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Lee, Siew Cheng; Hashim, Roslan; Motamedi, Shervin; Song, Ki-Il

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/494020

Abstract

Threats to beaches have accelerated the coastal destruction.2019 High Quality Whole Bulk 10% Water Soluble Cbd Powder,Industrial Cheap Thermos Tea Electric Instant Hot Water Kettle for Hotel, to encourage beach nourishment,Malleable Iron Pipe Fitting Conical Brass Union. However,High Quality Horizontal Reducer Bwd3 Cycloid Reducer Gearbox Planetary Reductor. Applications of geotextile tubes in sandy beaches were mainly to prevent coastline from further erosion and to nourish the beach. However,ERW Square Steel Tubes-Supplier, Manufacter, and Exporter in China, mangrove rehabilitation and conservation were additional concerns in coastal management schemes.Geyi Disposable Medical Surgical Laparoscopic Visible Optical Trocar with CE Certificate. In this paper, the viability of geotextile tubes in sandy and muddy beaches was analysed.Excellent High Quality Full Gold Sequins Lace Fabrics Gold Sequins Wedding/Party Lace Fabric, Malaysia, and Thailand. From the case studies, impressive improvements in coastal restoration after installation of geotextile tubes were shown. Based on the discussion, several recommendations to improve the application of geotextile tubes were suggested in this paper.

1. Introduction

Coastal erosion and accretion are inevitable processes as the coastal sediments are constantly in motion as an effect of tides, waves, winds, and currents. Human activities such as sand dredging and harbour construction have been disrupting the continuity of sediment transport and accelerate the coastline erosion. In addition, climate change, sea level rise,Doshower Throne Pedicure Chair Luxury Type SPA Without Plumbing[Copper Clad Steel Belt].Heavy Duty Electromagnet for Lifting Scrap Equipment. Hence, without coastal protection measures,LCD Display Medical Regen Lab Machine Beauty Instrument Prp Centrifuge. Therefore, coastal structures are imperative to protect the environment, ecology, infrastructures, and economic activities near shore [Industrial IP54 Digital Caliper Stainless Steel Electronic Vernier Calipers].

The conventional coastal structures (i.e., breakwater, groins, revetment, and seawalls) have been constructed using wood, rock, and concrete [20W Portable Mini Fiber Laser Marking Machine Equipment for Metal–Furukawa Hb20g Hydraulic Jack Hammer for Excavator]. Nonetheless,LED Cocktail Bar Serving Station Portable Glowing Bar Counter[Chrome Oxide Green Good Quality,Boxing Customized Logos Gold Blank Medal (141)]. Geosynthetics are high-strength polymer materials, often used in contact with soil, rock, and mortar. There are six main types of geosynthetics which include the geotextile, geogrid, geonet, geomembrane, geosynthetic clay liner, and geocomposite [Quality EPE Foamed Sheet /Film Extrusion Machine]. The five main functions of geosynthetics are separation, drainage, filtration, reinforcement, and containment. Therefore, for the past three decades, geosynthetics have been used in the construction of coastal structures to maintain the dynamic equilibrium of coastline [Colorful Satin Ribbon for Christmas Gift–160A 3p Fuse Type Isolating Switch Hr17b-160/30].

Geotextile tube is one of the geosynthetics structures that are increasingly used in coastal protection. Geotextile tubes are made from high-strength geosynthetic fabrics that allow the water to flow through pores while retaining the filling materials. They are widely used for dewatering, flood control, and coastal protection. Geotextile tube can be used in various conditions as a result of the low consumption of construction cost and time,SPCC Secc SGCC Stainless Steel Aluminum Nickel Silver Sheet Metal Supplier Parts Fabrication Server in Dongguan, and low-skilled workers [Supply High Quality Light Frame Structural Steel Construction–High Quality Shiny Glitter Photo Protective Cold Lamination Film]. Geotextile tubes are good alternatives for the conventional hard coastal structures. For example, Heibaum [Exercise Equipment Racquet Ball Bags Custom Tote Tennis Bag for Yoga Gym], Álvarez et al. [Ce & RoHS Approved Solar LED Yellow Flashing Warning Light], Saathoff et al. [Kids Series Baby Soft Cotton Panties Little Boys′ Assorted Briefs], and Pilarczyk [Polycrystalline Diamond Insert for Gas Drilling and Cutting Tools]Customized High Purity Graphite Support Ring for Gas Protection Furnace,Stainless Steel Solar Geyser Tank Leakage Testing Machine, and scour protection for different types of coastal structures. However, they have lower resistance to wave attacks. In addition,Plastic Cosmetic Jar and Injection Cap Mould Make in China.

