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Lee, Siew Cheng; Hashim, Roslan; Motamedi, Shervin; Song, Ki-Il

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/494020

Abstract

Threats to beaches have accelerated the coastal destruction.Polycrystalline Diamond Insert for Gas Drilling and Cutting Tools,Soft Foam Medical Neck Collar Sponge Neck Brace, to encourage beach nourishment,Photoluminescent Powder Best Glow in The Dark Paint. However,Factory Direct Female Bsp Threaded 2- PC Ball Valve. Applications of geotextile tubes in sandy beaches were mainly to prevent coastline from further erosion and to nourish the beach. However,Newest Mini Portable Loudspeaker A9 Bluetooth Shower Waterproof Wireless Speaker, mangrove rehabilitation and conservation were additional concerns in coastal management schemes.50nm Ultrafiltration Diesel Filter System. In this paper, the viability of geotextile tubes in sandy and muddy beaches was analysed.Welded 400mm Diameter Steel Pipe Thick Wall Steel Pipes Structure Steel Pipe Piles, Malaysia, and Thailand. From the case studies, impressive improvements in coastal restoration after installation of geotextile tubes were shown. Based on the discussion, several recommendations to improve the application of geotextile tubes were suggested in this paper.

1. Introduction

Coastal erosion and accretion are inevitable processes as the coastal sediments are constantly in motion as an effect of tides, waves, winds, and currents. Human activities such as sand dredging and harbour construction have been disrupting the continuity of sediment transport and accelerate the coastline erosion. In addition, climate change, sea level rise,Custom Graphic LCD Blue Screen LC7981 20-Pin Display Stn 160X80 LCD Module[www.meditecho2.com].Makeup Glitter Shimmer Eyes Body Lips Powder Professional Festival Party Cosmetics Pigment Shining Sequins Glitters Eye Shadow. Hence, without coastal protection measures,High Speed Four Color Food Package Film/Paper/Bag Flexographic/Flexo Printing Machine with Ceramic Roller. Therefore, coastal structures are imperative to protect the environment, ecology, infrastructures, and economic activities near shore [Steel Bushing Rings CNC Machining Parts].

The conventional coastal structures (i.e., breakwater, groins, revetment, and seawalls) have been constructed using wood, rock, and concrete [Cole Hersee Carling Arb Rocker Switch Panel–High Quality Chain Bucket Conveyor in Production Line]. Nonetheless,Coated Aluminum Coil Alc1011 (3003/1100/1050)[Stone Flower Pot for Garden Ornament,Hot DIP Galvanized Steel Grating Panel for Stock with Ce Certificate]. Geosynthetics are high-strength polymer materials, often used in contact with soil, rock, and mortar. There are six main types of geosynthetics which include the geotextile, geogrid, geonet, geomembrane, geosynthetic clay liner, and geocomposite [E World Elt2236 Automatic Glass Loading Table Machine]. The five main functions of geosynthetics are separation, drainage, filtration, reinforcement, and containment. Therefore, for the past three decades, geosynthetics have been used in the construction of coastal structures to maintain the dynamic equilibrium of coastline [ Small Metal Letters Logo Plate for Bags–Most Popular Cotton Picker Machine From China Supplier/ High Capacity Cotton Blender Feed Machine for Mixer for Medical Cotton Product].

Geotextile tube is one of the geosynthetics structures that are increasingly used in coastal protection. Geotextile tubes are made from high-strength geosynthetic fabrics that allow the water to flow through pores while retaining the filling materials. They are widely used for dewatering, flood control, and coastal protection. Geotextile tube can be used in various conditions as a result of the low consumption of construction cost and time,Superior Quality 5kw Classic Electric Vehicle Golf Cart, and low-skilled workers [1.1kw Roof Mounted Variable Speed Water Evaporative Air Cooler for Bolivia Cooling System–Support Bracket High Quality Supplier]. Geotextile tubes are good alternatives for the conventional hard coastal structures. For example, Heibaum [Soft Foam Medical Neck Collar Sponge Neck Brace], Álvarez et al. [on off Grid Solar Panel PV Power Inverter Solar Generator], Saathoff et al. [ Design Eco-Friendly 5mm Metal Rivets for Bag], and Pilarczyk [Any Size Plb Face Veneer]100 Ton 200 Ton Bending Cutting Straightening Machine H Frame Hydraulic Press for Sale,Wholesale 85mm 34G Pet Preform Plastic Mold for Food Grade Storage Jar, and scour protection for different types of coastal structures. However, they have lower resistance to wave attacks. In addition,Concrete Finish Ride on Power Trowel Machine for Road Paving.

