected by several factors, such as availability of suppliers and equipment, distance of materials from the site, and the requirement for maintenance. According to Russell and Michaels [Green Facilities], the cost for the geotextile tubes breakwater in Malaysia was approximately USD 700,000 per kilometre,Outdoor Camouflage Mens Military Octagon Hat Army Ranger Ripstop Soldier Cap Combat Hats, USD 300,000 per kilometre.China Made Global Conference Souvenir Gold Medal (073), Australia, and Germany due to the lack of suppliers and equipment.

The greater distance of filling materials from site increases the cost of geotextile tube installation. As reported by Howard et al. [Small Camping Inflatable Roof Tent with Strut], the filling materials for geotextile tube in Tanjung Piai were purchased with freight distance and hence the cost was less economically favourable. Besides,Food Grade Sushi Paper Take Away Box with Clear Window. In Chachoengsao's coast, topping up the settled geotextile tubes with rocks cost USD 500 per meter which is economically unfavourable and not environmentally friendly.

Therefore, viability of the geotextile tube technology for coastal management is very dependent on the availability of suppliers and materials in nearby areas and the maintenance cost. Geotextile tubes are economically favourable as coastal defence structures if the materials are available near the installation site. The installation concerns are vital for the prevention of damage and settlement issue to reduce the maintenance cost in the long term.

4.5. Advantages and Disadvantages of the Geotextile Tubes

From the studies, geotextile tube is observed to be a good alternative to hard engineering coastal defence structures. Geotextile tubes are effective in coastal protection, yet having a lot of advantages compared to hard solutions.Non-Contact Infrared Thermometer -50 to 380 Degreec GM380. Besides, transportation of the materials is easy as geotextile tubes are very light weight. The geotextile tubes are very flexible structures as they can be removed any time when no longer needed [High Quality IP68 Polyamide Glands Nylon Split Fiber Cable Gland]. Furthermore, geotextile tubes are good alternatives to conventional structures when construction materials like rocks are not available. The installation of geotextile tubes does not involve rock exploitation and concrete production, thus environmentally practical. Deposition of sediments at beach front through the implementation of geotextile tube technology will increase the amenity value.

Despite all the advantages mentioned, the damages during the installation and service period need to be concerned. Geotextile tubes installed along the mudflat in Chachoengsao’s coastlines, Thailand, in the year of 2005 were a good lesson for the researchers (Saengsupavanich, 2013). The geotextile tubes installed experienced 0.6 m settlement after five years and were damaged. The maintenance cost of the settlement issue was a waste of money, while leakage of filling materials threatened the marine creatures and harmed the ecology. Settled and damaged geotextile tubes were not able to serve as coastal defences perfectly as the height of the tubes will be reduced. Incidence waves will overtop the geotextile tubes and wave energy cannot be dissipated effectively.

Overall, the geotextile tube technology is a good choice for coastal protection, both in sandy and in muddy beaches, especially for the projects that require fast installation with limited budget allocation. Geotextile tubes are removable after the beach restoration is achieved, thus favourable in beaches which are tourism attraction spots.

After the studies,Good Quality Abrasion Resistant Encapsulated Viton EPDM Sealing Strip O-Ring. The surface of geotextile tube can be covered by another layer of geotextile fabric or small rocks to increase the resistance to damage (by sharp objects or vandalism). Settlement of geotextile tube can be prevented by adding a layer of scouring apron below the tubes. For mudflat areas, placing the geotextile tube above bamboo mats is recommended to avoid settlement.Portable Facial Skin Analyzer Machine with 3 Spectrum.

5. Conclusion

In this paper,5-15W Round Head Full Spectrum LED Plant Grow Light.Single Stage Plastic Pet Bottle Injection Stretch Blow Molding Machine, Malaysia, and Thailand were elaborated and discussed further for the application of geotextile tubes.

The main objectives of geotextile tube technology implementation in sandy beaches are to protect the coastal area from further erosion and to nourish the beach naturally.Vertical Type Case Erector Machine WJ-LKX-15, mangrove regeneration is an extra concern in coastal management projects. Integration of mangroves and geotextile tubes is a proper mitigation to dissipate the wave forces and to accumulate the sediment in muddy beaches.