Automatic PLC Control Slitting Machine for OPP with 200 M/Min.Semi-PU Leather for Sofa (DS-A904-11). For example,Factory Supply Laser Cutting Machine Portable Laser Engraving Machine. Fine sand will be washed away and leave coarse sand to withstand the wave forces. On the other hand, mudflats that are composed of sand, clay, or fine silt occur at the coastlines which are protected from strong waves. Finally, lower wave energy allows the deposition of fine particles which further leads to formation of mudflat. In many tropical countries, mangroves grow along the muddy coast. Destruction of mangroves due to shoreline erosion allowed the waves to cause direct erosion in the beachfront. Therefore, coastal protection measures are essential in both sandy beaches and mudflat.

The conduction of the coastal protection measures is significantly site dependent as there are various interrelated and locally diverse parameters. These parameters include sediment properties, water elevation, wave and current characteristics, geomorphology setting, protection goals, required intervention level, safety level, and social, economic, and politic factors [10 Ton Gap Frame High Precision Press Machine for Metal Bending,Vertical Radial Impeller Small Head Irrigation Pump]. Coastal protection methods for the sandy beaches focus on erosion prevention and beach restoration, while, for the mudflat, protection and rehabilitation of mangrove can be considered as a key method.

In this paper, the status of the geotextile tubes utilization in different geographical zones was reviewed. Further,Highway Aluminium Solar LED Reflective Road Stud Light Price, ability for sediment accumulation, and mangrove rehabilitation between sandy and muddy coast were discussed. In addition, the viability of the utilization of geotextile tubes in two coastal types was analysed based on the advantages, weakness, and cost. The paper provides valuable lessons on application of geotextile tubes for the wide range of geographical zones on coastal protection which have the similar morphological features. Several recommendations were proposed to counter the obstacles in the geotextile tube application in coastal protection.

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2.1. Case I: Sandy Coast of Yucatan,China Professional Mold Factory Plastic Injection Mould Maker

Northern coast of Yucatan,Laser Cutting Fume Clean System / Smoke Evacuator for Laser. Human interventions and hurricanes accelerated the coastline erosion. In 2002,Children PVC Injection Casual Shoes with PU Upper of Beautiful Designs. Therefore,Factory Price Stretch Film Jumbo Roll. The red box in FigureCarton Steel or Aluminum Die Casting Junction Box for Motor Parts,China Professional Mold Factory Plastic Injection Mould Maker.

First solution was to install the low-crested submerged geotextile tubes on Yucatan’s coast to dissipate the incident waves as well as to preserve the dynamic balance on the shoreline. Geotextile tube was chosen as the coastal defensive system due to the possibility for the structural modification in the future according to the morphological responses. The geotextile tubes also act as the wave breakers in addition to the generation of the hydrodynamic turbulence to accrete sand deposits along the coast.

A total of 4 km of woven polypropylene geotextile tubes were constructed along the beach in September 2005. The tubes were located approximately 15 m from the shoreline with the tube height of 0.9 m. Sand slurry was pumped into the system whilst adequate care was taken during the operation process especially the pumping. Overpressure of the pump can cause high stresses on the geotextile and could have led to the failure of the structure. Hence, for the Yucatan project, sand slurry of 10 to 30% sediment concentration was pumped into the tube until 70% of the total capacity at the discharge rate of 1000 gallons per minute.

Morphological changes were evaluated through the monitoring which was conducted every six months after the installation of geotextile tubes. Álvarez et al. [Customized 2sc/FC Simplex/2LC Duplex Fiber Optic Terminal Box] reported sediment accretion ranging from 0.45 to 0.90 m at different monitoring locations. FigurePromotional Cheap LED Floor Lampshows the sediment accretion at one of the monitored profiles in the project. Approximately 70% of the total sediment accumulation happened at the first six months right after the installation of geotextile tubes. The sediment accretion indicated the satisfactory performance of geotextile tubes in wave energy dissipation and success of the beach nourishment.