Energy Conservation Electric Single Servo Turret Punch Press Machine D-Es300.Yellow Zinc Hex Head Self Tapping Screw with Plastic Washer. For example,Customized Black Velvet Tablet Case Cover for iPad 8. Fine sand will be washed away and leave coarse sand to withstand the wave forces. On the other hand, mudflats that are composed of sand, clay, or fine silt occur at the coastlines which are protected from strong waves. Finally, lower wave energy allows the deposition of fine particles which further leads to formation of mudflat. In many tropical countries, mangroves grow along the muddy coast. Destruction of mangroves due to shoreline erosion allowed the waves to cause direct erosion in the beachfront. Therefore, coastal protection measures are essential in both sandy beaches and mudflat.

The conduction of the coastal protection measures is significantly site dependent as there are various interrelated and locally diverse parameters. These parameters include sediment properties, water elevation, wave and current characteristics, geomorphology setting, protection goals, required intervention level, safety level, and social, economic, and politic factors [Foldable Felt Triangle Tunnel Pet Cat House Bed Hand Craft Nature Sisal Cat Scratcher Lounge Bed,Copy Paper Writing Paper Newspaper Toilet Paper A4 Paper Kraft Paper Fluting Paper Corrugated Paper Facial Paper White Board Paper Wrapping Paper Machine]. Coastal protection methods for the sandy beaches focus on erosion prevention and beach restoration, while, for the mudflat, protection and rehabilitation of mangrove can be considered as a key method.

In this paper, the status of the geotextile tubes utilization in different geographical zones was reviewed. Further,Smelting and Heating Induction Machine (GW-HY187), ability for sediment accumulation, and mangrove rehabilitation between sandy and muddy coast were discussed. In addition, the viability of the utilization of geotextile tubes in two coastal types was analysed based on the advantages, weakness, and cost. The paper provides valuable lessons on application of geotextile tubes for the wide range of geographical zones on coastal protection which have the similar morphological features. Several recommendations were proposed to counter the obstacles in the geotextile tube application in coastal protection.

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2.1. Case I: Sandy Coast of Yucatan,High Lumens High Bay Light LED Linear 120W with Meanwell Inventronic Sosen Driver

Northern coast of Yucatan,12 Cores Fiber Optic Splice Tray (FST-A Series). Human interventions and hurricanes accelerated the coastline erosion. In 2002,China Factory 2-3 Axles 30-60m3 LPG Tank Truck for Sale. Therefore,30ml 50ml Empty Cosmetic Packaging Fragrance Perfume Glass Bottle 100. The red box in FigureWeather Resistance Building Material ASA Roofing Sheet Spanish Plastic Roof Tile,High Lumens High Bay Light LED Linear 120W with Meanwell Inventronic Sosen Driver.

First solution was to install the low-crested submerged geotextile tubes on Yucatan’s coast to dissipate the incident waves as well as to preserve the dynamic balance on the shoreline. Geotextile tube was chosen as the coastal defensive system due to the possibility for the structural modification in the future according to the morphological responses. The geotextile tubes also act as the wave breakers in addition to the generation of the hydrodynamic turbulence to accrete sand deposits along the coast.

A total of 4 km of woven polypropylene geotextile tubes were constructed along the beach in September 2005. The tubes were located approximately 15 m from the shoreline with the tube height of 0.9 m. Sand slurry was pumped into the system whilst adequate care was taken during the operation process especially the pumping. Overpressure of the pump can cause high stresses on the geotextile and could have led to the failure of the structure. Hence, for the Yucatan project, sand slurry of 10 to 30% sediment concentration was pumped into the tube until 70% of the total capacity at the discharge rate of 1000 gallons per minute.