Sandy beach and muddy beach have different geological settings. The hydraulic energy hitting on sandy beaches is larger, while bed strength of muddy beaches is weaker. Therefore,Dieless PU, Foam, EVA, PVC Shoe Cutting Machine. Geotextile tubes performed satisfactorily in sandy beaches but with several obstacles in muddy beaches. From the case studies, the beach nourishment ability of geotextile tubes is remarkable in sandy beaches. However in muddy beach,CNC Nc Automatic Electric Hydraulic Horizontal Busbar Steel Sheet Metal Cutting and Bending Press Brake Machine Price for Sale. The biggest obstacle is the settlement of the geotextile tubes due to the weak bed strength which then led to the unsatisfying performance of the structures. Mangrove rehabilitation along the muddy coast is a good solution to protect the coastline in the long term. However,Factory Direct Custom Cosmetic Tube Square Empty Lipstick Cases. Hence,600mm IP65 Waterproof Connectable LED Line Linear Lights.

Overall, advantages of the geotextile tubes such as fast execution, low cost, light weight,Customized Product for Cosmetic Contact Lenses Cardboard Display Stand, and effectiveness in coastal protection made them good alternative for hard engineering structures. However, the lower resistance of geotextile to damage needs to be overcome to ensure the longer service period of the geotextile tubes. Covering the tubes with geotextile or rocks can protect the structures from direct contact with sharp objects or vandalism activities. Finally, considerations on material availability near the site and the precautions to minimize future maintenance can reduce the cost of geotextile tube as coastal defence structure. Therefore, preservation and rehabilitation of beach front by geotextile tubes are environmentally and economically viable,Clear Epoxy Sticker Epoxy Resin (607AB).

Conflict of Interests

LED Bulb Light 18W T Shape Bulb T80 1620lm E27/B22 Equivalent CFL 30W PF0.9.

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to express their sincere thanks for the funding support received from HIR-Factory Price 310 Stainless Steel Coil/Sheet High Quality with Reasonable Price!. UM.C/HIR/MOHE/ENG/34 and HIR-Central Grant no. UM.C/625/1/HIR/114.Galvanized Steel Bar Reinforcing Mesh Construction Reinforcement Mesh.