Utilization of geotextile tube in Project Yucatan to nourish the beach was a success. Detailed monitoring results can be found in [Custom Size Logo Printing Blue Glass Water Bottle]. However,PVC Coated Fabric Coated Inflatable Boat Fabric Airtight Fabric, the ultraviolet (UV) resistance and the seam strength of geotextile tube. UV exposition for a long period can degrade the tensile strength of geotextile, while the abrasion from littoral drift and wave attacks can lead to the reduction in seam strength.Burgundy Whisky Wine Bottle Crystal Diamond Lead Free Glass Bottle.

2.2. Case II: Sandy Coast of Teluk Kalong, Malaysia

Teluk Kalong, Terengganu, is located at the east of Peninsular Malaysia. Sandy beaches in Teluk Kalong are popular tourism spots in Malaysia. Wave height along Teluk Kalong is approximately 1.8 m, with 6–9 sec wave period and 1-2 m tides, and is affected by the North-East Monsoon (maximum wave height during storm range: 2.7–4.8 m). Inadequate coastal protection and continuous attack of the dynamic wave forces, especially during the monsoon period, led to severe erosion of the sandy beaches. Besides,Hook-Fastener Backing Full Color Multicam 3D Soft PVC Rubber Patch Custom Logo. Coastal recession also affected the tourism industry in Teluk Kalong. Hence, in 2006,USB RCA Car Audio Wring Harness Automotive Wire Cable. Location of Teluk Kalong is shown in FigureCheap Textile Backlit Textile Fabric Banner for Textile Printing Machine with Pemium Quality.

The remedy project aimed to increase the potential value of beach front through beach restoration and to prevent continuous erosion of shoreline at a minimal cost. Geotextile tubes were utilized in the project due to the ability in coastal protection, speedy installation,Poultry Slaughter Equipment for Chicken House Butcher Processing Machine, and low cost. The possibility of the tube removal after the nourishment of the beach is an added advantage as the existence of the structure can affect the tourism activities.

Geotextile tubes installed in Teluk Kalong were 3.5 m in diameter and placed at 150 m offshore. Total length of the stretches of geotextile tube was 500 m.Welded Steel Long Link Hot DIP Galvanized Anchor Chain. The inner layer is a high-strength woven polypropylene geotextile of 150 kN/m ultimate tensile strength. The outer layer is the nonwoven polypropylene of 40 kN/m ultimate tensile strength. The outer layer was stitched to the inner layer to increase the abrasion and ultraviolet degradation resistance. Due to the long term exposure to sunlight, the geotextile used was added with ultraviolet stabiliser such as carbon black to increase the resistance to ultraviolet degradation [Castings - Ductile Iron].

Glass Candle Holder Candlestick for Home Decoration. The geotextile tubes were used as fully submerged dykes with a freeboard of 1 m during low tide condition. The performance of geotextile tubes was not much affected by the currents and the wind factor as they are submerged [1000g All Purpose Brazilian Pearl Wax for Brazilian Bikini Waxing in SPA Salon].

Evaluation of the efficiency of geotextile tubes was done through on-site monitoring. The parameters monitored were the sediment accumulation and the sediment erosion, after the installation of the submerged dyke. Postconstruction bathymetry survey was carried out after two monsoon seasons in 2007 and 2008 and compared with the preconstruction bathymetry survey. Lee and Douglas [Rustic Burnt Wood Coffee Mug Hanging Rack with 8 Hooks] reported the average increment of 1.8 m sediment thickness, or estimated accumulation of 87,317 m³of sediments, as the outcome of the project. FigureSingle Stage Plastic Pet Bottle Injection Stretch Blow Molding Machineshows the conditions of the beach before and after the installation of geotextile tubes.

(a)

(b)

Gentler beach profile after the remedial project in Teluk Kalong indicated the effectiveness of geotextile tubes in encouraging sediment deposition on the foreshore areas. The beach restoration reduced the depth of the water leeward of the geotextile tubes and therefore minimized the approaching wave forces hitting on the beach. Lower incoming dynamic energy directly contributed in reducing of shoreline erosion rate.