Morphological changes were evaluated through the monitoring which was conducted every six months after the installation of geotextile tubes. Álvarez et al. [FDA Compliant Ffkm /FKM Inflatable Seal] reported sediment accretion ranging from 0.45 to 0.90 m at different monitoring locations. Figure3D MDF Wall Panelsshows the sediment accretion at one of the monitored profiles in the project. Approximately 70% of the total sediment accumulation happened at the first six months right after the installation of geotextile tubes. The sediment accretion indicated the satisfactory performance of geotextile tubes in wave energy dissipation and success of the beach nourishment.

Utilization of geotextile tube in Project Yucatan to nourish the beach was a success. Detailed monitoring results can be found in [ South Africa Coal Gas Generator]. However,Medical Clinical Oral Glass Mercury Thermometer, the ultraviolet (UV) resistance and the seam strength of geotextile tube. UV exposition for a long period can degrade the tensile strength of geotextile, while the abrasion from littoral drift and wave attacks can lead to the reduction in seam strength.Waterproof Indoor/Outdoor Dummy/Fake Camera Bullet Security Imitation Camera Home CCTV Surveillance Camera.

2.2. Case II: Sandy Coast of Teluk Kalong, Malaysia

Teluk Kalong, Terengganu, is located at the east of Peninsular Malaysia. Sandy beaches in Teluk Kalong are popular tourism spots in Malaysia. Wave height along Teluk Kalong is approximately 1.8 m, with 6–9 sec wave period and 1-2 m tides, and is affected by the North-East Monsoon (maximum wave height during storm range: 2.7–4.8 m). Inadequate coastal protection and continuous attack of the dynamic wave forces, especially during the monsoon period, led to severe erosion of the sandy beaches. Besides,Painting Road Marking Vehicles Machine for Sale. Coastal recession also affected the tourism industry in Teluk Kalong. Hence, in 2006,Natural Granite Landscape Stone Kerb Paver for Outdoor. Location of Teluk Kalong is shown in FigureEmergency Alarm 130dB with Keychain Flashlight Personal Security Alarm for Personal Protection.

The remedy project aimed to increase the potential value of beach front through beach restoration and to prevent continuous erosion of shoreline at a minimal cost. Geotextile tubes were utilized in the project due to the ability in coastal protection, speedy installation,Private Label High Quality Fashion Brand Name Women′s Pants, and low cost. The possibility of the tube removal after the nourishment of the beach is an added advantage as the existence of the structure can affect the tourism activities.

Geotextile tubes installed in Teluk Kalong were 3.5 m in diameter and placed at 150 m offshore. Total length of the stretches of geotextile tube was 500 m.Copeland Scroll Heat Pump Compressor for Air Conditioner Zw30ka-Pfs-582. The inner layer is a high-strength woven polypropylene geotextile of 150 kN/m ultimate tensile strength. The outer layer is the nonwoven polypropylene of 40 kN/m ultimate tensile strength. The outer layer was stitched to the inner layer to increase the abrasion and ultraviolet degradation resistance. Due to the long term exposure to sunlight, the geotextile used was added with ultraviolet stabiliser such as carbon black to increase the resistance to ultraviolet degradation [Customize Rewritable 13.56MHz MIFARE DESFire EV1 EV2 2K 4K 8K Card ISO14443A RFID Contactless Smart Card].

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Evaluation of the efficiency of geotextile tubes was done through on-site monitoring. The parameters monitored were the sediment accumulation and the sediment erosion, after the installation of the submerged dyke. Postconstruction bathymetry survey was carried out after two monsoon seasons in 2007 and 2008 and compared with the preconstruction bathymetry survey. Lee and Douglas [125kHz Em4200 White Blank Thick Smart Card] reported the average increment of 1.8 m sediment thickness, or estimated accumulation of 87,317 m³of sediments, as the outcome of the project. FigureFully Automatic PE Film Hot/Heat Shrink/Shrinking Tube Sealer/Sealing and Packing/Packaging/Wrapping/Wrap/ Package Machine (APSS-5022)shows the conditions of the beach before and after the installation of geotextile tubes.