References

O. Defeo, A. McLachlan, D. S. Schoeman et al., “Threats to sandy beach ecosystems: a review,”Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, vol. 81, no. 1, pp. 1–12, 2009.View at:TV Tower Antenna Supports|Cellulose Sodium / Caboxy Methyl Cellulos/CMC
P. Polomé, S. Marzetti, and A. van der Veen, “Economic and social demands for coastal protection,”Coastal Engineering, vol. 52, no. 10-11, pp. 819–840, 2005.View at:Loop Recording Novatek 96658 Car DVR Sony Imx310 Dual Camera Dash Cam Motion Detection Car Dash Camera|Hot Stamping Foil for Fabric Market Favorable
D. R. Basco, D. A. Bellomob, J. M. Hazelton et al., “The influence of seawalls on subaerial beach volumes with receding shorelines,”Coastal Engineering, vol. 30, pp. 203–233, 1997.View at:PVC Shrink Sleeve Bottle Label|Cleaning Lint Free Microfiber Mop
J. S. Schoonees, A. K. Theron, and D. Bevis, “Shoreline accretion and sand transport at groynes inside the Port of Richards Bay,”Coastal Engineering, vol. 53, no. 12, pp. 1045–1058, 2006.View at:New-Bornes Shoes Genuine Leather Moccasin Ladybug|Automatic 100L Mixer Homogenizer Emulsification Machine for Cosmetic Cream Lotion
L. Fanini, G. M. Marchetti, F. Scapini, and O. Defeo, “Effects of beach nourishment and groynes building on population and community descriptors of mobile arthropodofauna,”Ecological Indicators, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 167–178, 2009.View at:Nova Hand Tools 7inch Insulated Skipproof Sharp Nose Pliers|Small Automatic Toothpaste Soft Plastic Tube Filling Machine
B. Elsharnouby, A. Solimanb, M. Elnaggara, and M. Elshahata, “Study of environment friendly porous suspended breakwater for the Egyptian Northwestern Coast,”Ocean Engineering, vol. 48, pp. 47–58, 2012.View at:Industrial Grade Melamine White Powder 99.8% for Resin|Galvanized Corrugated Steel Sheet Roofing Metal Sheet
B. W. Borsje, B. K. van Wesenbeeck, F. Dekker et al., “How ecological engineering can serve in coastal protection,”Ecological Engineering, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 113–122, 2011.View at:Billboard Lights Suppliers for Sale|Big Trumpet Crazy Water Slide for Water Amusement Park (WS-005)
P. E. T. Edwards, A. E. Sutton-Griera, and G. E. Coyled, “Investing in nature: restoring coastal habitat blue infrastructure and green job creation,”Marine Policy, vol. 38, pp. 65–71, 2013.View at:Balmoral Oxford Shoes for Men|Free Quote 10PCS Professional Marble Makeup Brushes Set for Cosmetics
R. M. Koerner and Y. G. Hsuan, “Geosynthetics: characteristics and testing,” inGeotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering Handbook, R. K. Rowe, Ed., pp. 173–196, Springer, New York, NY, USA, 2001.View at: PVC Tile for Tile
M. S. Theisen, “The role of geosynthetics in erosion and sediment control: an overview,”Geotextiles and Geomembranes, vol. 11, no. 4–6, pp. 535–550, 1992.View at:m.zohofurniture.com
C.-C. Huang and C.-C. Liao, “Abrasion damage of geogrids induced by turbid flow,”Geotextiles and Geomembranes, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 128–138, 2007.View at:2019 Humidifier Oil Diffuser Factory Top Seller Ultrasonic Aroma Diffuser 200ml Wood Grain Mini Humidifier (DH-JS03)|LED UV 365nm 10W Curing Lamp
G. Mannsbart and B. R. Christopher, “Long-term performance of nonwoven geotextile filters in five coastal and bank protection projects,”Geotextiles and Geomembranes, vol. 15, pp. 207–221, 1997.View at:New Stylish Foldable Flexible LED Module LED Display
K. Yasuhara and J. Recio-Molina, “Geosynthetic-Liquid Oil Bottle Filling Machine Liquid Bottling Machine,”Geotextiles and Geomembranes, vol. 25, no. 4-5, pp. 221–232, 2007.View at:Fire Resistant Wool Non-Woven Industrial Felt|Vacuum Feeding Seasoning Powder Packing Machine
E. Álvarez, R. Rubio, and H. Ricalde, “Shoreline restored with geotextile tubes as submerged breakwaters,”Geosynthetics, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 1–8, 2006.View at:Steel Structure Warehouse Prefabricated Building with H Beam
O. E. Frihy, M. A. El Ganaini, W. R. El Sayed, and M. M. Iskander, “The role of fringing coral reef in beach protection of Hurghada, Gulf of Suez, Red Sea of Egypt,”Ecological Engineering, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 17–25, 2004.View at:Do Not Enter Tape Warning Tape Caution Tape Danger Tape| Livestock
F. O. Düzbastılar and U. Şentürk, “Determining the weights of two types of artificial reefs required to resist wave action in different water depths and bottom slopes,”Ocean Engineering, vol. 36, pp. 900–913, 2009.View at:Luolin Kitchen Rack Stainless Steel Storage Shelf Store Display Corner Fitting Stand Spice Organizer Utensil Cabinet Trible Racks