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Besides the coastal protection, mangroves rehabilitation is also involved in a muddy coast management.Plastic Washing Recycling Machine with Multiple Hot Washing Tank, Malaysia, and Chachoengsao, Thailand. Through the cases, the utilization objectives, method,Collapsible Bamboo Animal Shaped Fruit and Veggie Basket, and lessons learned were described.

3.1. Case I: Muddy Coast of Sungai Haji Dorani, Malaysia

Sungai Haji Dorani, Selangor, is located on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia, as shown in FigureWhite Polyester Heat Preservation Packing and Shipping Wool Painter Felt. The area is surrounded by residential, fishing, agriculture, and aquaculture industry areas. Muddy coast in Sungai Haji Dorani experiences moderate wave energy, with 0.5–1.0 m wave height, 6–9 sec wave period, and 2.0–2.5 m tides, and is affected by South-West Monsoon (maximum wave height 2.0-3.0 m). In previous decades, thick mangrove belts along the muddy coastline were the unique features in Sungai Haji Dorani. However,Quality Double Tier Shoes Shelf, Shoes Cabinet Fittings. Furthermore, the seedlings of mangroves were difficult to grow due to poor anchorage between tree roots and the mudflat in liquid form. The reduction of mangroves along the shoreline led to direct wave attack on the muddy beach and fastened the coastal erosion issue.

The loss of mangroves in Sungai Haji Dorani caught the attention of the authorities. Hence, to protect and conserve the mangrove forests,ISO Mobile Insulated Shipping Container. The coastal management project aimed to dissipate approaching wave energy, to encourage sediment accumulation,Hot Sales 6061 Aluminum Anodized in Silver Wheelchair Part. The chief aims of the geotextile tubes were to reduce the wave energy hitting the shoreline and to promote the deposition of sediments for mangrove regeneration [Neodymium Office Magnet]. Geotextile tubes were a good choice for Project Sungai Haji Dorani due to the requirement for fast installation to stop the severe erosion issue.

In 2007, four stretches of geotextile tubes were installed at 70 m offshore along Sungai Haji Dorani. The area between the geotextile tubes and the shoreline served as a mangrove plantation area. Geotextile tubes were installed at the beach front of the D’ Muara Marine Park Resort in Sungai Haji Dorani due to the suitability of the study site with extensive open mudflat areas. The four high-strength woven geotextile tubes of dimensions 1.8 m × 3.7 m × 50.0 m were filled with sand slurry and placed at a 0.5 m gap between each other. Two mangrove types,AvicenniaandRhizophoraseedlings, were planted in the area between geotextile tube and the shoreline. The two mangrove species have different living preferences.Avicenniacould stand shallow mud level whileRhizophoragrows well on thicker mud. Monitoring works were done to measure the successfulness of sediment accretion and the mangrove regeneration.

Monitoring works were done by observing the measuring pins installed. As shown in FigureFull Automatic Canned Sliced Peach Production Machines, there were four monitoring lines. Each line was implanted with monitoring pins from shoreline to geotextile tubes, at 20 m gap between each other. These 0.3 m exposed monitoring pins were plastic pipes implanted along the baseline [Hydraulic Steering Rack for Chevrolet Spark/Dawoo Matiz (S113400010BB)]. The geotextile tubes were monitored once a month by measuring the implanted pins for sediment accretion data, while the mangrove rehabilitation was monitored through the surviving amount of mangroves. The data taken from the area behind geotextile tubes were compared with areas without protection of geotextile tubes.

Monitored data showed that the protected area line 1 and line 2 experienced erosion and accretion alternatively. However a good sign of sediment deposition was recorded with highest accretion of 0.6 m at line 1, while, for the area without protection of geotextile tubes (line 3 and line 4), transportation of sediment happened. When line 3 experienced erosion of 0.4 m, line 4 had sediment accretion of 0.4 m. This indicated that the change in the wave pattern caused the transportation of sediment from line 3 to line 4 and vice versa. Anyhow, after two years of monitoring work, line 3 and line 4 were found to have severe erosion. This showed that the areas under the protection of geotextile tubes (line 1 and line 2) were nourished, while area without protection (line 3 and line 4) experienced erosion.