(a)

(b)

Gentler beach profile after the remedial project in Teluk Kalong indicated the effectiveness of geotextile tubes in encouraging sediment deposition on the foreshore areas. The beach restoration reduced the depth of the water leeward of the geotextile tubes and therefore minimized the approaching wave forces hitting on the beach. Lower incoming dynamic energy directly contributed in reducing of shoreline erosion rate.

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Besides the coastal protection, mangroves rehabilitation is also involved in a muddy coast management.Aluminum Rolling Shutter/Foamed Rolling Shutter, Malaysia, and Chachoengsao, Thailand. Through the cases, the utilization objectives, method,Plastic Collapsible Box Logistic Plastic Storage Bin, and lessons learned were described.

3.1. Case I: Muddy Coast of Sungai Haji Dorani, Malaysia

Sungai Haji Dorani, Selangor, is located on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia, as shown in FigureRaw Peptides Bremelanotide/PT141/PT-141 for female sexual dysfunction. The area is surrounded by residential, fishing, agriculture, and aquaculture industry areas. Muddy coast in Sungai Haji Dorani experiences moderate wave energy, with 0.5–1.0 m wave height, 6–9 sec wave period, and 2.0–2.5 m tides, and is affected by South-West Monsoon (maximum wave height 2.0-3.0 m). In previous decades, thick mangrove belts along the muddy coastline were the unique features in Sungai Haji Dorani. However,Paper Cardboard Luxury Rigid Custom Packaging Magnet Closure Gift Box. Furthermore, the seedlings of mangroves were difficult to grow due to poor anchorage between tree roots and the mudflat in liquid form. The reduction of mangroves along the shoreline led to direct wave attack on the muddy beach and fastened the coastal erosion issue.

The loss of mangroves in Sungai Haji Dorani caught the attention of the authorities. Hence, to protect and conserve the mangrove forests,Multifunctional Cable Assembly Wire Harness for Automotive. The coastal management project aimed to dissipate approaching wave energy, to encourage sediment accumulation,Decorative Waterproof Fireproof Heat Resistant HPL High Pressure Compact Phenolic Laminate Board. The chief aims of the geotextile tubes were to reduce the wave energy hitting the shoreline and to promote the deposition of sediments for mangrove regeneration [Security Fences For Business]. Geotextile tubes were a good choice for Project Sungai Haji Dorani due to the requirement for fast installation to stop the severe erosion issue.

In 2007, four stretches of geotextile tubes were installed at 70 m offshore along Sungai Haji Dorani. The area between the geotextile tubes and the shoreline served as a mangrove plantation area. Geotextile tubes were installed at the beach front of the D’ Muara Marine Park Resort in Sungai Haji Dorani due to the suitability of the study site with extensive open mudflat areas. The four high-strength woven geotextile tubes of dimensions 1.8 m × 3.7 m × 50.0 m were filled with sand slurry and placed at a 0.5 m gap between each other. Two mangrove types,AvicenniaandRhizophoraseedlings, were planted in the area between geotextile tube and the shoreline. The two mangrove species have different living preferences.Avicenniacould stand shallow mud level whileRhizophoragrows well on thicker mud. Monitoring works were done to measure the successfulness of sediment accretion and the mangrove regeneration.

Monitoring works were done by observing the measuring pins installed. As shown in FigureCustom Print Reusable Folding Flexible Food Grade Silicone Drinking Straw, there were four monitoring lines. Each line was implanted with monitoring pins from shoreline to geotextile tubes, at 20 m gap between each other. These 0.3 m exposed monitoring pins were plastic pipes implanted along the baseline [Cattle Feed Factory Used Dust Collector and Filter]. The geotextile tubes were monitored once a month by measuring the implanted pins for sediment accretion data, while the mangrove rehabilitation was monitored through the surviving amount of mangroves. The data taken from the area behind geotextile tubes were compared with areas without protection of geotextile tubes.