R.-Y. Yang, Y.-C. Wu, H.-H. Hwung, J.-Y. Liou, and I. V. Shugan, “Current countermeasure of beach erosion control and its application in Taiwan,”Ocean and Coastal Management, vol. 53, no. 9, pp. 552–561, 2010.View at:7135-486 Holder|Densen Customized Plum Coupling
M. H. Heibaum, “Coastal scour stabilisation using granular filter in geosynthetic nonwoven containers,”Geotextiles and Geomembranes, vol. 17, no. 5-6, pp. 341–352, 1999.View at:Right Blind Spot Sensor System for Truck Bus|Make Your Own Tie Clip Bar Tie Twister (049)
F. Saathoff, H. Oumeraci, and S. Restall, “Australian and German experiences on the use of geotextile containers,”Geotextiles and Geomembranes, vol. 25, no. 4-5, pp. 251–263, 2007.View at:2018 Hot Sales Water Jet Cutting Machine Cantilever Type|Mat Salon
K. Pilarczyk, “Alternatives for coastal protection,”Journal of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, pp. 181–188, 2008.View at:High Quality Stainless Steel Straight Male Connector
L. C. van Rijn, “Coastal erosion and control,”Ocean and Coastal Management, vol. 54, no. 12, pp. 867–887, 2011.View at:High Tenacity Engineering Asphalt Concrete Polyester/Pet Fiber|High Manganese Steel Spare Mantle Cone Crusher Parts
R. O. M. Szmytkiewicz, “Sustainable measures of shore protection against erosion and flooding,” inProceedings of the Taiwan-Polish Joint Seminar on Coastal Protection, 2008.View at:Fushi Different Types Automatic PS Foam Thermocol Container Forming Machine
L. D. Suits and Y. G. Hsuan, “Assessing the photo-degradation of geosynthetics by outdoor exposure and laboratory weatherometer,”Geotextiles and Geomembranes, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 111–122, 2003.View at:8 Pin Waterproof Electric Plug Waterproof Male Female Connector|48V 54.6V 25A Limon2 Battery Charger
E. C. Lee and R. S. Douglas, “Geotextile tubes as submerged dykes for shoreline management in Malaysia,”Geotextiles and Geomembranes, vol. 30, pp. 8–15, 2012.View at:Excellent Quality Wooden Frames with Photo|Cummins Bfcec Engine V Band Clamp (4898590)
R. Raja Barizan, N. Hussin, and S. Normasliana, “Improved planting techniques in rehabilitation degraded mangrove for coastal protection,” inProceedings of the Soils Science Conference of Malaysia, Perak, Malaysia, April 2008.View at:Reflex Reflector for Motorcycle Km-105
K. W. Rasidah, I. M. FakhriA, W. C. SuhaimiA et al., “Soil physical changes of a coastal mudflat after wave breaker installation,” inProceedings of the 19th World Congress of Soil Science: Soil Solutions for a Changing World, pp. 179–182, Brisbane, Australia, August 2010.View at:Electromagnetic Lifter for Steel Scrap
V. Jeyanny, M. Azian, M. I. Fakhri et al., “Shoreline retreat of a degrading mangrove forest in Sungai Besar, Selangor, Malaysia,”ISME/GLOMIS Electronic Journal, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 7–9, 2012.View at:PVC Rigid/Celuka/Forex PVC Foam Board
C. Saengsupavanich, “Erosion protection options of a muddy coastline in Thailand: stakeholders' shared responsibilities,”Ocean & Coastal Management, vol. 83, pp. 81–91, 2013.View at:Automatic China Manure Disk-Fertilizer Pellet Mill Extruder Machine
R.More Functional DC Charging Module for Electric Vechicles, B. Kamali, N. M. Tamin, and R. Zakaria, “An integrated approach to coastal rehabilitation: mangrove restoration in Sungai Haji Dorani, Malaysia,”Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, vol. 86, no. 1, pp. 118–124, 2010.View at:2019 Newest 6 in 1 Multifunction Oxygen Facial Machine|Heavy Duty Light Duty Galvanized Clevis Hangers Pipe Hangers
M. Russell and K. Michaels,Effectiveness of Melaleuca, 2012.
I. L. Howard, E. Trainer, and T. Yee, “Alternative geotextile tube fill materials for marine applications,” inProceedings of the GeoCongress: State of the Art and Practice in Geotechnical Engineering, pp. 3891–3900, 2012.View at:1500mm IP65 Waterproof LED Line Linear Lights
S. J. Restall, L. A. Jackson, G. Heerten, and W. P. Hornsey, “Case studies showing the growth and development of geotextile sand containers: an Australian perspective,”Geotextiles and Geomembranes, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 321–342, 2002.View at:Automatic AAC Concrete Block Making Plant for Wall Material|Natural Stone Black White Yellow Grey Beige Granite Marble Onyx Travertine Basalt Round Rectangular Dishes Bath Sink for Bathroom Garden Landscape

Copyright

Copyright © 2014 Siew Cheng Lee et al.The Superior Supplier of Carnival Hat /Party Festival Hat, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.