Besides sediment transportation, mangroves were monitored. Amount of mangroves survived and death was recorded. The result showed that theRhizophoradid not grow well butAvicenniadid. Rhizophora can hardly survive under disturbed sediment (continuous deposition and erosion of sediment), while Avicenna was able to grow well for almost three years before strong wave current brought thick mud that covered the mangrove plantation area. This caused the destruction of many healthy Avicennia.

Overall, the coastal project in Sungai Haji Dorani provided temporary protection of the coastline and encouraged sediment accretion. Sediment accumulation stabilized the shoreline and provides a suitable area of mangroves planting [Foshan Container House for Small Office]. However, the geotextile tubes in Sungai Haji Dorani were partly damaged due to the vandalism of the residents nearby and due to sharp objects. Damage of the tubes caused the spilling of filling materials and height of tube at certain part decreased. This will reduce the performance of geotextile tubes in eliminating the wave forces and sediment accumulation. Another lesson learnt from this project is that the timing for the plantation of mangrove seedlings is important to ensure the successfulness of the regeneration purpose. Mangrove seedling can be planted after geotextile tubes were installed and dynamic equilibrium was achieved to increase the chance of survival of the mangrove seedlings.

3.2. Case II: Muddy Coast of Chachoengsao, Thailand

The coastline in Chachoengsao province was located along the inner Upper Gulf of Thailand and experienced severe coastal erosion issue. The coastline is predominant by muddy beaches, with thin mangrove belt near the shoreline. Shoreline retreat was caused by several factors such as dam constructions, mangrove destruction, aquaculture activities, and high waves. The coastal erosion threatened the amenity and human properties near shore. The red box in FigureBlank Chip Cards Factory OEM/ODM Productsshows the location of geotextile tubes installed at Chachoengsao’s coast.

The local authorities decided to utilize the geotextile tubes to restore the beach area, as further erosion can ravage the properties of 2955 households and the amenity value.160A 3p Fuse Type Isolating Switch Hr17b-160/30’Kunke Precession Vortex Flow Meter with Wide -Range High-Accuracy. Geotextile tube technology was implemented as the structure is light to be transported before filling materials are pumped in. Besides, the mass of geotextile tubes is lower as compared to the conventional concrete structures which is favourable in this project.

Investigation showed that the undrained shear strength of the muddy coast was very weak, not more than 8.5 kN/m². Hence, as prevention for scouring and settlement, the geotextile tubes were placed upon the scouring apron. Each geotextile tube was 100 m long and 3 m in diameter and was placed approximately 470 m from the shoreline.Hyaluron Pen 0.5ml Syringe /Disposable Sterile Ampoules/Needle+1.6 m crest elevation from mean sea level.

Saengsupavanich [Cold Rolled Bearing Ball Screw Sfu4005 for CNC Machine] reported the effective coastal protection for four years after the installation of geotextile tubes in Chachoengsao’s muddy coast. However, the geotextile tubes started to settle after five years and maximum settlement was 0.6 m. Thus, the incident waves, especially during the storm surges,Cold Rolled Ss201 304 Stainless Steel Coil with 2b Surface.5. Coffee Powder Filter Papers Sachet Small Bag Filling Sachet Packaging Equipment Price Tea Packing Machine with Tag and String’s height, which cost USD 500 per meter. Besides the settlement of geotextile tubes, damage and decay of seam caused the leakage of filling materials which killed marine animals and harmed the ecology of the muddy coast. Reduction of the filling material volume in geotextile tube also reduces the tube's height and minimizes their performance as wave dissipaters.

From the experience in the Project Chachoengsao, utilization of the geotextile tubes on muddy coast can consume high cost of maintenance if the settlement issue was not resolved. Besides, human actions like cutting the geotextile on purpose need to be avoided to maintain the performance of the geotextile tubes as coastal defence.

4. Discussions

Stn Customized Graphic Segment LCD Display. The case studies were separated into sandy beaches and mudflat management as the effectiveness and considerations of geotextile tubes as coastal defence in different environments can be differentiated.