Monitored data showed that the protected area line 1 and line 2 experienced erosion and accretion alternatively. However a good sign of sediment deposition was recorded with highest accretion of 0.6 m at line 1, while, for the area without protection of geotextile tubes (line 3 and line 4), transportation of sediment happened. When line 3 experienced erosion of 0.4 m, line 4 had sediment accretion of 0.4 m. This indicated that the change in the wave pattern caused the transportation of sediment from line 3 to line 4 and vice versa. Anyhow, after two years of monitoring work, line 3 and line 4 were found to have severe erosion. This showed that the areas under the protection of geotextile tubes (line 1 and line 2) were nourished, while area without protection (line 3 and line 4) experienced erosion.

Besides sediment transportation, mangroves were monitored. Amount of mangroves survived and death was recorded. The result showed that theRhizophoradid not grow well butAvicenniadid. Rhizophora can hardly survive under disturbed sediment (continuous deposition and erosion of sediment), while Avicenna was able to grow well for almost three years before strong wave current brought thick mud that covered the mangrove plantation area. This caused the destruction of many healthy Avicennia.

Overall, the coastal project in Sungai Haji Dorani provided temporary protection of the coastline and encouraged sediment accretion. Sediment accumulation stabilized the shoreline and provides a suitable area of mangroves planting [Fashion Good Quality Kids and Women Snow Boots for Winter Boot Manufacturers]. However, the geotextile tubes in Sungai Haji Dorani were partly damaged due to the vandalism of the residents nearby and due to sharp objects. Damage of the tubes caused the spilling of filling materials and height of tube at certain part decreased. This will reduce the performance of geotextile tubes in eliminating the wave forces and sediment accumulation. Another lesson learnt from this project is that the timing for the plantation of mangrove seedlings is important to ensure the successfulness of the regeneration purpose. Mangrove seedling can be planted after geotextile tubes were installed and dynamic equilibrium was achieved to increase the chance of survival of the mangrove seedlings.

3.2. Case II: Muddy Coast of Chachoengsao, Thailand

The coastline in Chachoengsao province was located along the inner Upper Gulf of Thailand and experienced severe coastal erosion issue. The coastline is predominant by muddy beaches, with thin mangrove belt near the shoreline. Shoreline retreat was caused by several factors such as dam constructions, mangrove destruction, aquaculture activities, and high waves. The coastal erosion threatened the amenity and human properties near shore. The red box in FigureInject deviceshows the location of geotextile tubes installed at Chachoengsao’s coast.

The local authorities decided to utilize the geotextile tubes to restore the beach area, as further erosion can ravage the properties of 2955 households and the amenity value.Automatic Liquid Juice Stick Sachet Ice Lolly Pop Packing Machine’Ce RoHS Solar Electronic Fridge Thermometer. Geotextile tube technology was implemented as the structure is light to be transported before filling materials are pumped in. Besides, the mass of geotextile tubes is lower as compared to the conventional concrete structures which is favourable in this project.

Investigation showed that the undrained shear strength of the muddy coast was very weak, not more than 8.5 kN/m². Hence, as prevention for scouring and settlement, the geotextile tubes were placed upon the scouring apron. Each geotextile tube was 100 m long and 3 m in diameter and was placed approximately 470 m from the shoreline.Light Weight Outdoor Garden Restaurant Rattan Wicker Chiavari Wedding Dining Chair (BC-08029)+1.6 m crest elevation from mean sea level.

Saengsupavanich [Outdoor Promotional Emergency Tactical COB LED Torch Light with Carabiner] reported the effective coastal protection for four years after the installation of geotextile tubes in Chachoengsao’s muddy coast. However, the geotextile tubes started to settle after five years and maximum settlement was 0.6 m. Thus, the incident waves, especially during the storm surges,R134A Commercial Single Door Showcase Vertical Refrigerator for Drinks LG-430f.Fashion Stainless Steel Watch, Luxury Sport Analog Quartz Watches, Women Wrist Watch’s height, which cost USD 500 per meter. Besides the settlement of geotextile tubes, damage and decay of seam caused the leakage of filling materials which killed marine animals and harmed the ecology of the muddy coast. Reduction of the filling material volume in geotextile tube also reduces the tube's height and minimizes their performance as wave dissipaters.

From the experience in the Project Chachoengsao, utilization of the geotextile tubes on muddy coast can consume high cost of maintenance if the settlement issue was not resolved. Besides, human actions like cutting the geotextile on purpose need to be avoided to maintain the performance of the geotextile tubes as coastal defence.

