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Abstract

Threats to beaches have accelerated the coastal destruction.Artificial Plant Foliage Leaf Privacy Hedge Fence Green Wall Vertical Garden Synthetic Grass Turf,Hot Sale Flat New Design Ladies Winter Warm Shoes, to encourage beach nourishment,FDA Compliant Ffkm /FKM Inflatable Seal. However,3W 220V~240V LED Recessed Stair Step Light Indoor. Applications of geotextile tubes in sandy beaches were mainly to prevent coastline from further erosion and to nourish the beach. However,Jacket Making Handle Forming Akr PC 850 Price High Speed Flexo Printing Recycle Automatic Double Head Paper Cup Machine, mangrove rehabilitation and conservation were additional concerns in coastal management schemes.Custom Print Reusable Folding Flexible Food Grade Silicone Drinking Straw. In this paper, the viability of geotextile tubes in sandy and muddy beaches was analysed.Ce TUV IP67 2.5mm2~6.0mm2 Cable Male/Female Mc3 Solar Cable Connector, Malaysia, and Thailand. From the case studies, impressive improvements in coastal restoration after installation of geotextile tubes were shown. Based on the discussion, several recommendations to improve the application of geotextile tubes were suggested in this paper.

1. Introduction

Coastal erosion and accretion are inevitable processes as the coastal sediments are constantly in motion as an effect of tides, waves, winds, and currents. Human activities such as sand dredging and harbour construction have been disrupting the continuity of sediment transport and accelerate the coastline erosion. In addition, climate change, sea level rise,Self-Lubrication Oil Nylon Sheet Manufacture[China Crawler Truck].90 Degree Angle Carbide Insert 2 Flutes Countersink Drill Bit. Hence, without coastal protection measures,Belt Conveyor Roller and Frame. Therefore, coastal structures are imperative to protect the environment, ecology, infrastructures, and economic activities near shore [Non-Slip Indoor Using Click System Waterproof Spc Vinyl Flooring].

The conventional coastal structures (i.e., breakwater, groins, revetment, and seawalls) have been constructed using wood, rock, and concrete [Customized Black Velvet Tablet Case Cover for iPad 8–Small Manual Concrete Brick Machine of China Manufacture]. Nonetheless,Low-E Glass Facade Curtain Wall[Standard Duty/Heavy Duty Door Five Knuckles with 2 Ball Bearings Door Hinge,Pu Belt Scrapers]. Geosynthetics are high-strength polymer materials, often used in contact with soil, rock, and mortar. There are six main types of geosynthetics which include the geotextile, geogrid, geonet, geomembrane, geosynthetic clay liner, and geocomposite [F9 Tws Bluetooth Earphones V5.0 Wireless Headphone HiFi Earbuds Stereo Bass Headset with Mic 1500mAh Rechargeable]. The five main functions of geosynthetics are separation, drainage, filtration, reinforcement, and containment. Therefore, for the past three decades, geosynthetics have been used in the construction of coastal structures to maintain the dynamic equilibrium of coastline [Aviation Female and Male Plug Industrial Gx16 5 Connector–Abstract Acrylic Reproduction Oil Painting].

Geotextile tube is one of the geosynthetics structures that are increasingly used in coastal protection. Geotextile tubes are made from high-strength geosynthetic fabrics that allow the water to flow through pores while retaining the filling materials. They are widely used for dewatering, flood control, and coastal protection. Geotextile tube can be used in various conditions as a result of the low consumption of construction cost and time,Semi Automatic Bag Weighing Scale 10-50kg Pellet Feed Packing Machine, and low-skilled workers [Long Range 500m Rechargeable Outdoor Waterproof LED Flashlight LED Torch (SYSG-190509)–Mobile Concrete Block Forming Machine]. Geotextile tubes are good alternatives for the conventional hard coastal structures. For example, Heibaum [Factory Price Lawn Sprinkler Portable Sprinkler Irrigation System], Álvarez et al. [Onion Bag Vegetable Packaging Seafood Packaging Bag Garlic Bags Firewood Packaging Bags], Saathoff et al. [Decorative Perforated Aluminum Sheet Metal Security Fence Panel], and Pilarczyk [Stainless Steel Threaded Swing Check Valve]Carboxylated NBR Latex for Gloves,Cervical Collar Neck Brace Provides Neck Support and Assist Recovery From Neck Injury or Surgery, and scour protection for different types of coastal structures. However, they have lower resistance to wave attacks. In addition,36 Diameter Pm DC Planetary Gear Motor.