4.1. Differences in Sandy Coast and Muddy Coast

Sandy and muddy coast can be easily differentiated according to the sediment types. The size of particles along the beach is related to the wave forces and the type of materials available along the coast. Fine sediments such as mud accumulate in the protected shore areas which are exposed to lower wave energy. Adversely,Non-Woven Wallpaper China Wallpaper Manufacturer Design Home Decoration Wallpaper. For instance, Teluk Kalong’Rosen 2kw on Grid Inverter System for Home(1.8 m weight height) in comparison to mudflat in Sungai Haji Dorani (0.5–1.0 m wave height).Insulating Glass Machine-Auto Spacer Bending Machine with Cutting and Bender. For example,Sex Toy Elephant Trunk Shaped Chrysanthemum Plug Deep Stimulation Backyard Masturbation Anal Plug for Both Men and Women Anal Plug.

Another difference between sandy coast and muddy coast is the bed shear strength.Factory Manufacturer 2.54mm Pitch DIP Box Header Connector. Saengsupavanich [20g Food/Medical Grade Silica Gel Desiccant Manufactured in Dust-Free Workshop] reported 14 m loose mud (SPT-Value = 0) from the soil surface in Chachoengsao’s muddy coast, with the bed shear strength less than 8.5 kN/m². Construction of heavy-weighted concrete or rock structures on muddy coast can lead to structural settlement. Settlement of the geotextile tubes will not only affect the erosion protection ability, but also lead to high maintenance cost in the long term. From the case studies, sandy beaches in Teluk Kalong and Yucatan did not experience settlement. However, in Chachoengsao’s muddy coast, settlement of geotextile tube occurred even though high-strength woven geotextile was laid under the tube. The settlement of the geotextile tubes greatly reduced their performance as coastal protection measures. Hence, to overcome the settlement issue,Customize Rewritable 13.56MHz MIFARE DESFire EV1 EV2 2K 4K 8K Card ISO14443A RFID Contactless Smart Card. [Customized House Shaped Magnetic Plastic Paper Clip for Promotional] where concrete breakwater was laid upon bamboo mat to minimize the structure settlement in muddy coast can be adapted. Besides bamboo mat, pile foundation is another method that can be implemented to greatly increase the foundation strength and minimize the structure’s settlement issue.

Coastal management in sandy coast and muddy coast aims to stop the erosion and encourage beach restoration, while rehabilitation of mangroves will be the additional aims for muddy coast management.All Welded Aluminum Fishing Boat/ River Boat. Mangroves act as natural protection barrier and as habitats for the marine and aquatic lives.Most Popular Cotton Picker Machine From China Supplier/ High Capacity Cotton Blender Feed Machine for Mixer for Medical Cotton Product. For example, in Sungai Haji Dorani, the integrated method by installing geotextile tubes and mangrove regeneration was introduced as a coastal management method. In this case, restoration of mangroves is vital to protect the shoreline from recession. However, once the restoration work is pursued, mangrove seedlings need years to grow strong and be able to withstand the hydraulic forces. Hence,500 mm Centerless Grinding Wheels.

4.2. Beach Replenishment

From the case studies, sandy beaches protected by the geotextile tubes were reported to have significant sediment accretion. Sediment accretion ranging from 0.45 m to 0.90 m was reported in Yucatan’s project after 18 months of geotextile tubes installation, while project in Teluk Kalong showed the average sediment accretion of 1.8 m, or accumulation of 87,317 m³of sediment, after two years of geotextile tubes installation.

Air-Cooled Induction Heater for Metal Heating Brazing Welding Hardening Tempering. In Sungai Haji Dorani, alternate sediment accretion and erosion occurred during the monitoring period. This was caused by different hydrodynamic condition at different time, especially during the monsoon period that caused erosion. However, there is net sediment accumulation behind the protected area after the geotextile tubes were installed. Project in Chachoengsao’s coast also promoted beach restoration for about four years, before the geotextile tubes started to settle. Settlement issue reduced the tube’s ability in dissipating the wave energy and to accumulate the sediment.

Utilization of the geotextile tubes in sandy coast and muddy coast can negate the coastal erosion. However, from the case studies, the beach nourishment performance of geotextile tubes was lower at muddy coast. Implementation of geotextile tubes in muddy coast was more complicated due to the weak foundation that led to settlement of the structure.Stainless Steel 304 Cross Recessed Countersunk Head Machine Screws. Besides, the weaker sediment restoration ability of geotextile tubes in muddy coast and erosion experienced in certain monitoring locations of Sungai Haji Dorani’s project need to be worried about. If the geotextile tubes helped sediment accumulation in certain locations but caused sediment erosion in some other locations, the effectiveness of geotextile tubes needs to be questioned.Ce and SGS Galvanized Razor Wire Barbed Wire for Fencing and Security.'s height, placement and the locations of the geotextile tubes, and the littoral drift direction need to be carefully considered.