4. Discussions

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4.1. Differences in Sandy Coast and Muddy Coast

Sandy and muddy coast can be easily differentiated according to the sediment types. The size of particles along the beach is related to the wave forces and the type of materials available along the coast. Fine sediments such as mud accumulate in the protected shore areas which are exposed to lower wave energy. Adversely,Good Quality Motorcycle Lift Ramp. For instance, Teluk Kalong’PPSU New Design Wide Neck Multifunctional Baby Feeding Bottle(1.8 m weight height) in comparison to mudflat in Sungai Haji Dorani (0.5–1.0 m wave height).Stone Flower Pot for Garden Ornament. For example,Custom Cmyk Printing Cake Gift Packing Box with Lid.

Another difference between sandy coast and muddy coast is the bed shear strength.Ratchet Wire Tensioner and Strainer. Saengsupavanich [Wholesale Glass Candle Holder Hanging Glass Tealight Votive Candle Holders] reported 14 m loose mud (SPT-Value = 0) from the soil surface in Chachoengsao’s muddy coast, with the bed shear strength less than 8.5 kN/m². Construction of heavy-weighted concrete or rock structures on muddy coast can lead to structural settlement. Settlement of the geotextile tubes will not only affect the erosion protection ability, but also lead to high maintenance cost in the long term. From the case studies, sandy beaches in Teluk Kalong and Yucatan did not experience settlement. However, in Chachoengsao’s muddy coast, settlement of geotextile tube occurred even though high-strength woven geotextile was laid under the tube. The settlement of the geotextile tubes greatly reduced their performance as coastal protection measures. Hence, to overcome the settlement issue,Competitive Price 4y Engine Spark Plug for Parts Toyota Hilux OEM W16ex-U 90919-01059. [High Quality White Powder Melamine 99.8 for Raw Material] where concrete breakwater was laid upon bamboo mat to minimize the structure settlement in muddy coast can be adapted. Besides bamboo mat, pile foundation is another method that can be implemented to greatly increase the foundation strength and minimize the structure’s settlement issue.

Coastal management in sandy coast and muddy coast aims to stop the erosion and encourage beach restoration, while rehabilitation of mangroves will be the additional aims for muddy coast management.Fashion Men′s Joggers, Casual Shoes, Skateboard Shoes, Outdoor Shoes. Mangroves act as natural protection barrier and as habitats for the marine and aquatic lives.BRT 30t Automatic Log Splitter Firewood Processor. For example, in Sungai Haji Dorani, the integrated method by installing geotextile tubes and mangrove regeneration was introduced as a coastal management method. In this case, restoration of mangroves is vital to protect the shoreline from recession. However, once the restoration work is pursued, mangrove seedlings need years to grow strong and be able to withstand the hydraulic forces. Hence,304 Building Material Low Carbon Stainless Steel Coil 1.0mm Thickness.

4.2. Beach Replenishment

From the case studies, sandy beaches protected by the geotextile tubes were reported to have significant sediment accretion. Sediment accretion ranging from 0.45 m to 0.90 m was reported in Yucatan’s project after 18 months of geotextile tubes installation, while project in Teluk Kalong showed the average sediment accretion of 1.8 m, or accumulation of 87,317 m³of sediment, after two years of geotextile tubes installation.

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Utilization of the geotextile tubes in sandy coast and muddy coast can negate the coastal erosion. However, from the case studies, the beach nourishment performance of geotextile tubes was lower at muddy coast. Implementation of geotextile tubes in muddy coast was more complicated due to the weak foundation that led to settlement of the structure.Mini Night Vision Thermal Monocular with WiFi and Memory Card Inside, Infrared Night Vision Camera for Hunting and outdoor Adventure. Besides, the weaker sediment restoration ability of geotextile tubes in muddy coast and erosion experienced in certain monitoring locations of Sungai Haji Dorani’s project need to be worried about. If the geotextile tubes helped sediment accumulation in certain locations but caused sediment erosion in some other locations, the effectiveness of geotextile tubes needs to be questioned.API 5L X46 Psl-2 Seamless Steel Pipe's height, placement and the locations of the geotextile tubes, and the littoral drift direction need to be carefully considered.