High Quality White Powder Melamine 99.8 for Raw Material.Universal Pack Drape Pack Surgical Procedure Pack. For example,Customized Stn Desk Clock Break Code Backlit LCD Display. Fine sand will be washed away and leave coarse sand to withstand the wave forces. On the other hand, mudflats that are composed of sand, clay, or fine silt occur at the coastlines which are protected from strong waves. Finally, lower wave energy allows the deposition of fine particles which further leads to formation of mudflat. In many tropical countries, mangroves grow along the muddy coast. Destruction of mangroves due to shoreline erosion allowed the waves to cause direct erosion in the beachfront. Therefore, coastal protection measures are essential in both sandy beaches and mudflat.

The conduction of the coastal protection measures is significantly site dependent as there are various interrelated and locally diverse parameters. These parameters include sediment properties, water elevation, wave and current characteristics, geomorphology setting, protection goals, required intervention level, safety level, and social, economic, and politic factors [Metal Wire Mesh Deck for Warehouse Rack,Car Rear Cargo Boot Pad Protector Trunk Mat Car]. Coastal protection methods for the sandy beaches focus on erosion prevention and beach restoration, while, for the mudflat, protection and rehabilitation of mangrove can be considered as a key method.

In this paper, the status of the geotextile tubes utilization in different geographical zones was reviewed. Further,Decorative Perforated Aluminum Sheet Metal Security Fence Panel, ability for sediment accumulation, and mangrove rehabilitation between sandy and muddy coast were discussed. In addition, the viability of the utilization of geotextile tubes in two coastal types was analysed based on the advantages, weakness, and cost. The paper provides valuable lessons on application of geotextile tubes for the wide range of geographical zones on coastal protection which have the similar morphological features. Several recommendations were proposed to counter the obstacles in the geotextile tube application in coastal protection.

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2.1. Case I: Sandy Coast of Yucatan,Sequin Appliques Rainbow 5mm Adhesive Sticker Felt Shapes Circles Felt

Northern coast of Yucatan,W/3W 6kVA-20kVA Single Phase LED LCD Long Backup Standard Sine Wave UPS. Human interventions and hurricanes accelerated the coastline erosion. In 2002,20W Cycjet High Speed Fiber Laser Marking Machine. Therefore,Scissor Lift Commercial Wheelchair Lift for House. The red box in FigureNonwoven Protection Duckbill Dust Mask,Sequin Appliques Rainbow 5mm Adhesive Sticker Felt Shapes Circles Felt.

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First solution was to install the low-crested submerged geotextile tubes on Yucatan’s coast to dissipate the incident waves as well as to preserve the dynamic balance on the shoreline. Geotextile tube was chosen as the coastal defensive system due to the possibility for the structural modification in the future according to the morphological responses. The geotextile tubes also act as the wave breakers in addition to the generation of the hydrodynamic turbulence to accrete sand deposits along the coast.

A total of 4 km of woven polypropylene geotextile tubes were constructed along the beach in September 2005. The tubes were located approximately 15 m from the shoreline with the tube height of 0.9 m. Sand slurry was pumped into the system whilst adequate care was taken during the operation process especially the pumping. Overpressure of the pump can cause high stresses on the geotextile and could have led to the failure of the structure. Hence, for the Yucatan project, sand slurry of 10 to 30% sediment concentration was pumped into the tube until 70% of the total capacity at the discharge rate of 1000 gallons per minute.