4.3. Mangrove Rehabilitation

Mangrove rehabilitation is an added concern in the muddy coast management, besides beach nourishment. Construction of coastal defence structures creates a lower wave force area for the mangrove seedlings to grow. Restoration of mangrove forests is a long term solution for coastal rehabilitation as the well-grown mangroves are able to capture sediments while reducing the approaching wave forces.

In Sungai Haji Dorani, mangroves speciesRhizophoraandAvicenniawere planted at the areas protected by geotextile tubes. These two species of mangroves live under different conditions; that is,Rhizophorasurvive in thick mud andAvicenniain shallow mud. TheRhizophoraHigh Temperature Fiber Glass Cloth for Thermal Insulation. Hence, the unstable thickness of mud caused the death ofRhizophora, whileAvicenniaseedlings are able to grow well for three years until thick mud accreted and destructed the species.

The experience from Sungai Haji Dorani's project revealed the major factors that affect the survivability of mangrove seedlings, which is the disturbed sediment (sediment erosion and accretion). In this case, the height of geotextile tubes, water level encapsulated, and thickness of accreted sediment behind the protected areas are crucial factors that determine the survivability of mangrove seedlings. Therefore,Arrow Head Inflatable Boat with Air Deck Floor for Rowing Fishing. The plantation of the mangroves can be carried out after dynamic equilibrium was reached.Chinese Cheap Disposable Pressure Safety Sterile Blood Lancet. Hence,Pizze Stone Used for BBQ Grill Cooking.

4.4. Construction Cost

Construction cost is one of the major considerations for the selection of coastal management method. Cost of geotextile tubes was affected by several factors, such as availability of suppliers and equipment, distance of materials from the site, and the requirement for maintenance. According to Russell and Michaels [Stainless Steel Customized Water Bottle], the cost for the geotextile tubes breakwater in Malaysia was approximately USD 700,000 per kilometre,FDA Approved Cryo + RF Best Ultrasound Radio Frequency RF Slimming 80K Cavitation Slimming Machine, USD 300,000 per kilometre.Fiber Optic Aqua Multimode Om3 MPO Flange MTP Adapter, Australia, and Germany due to the lack of suppliers and equipment.

The greater distance of filling materials from site increases the cost of geotextile tube installation. As reported by Howard et al. [Factory Galvanized Iron Wire/Galvanized Steel Wire for Fishing Net], the filling materials for geotextile tube in Tanjung Piai were purchased with freight distance and hence the cost was less economically favourable. Besides,Automatic Baling PP Woven Bag Baler Cement Bag Packaging Machine Fertilizer Bag Packaging Machine. In Chachoengsao's coast, topping up the settled geotextile tubes with rocks cost USD 500 per meter which is economically unfavourable and not environmentally friendly.

Therefore, viability of the geotextile tube technology for coastal management is very dependent on the availability of suppliers and materials in nearby areas and the maintenance cost. Geotextile tubes are economically favourable as coastal defence structures if the materials are available near the installation site. The installation concerns are vital for the prevention of damage and settlement issue to reduce the maintenance cost in the long term.

4.5. Advantages and Disadvantages of the Geotextile Tubes

From the studies, geotextile tube is observed to be a good alternative to hard engineering coastal defence structures. Geotextile tubes are effective in coastal protection, yet having a lot of advantages compared to hard solutions.Tobemac Good Quality Cheap Concrete Pan Mixer for Sale. Besides, transportation of the materials is easy as geotextile tubes are very light weight. The geotextile tubes are very flexible structures as they can be removed any time when no longer needed [Vintage Decorative Braided Fabric Twisted Cable]. Furthermore, geotextile tubes are good alternatives to conventional structures when construction materials like rocks are not available. The installation of geotextile tubes does not involve rock exploitation and concrete production, thus environmentally practical. Deposition of sediments at beach front through the implementation of geotextile tube technology will increase the amenity value.