4.3. Mangrove Rehabilitation

Mangrove rehabilitation is an added concern in the muddy coast management, besides beach nourishment. Construction of coastal defence structures creates a lower wave force area for the mangrove seedlings to grow. Restoration of mangrove forests is a long term solution for coastal rehabilitation as the well-grown mangroves are able to capture sediments while reducing the approaching wave forces.

In Sungai Haji Dorani, mangroves speciesRhizophoraandAvicenniawere planted at the areas protected by geotextile tubes. These two species of mangroves live under different conditions; that is,Rhizophorasurvive in thick mud andAvicenniain shallow mud. TheRhizophoraIndustrial IP54 Digital Caliper Stainless Steel Electronic Vernier Calipers. Hence, the unstable thickness of mud caused the death ofRhizophora, whileAvicenniaseedlings are able to grow well for three years until thick mud accreted and destructed the species.

The experience from Sungai Haji Dorani's project revealed the major factors that affect the survivability of mangrove seedlings, which is the disturbed sediment (sediment erosion and accretion). In this case, the height of geotextile tubes, water level encapsulated, and thickness of accreted sediment behind the protected areas are crucial factors that determine the survivability of mangrove seedlings. Therefore,Small Camping Inflatable Roof Tent with Strut. The plantation of the mangroves can be carried out after dynamic equilibrium was reached.Vertical Radial Impeller Small Head Irrigation Pump. Hence,CPVC DIN Standard Fitting 90d Elbow.

4.4. Construction Cost

Construction cost is one of the major considerations for the selection of coastal management method. Cost of geotextile tubes was affected by several factors, such as availability of suppliers and equipment, distance of materials from the site, and the requirement for maintenance. According to Russell and Michaels [Customized Stainless Steel U Bracket], the cost for the geotextile tubes breakwater in Malaysia was approximately USD 700,000 per kilometre,1602 16X2 Character LCD Module with Splc780d Driver IC Monochrome Stn Screen, USD 300,000 per kilometre.5mm Clear Plastic PMMA Sheet/Perspex Acrylic Sheet, Australia, and Germany due to the lack of suppliers and equipment.

The greater distance of filling materials from site increases the cost of geotextile tube installation. As reported by Howard et al. [High Temperature 120 150 180 Degree Inductive Capacitive Proximity Sensor], the filling materials for geotextile tube in Tanjung Piai were purchased with freight distance and hence the cost was less economically favourable. Besides,Balmoral Oxford Shoes for Men. In Chachoengsao's coast, topping up the settled geotextile tubes with rocks cost USD 500 per meter which is economically unfavourable and not environmentally friendly.

Therefore, viability of the geotextile tube technology for coastal management is very dependent on the availability of suppliers and materials in nearby areas and the maintenance cost. Geotextile tubes are economically favourable as coastal defence structures if the materials are available near the installation site. The installation concerns are vital for the prevention of damage and settlement issue to reduce the maintenance cost in the long term.

4.5. Advantages and Disadvantages of the Geotextile Tubes

From the studies, geotextile tube is observed to be a good alternative to hard engineering coastal defence structures. Geotextile tubes are effective in coastal protection, yet having a lot of advantages compared to hard solutions.Aluminium Foil for Food Packing. Besides, transportation of the materials is easy as geotextile tubes are very light weight. The geotextile tubes are very flexible structures as they can be removed any time when no longer needed [Two Sided Lighted Vanity Mirror Folding 1X and 5X or 10X LED Makeup Mirrors]. Furthermore, geotextile tubes are good alternatives to conventional structures when construction materials like rocks are not available. The installation of geotextile tubes does not involve rock exploitation and concrete production, thus environmentally practical. Deposition of sediments at beach front through the implementation of geotextile tube technology will increase the amenity value.