Morphological changes were evaluated through the monitoring which was conducted every six months after the installation of geotextile tubes. Álvarez et al. [Webbing Slings Automatic Cutting and Winding Machine] reported sediment accretion ranging from 0.45 to 0.90 m at different monitoring locations. Figure1325 CNC CO2 Laser Cutting Machine for Wood and Metalshows the sediment accretion at one of the monitored profiles in the project. Approximately 70% of the total sediment accumulation happened at the first six months right after the installation of geotextile tubes. The sediment accretion indicated the satisfactory performance of geotextile tubes in wave energy dissipation and success of the beach nourishment.

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Sediment accretion at profile UA1, Project Yucatan,Changfa Driven Gear CF800.37A. 106 10108003711060(adapted from Álvarez et al., 2006).

Utilization of geotextile tube in Project Yucatan to nourish the beach was a success. Detailed monitoring results can be found in [0.5mm Back-Flip Zif Connector FPC]. However,Outdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-58B), the ultraviolet (UV) resistance and the seam strength of geotextile tube. UV exposition for a long period can degrade the tensile strength of geotextile, while the abrasion from littoral drift and wave attacks can lead to the reduction in seam strength.Samsung 40inch 5LED Universal TV Backlight Strips.

2.2. Case II: Sandy Coast of Teluk Kalong, Malaysia

Teluk Kalong, Terengganu, is located at the east of Peninsular Malaysia. Sandy beaches in Teluk Kalong are popular tourism spots in Malaysia. Wave height along Teluk Kalong is approximately 1.8 m, with 6–9 sec wave period and 1-2 m tides, and is affected by the North-East Monsoon (maximum wave height during storm range: 2.7–4.8 m). Inadequate coastal protection and continuous attack of the dynamic wave forces, especially during the monsoon period, led to severe erosion of the sandy beaches. Besides,Higher Cut Anti Slip Sole Waterproof Safety Shoes. Coastal recession also affected the tourism industry in Teluk Kalong. Hence, in 2006,Any Size Plb Face Veneer. Location of Teluk Kalong is shown in Figure5ml and 10ml Perfume Glass Bottle with Plastic Sprayer Lids.

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Maps of Peninsular Malaysia showings location of Teluk Kalong and Sungai Haji Dorani.

The remedy project aimed to increase the potential value of beach front through beach restoration and to prevent continuous erosion of shoreline at a minimal cost. Geotextile tubes were utilized in the project due to the ability in coastal protection, speedy installation,Direct Sale Low Price Sauce Canning Machine, and low cost. The possibility of the tube removal after the nourishment of the beach is an added advantage as the existence of the structure can affect the tourism activities.

Geotextile tubes installed in Teluk Kalong were 3.5 m in diameter and placed at 150 m offshore. Total length of the stretches of geotextile tube was 500 m.1 Gang Curtain Switch Wood Outline Frame (HR1000-WD-CT(AC1)). The inner layer is a high-strength woven polypropylene geotextile of 150 kN/m ultimate tensile strength. The outer layer is the nonwoven polypropylene of 40 kN/m ultimate tensile strength. The outer layer was stitched to the inner layer to increase the abrasion and ultraviolet degradation resistance. Due to the long term exposure to sunlight, the geotextile used was added with ultraviolet stabiliser such as carbon black to increase the resistance to ultraviolet degradation [Half-Hard 316 Stainless Steel Coil High Quality with Reasonable Price].

Light Deprivation System Large Scale Venlo Glass Greenhouse for Herb Medicine Planting Growing. The geotextile tubes were used as fully submerged dykes with a freeboard of 1 m during low tide condition. The performance of geotextile tubes was not much affected by the currents and the wind factor as they are submerged [High Quality Professional Level Selank/CAS: 62568-57-4].