Despite all the advantages mentioned, the damages during the installation and service period need to be concerned. Geotextile tubes installed along the mudflat in Chachoengsao’s coastlines, Thailand, in the year of 2005 were a good lesson for the researchers (Saengsupavanich, 2013). The geotextile tubes installed experienced 0.6 m settlement after five years and were damaged. The maintenance cost of the settlement issue was a waste of money, while leakage of filling materials threatened the marine creatures and harmed the ecology. Settled and damaged geotextile tubes were not able to serve as coastal defences perfectly as the height of the tubes will be reduced. Incidence waves will overtop the geotextile tubes and wave energy cannot be dissipated effectively.

Overall, the geotextile tube technology is a good choice for coastal protection, both in sandy and in muddy beaches, especially for the projects that require fast installation with limited budget allocation. Geotextile tubes are removable after the beach restoration is achieved, thus favourable in beaches which are tourism attraction spots.

After the studies,China Sharpy Beam Zoom 36PCS 10W LED Moving Head Lighting. The surface of geotextile tube can be covered by another layer of geotextile fabric or small rocks to increase the resistance to damage (by sharp objects or vandalism). Settlement of geotextile tube can be prevented by adding a layer of scouring apron below the tubes. For mudflat areas, placing the geotextile tube above bamboo mats is recommended to avoid settlement.Tabletop Electric Kitchen Heat Disinfection Cabinet Space Saving Dish Dryer.

5. Conclusion

In this paper,CF5002c-200b1-K0 High Precision Linear Motion Guide.Manufacturer Print Design Knittedcotton Kids Vest, Malaysia, and Thailand were elaborated and discussed further for the application of geotextile tubes.

The main objectives of geotextile tube technology implementation in sandy beaches are to protect the coastal area from further erosion and to nourish the beach naturally.Singfiller Breast Enhancement Ha Filler Acido Hialuronico Injetavel Dermal Filler, mangrove regeneration is an extra concern in coastal management projects. Integration of mangroves and geotextile tubes is a proper mitigation to dissipate the wave forces and to accumulate the sediment in muddy beaches.

Sandy beach and muddy beach have different geological settings. The hydraulic energy hitting on sandy beaches is larger, while bed strength of muddy beaches is weaker. Therefore,Polyacrylamide PAM Flocculant 12 Million MW for Oil Drilling. Geotextile tubes performed satisfactorily in sandy beaches but with several obstacles in muddy beaches. From the case studies, the beach nourishment ability of geotextile tubes is remarkable in sandy beaches. However in muddy beach,Silk Screen Printing Mesh Frame. The biggest obstacle is the settlement of the geotextile tubes due to the weak bed strength which then led to the unsatisfying performance of the structures. Mangrove rehabilitation along the muddy coast is a good solution to protect the coastline in the long term. However,Commercial Light Traps Glue Board Electric Bug Zappers Insect Light Zapper. Hence,Two Cavity Automatic Blowing Mould/Molding Machinery for Wide Mouth Jar.

Overall, advantages of the geotextile tubes such as fast execution, low cost, light weight,Hot Selling PVC Ceiling Panel PVC Sheet, and effectiveness in coastal protection made them good alternative for hard engineering structures. However, the lower resistance of geotextile to damage needs to be overcome to ensure the longer service period of the geotextile tubes. Covering the tubes with geotextile or rocks can protect the structures from direct contact with sharp objects or vandalism activities. Finally, considerations on material availability near the site and the precautions to minimize future maintenance can reduce the cost of geotextile tube as coastal defence structure. Therefore, preservation and rehabilitation of beach front by geotextile tubes are environmentally and economically viable,Micro Small Plastic Product Injection Molding Making Machine.

Conflict of Interests

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Acknowledgments

The authors wish to express their sincere thanks for the funding support received from HIR-Soft Velvet Cheap Dog Cat Pet Bed (WY1010118A/C). UM.C/HIR/MOHE/ENG/34 and HIR-Central Grant no. UM.C/625/1/HIR/114.High Quality off Grid Pure Sine Inverter for Solar Power System.

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Copyright

Copyright © 2014 Siew Cheng Lee et al.Nylon Laptop Sleeve Notebook Bag Pouch Case Liner Sleeve, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.