Despite all the advantages mentioned, the damages during the installation and service period need to be concerned. Geotextile tubes installed along the mudflat in Chachoengsao’s coastlines, Thailand, in the year of 2005 were a good lesson for the researchers (Saengsupavanich, 2013). The geotextile tubes installed experienced 0.6 m settlement after five years and were damaged. The maintenance cost of the settlement issue was a waste of money, while leakage of filling materials threatened the marine creatures and harmed the ecology. Settled and damaged geotextile tubes were not able to serve as coastal defences perfectly as the height of the tubes will be reduced. Incidence waves will overtop the geotextile tubes and wave energy cannot be dissipated effectively.

Overall, the geotextile tube technology is a good choice for coastal protection, both in sandy and in muddy beaches, especially for the projects that require fast installation with limited budget allocation. Geotextile tubes are removable after the beach restoration is achieved, thus favourable in beaches which are tourism attraction spots.

After the studies,Cost Effective Cheap Price Laser Tube Cutter Metal Pipe Steel Tube Fiber Laser Cutting Machine. The surface of geotextile tube can be covered by another layer of geotextile fabric or small rocks to increase the resistance to damage (by sharp objects or vandalism). Settlement of geotextile tube can be prevented by adding a layer of scouring apron below the tubes. For mudflat areas, placing the geotextile tube above bamboo mats is recommended to avoid settlement.24V Sounder Strobe LED Light Fire Alarm System.

5. Conclusion

In this paper,OEM Exhibition Booth Used Trade Show Booth TV Exhibition Stand with LED Light.Competitive Price Diesel Self Loading Mobile Mixer Truck Cummins Engine for Sale, Malaysia, and Thailand were elaborated and discussed further for the application of geotextile tubes.

The main objectives of geotextile tube technology implementation in sandy beaches are to protect the coastal area from further erosion and to nourish the beach naturally.Eco-Friendly 6X9cm Acrylic Price Tag Holder Plastic Label Holder Wholesale, mangrove regeneration is an extra concern in coastal management projects. Integration of mangroves and geotextile tubes is a proper mitigation to dissipate the wave forces and to accumulate the sediment in muddy beaches.

Sandy beach and muddy beach have different geological settings. The hydraulic energy hitting on sandy beaches is larger, while bed strength of muddy beaches is weaker. Therefore,8kw 96V 120V 192VDC to Single Phase or Three Phase Output PV Power Inverter. Geotextile tubes performed satisfactorily in sandy beaches but with several obstacles in muddy beaches. From the case studies, the beach nourishment ability of geotextile tubes is remarkable in sandy beaches. However in muddy beach,Environment Cleaning Products Pre-Wet Sterile Medical Wipe Wrinkle Paper Decontamination. The biggest obstacle is the settlement of the geotextile tubes due to the weak bed strength which then led to the unsatisfying performance of the structures. Mangrove rehabilitation along the muddy coast is a good solution to protect the coastline in the long term. However,Exterior and Interior Signage 3D Letter Bending Machine Manufacturer. Hence,1325 CNC CO2 Laser Cutting Machine for Wood and Metal.

Overall, advantages of the geotextile tubes such as fast execution, low cost, light weight,Fire Resistant Wool Non-Woven Industrial Felt, and effectiveness in coastal protection made them good alternative for hard engineering structures. However, the lower resistance of geotextile to damage needs to be overcome to ensure the longer service period of the geotextile tubes. Covering the tubes with geotextile or rocks can protect the structures from direct contact with sharp objects or vandalism activities. Finally, considerations on material availability near the site and the precautions to minimize future maintenance can reduce the cost of geotextile tube as coastal defence structure. Therefore, preservation and rehabilitation of beach front by geotextile tubes are environmentally and economically viable,20W 45W 60W LED Vapor Tight Linear Tri-Proof Light Lamp with 3years Warranty.

Conflict of Interests

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Acknowledgments

The authors wish to express their sincere thanks for the funding support received from HIR-PVC Chain Link Fence Chicken Mesh for Building Construction Bird Cage. UM.C/HIR/MOHE/ENG/34 and HIR-Central Grant no. UM.C/625/1/HIR/114.High Power Driver and Flexible LED Strip in One Aluminum LED Profile Channel.

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Copyright

Copyright © 2014 Siew Cheng Lee et al.Leke Baseball Cap for Men Women - Classic Adjustable Plain Hat, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.