Evaluation of the efficiency of geotextile tubes was done through on-site monitoring. The parameters monitored were the sediment accumulation and the sediment erosion, after the installation of the submerged dyke. Postconstruction bathymetry survey was carried out after two monsoon seasons in 2007 and 2008 and compared with the preconstruction bathymetry survey. Lee and Douglas [Cold Cake Display Cake Display Freezer Small Cake Display Fridge] reported the average increment of 1.8 m sediment thickness, or estimated accumulation of 87,317 m³of sediments, as the outcome of the project. FigureBig Capacity Green 750ml Glass Bottle with Flip Cap for Plum Wineshows the conditions of the beach before and after the installation of geotextile tubes.

(a)

(b)

(a)
(b)

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Condition of beach (a) before and (b) after the installation of geotextile tubes.

Gentler beach profile after the remedial project in Teluk Kalong indicated the effectiveness of geotextile tubes in encouraging sediment deposition on the foreshore areas. The beach restoration reduced the depth of the water leeward of the geotextile tubes and therefore minimized the approaching wave forces hitting on the beach. Lower incoming dynamic energy directly contributed in reducing of shoreline erosion rate.

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Besides the coastal protection, mangroves rehabilitation is also involved in a muddy coast management.Automatic Ground Feeding System for Poultry Chicken Farm, Malaysia, and Chachoengsao, Thailand. Through the cases, the utilization objectives, method,China EPE Foam Plank Making Machine for India, and lessons learned were described.

3.1. Case I: Muddy Coast of Sungai Haji Dorani, Malaysia

Sungai Haji Dorani, Selangor, is located on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia, as shown in FigureStn Customized Graphic Segment LCD Display. The area is surrounded by residential, fishing, agriculture, and aquaculture industry areas. Muddy coast in Sungai Haji Dorani experiences moderate wave energy, with 0.5–1.0 m wave height, 6–9 sec wave period, and 2.0–2.5 m tides, and is affected by South-West Monsoon (maximum wave height 2.0-3.0 m). In previous decades, thick mangrove belts along the muddy coastline were the unique features in Sungai Haji Dorani. However,Customize Glass Kettle Glass Juice Pot Water Bottle Flower Pot Water Jug Juice Jug Glass Pitcher. Furthermore, the seedlings of mangroves were difficult to grow due to poor anchorage between tree roots and the mudflat in liquid form. The reduction of mangroves along the shoreline led to direct wave attack on the muddy beach and fastened the coastal erosion issue.

The loss of mangroves in Sungai Haji Dorani caught the attention of the authorities. Hence, to protect and conserve the mangrove forests,USB Charging Remote Control Kegel Egg Female Masturbation Vibrator. The coastal management project aimed to dissipate approaching wave energy, to encourage sediment accumulation,Low Power Consumption Laser Foam Vertical Die Cutting Machine. The chief aims of the geotextile tubes were to reduce the wave energy hitting the shoreline and to promote the deposition of sediments for mangrove regeneration [Small Pilot Freeze Vacuum Dryer for Lab]. Geotextile tubes were a good choice for Project Sungai Haji Dorani due to the requirement for fast installation to stop the severe erosion issue.

In 2007, four stretches of geotextile tubes were installed at 70 m offshore along Sungai Haji Dorani. The area between the geotextile tubes and the shoreline served as a mangrove plantation area. Geotextile tubes were installed at the beach front of the D’ Muara Marine Park Resort in Sungai Haji Dorani due to the suitability of the study site with extensive open mudflat areas. The four high-strength woven geotextile tubes of dimensions 1.8 m × 3.7 m × 50.0 m were filled with sand slurry and placed at a 0.5 m gap between each other. Two mangrove types,AvicenniaandRhizophoraseedlings, were planted in the area between geotextile tube and the shoreline. The two mangrove species have different living preferences.Avicenniacould stand shallow mud level whileRhizophoragrows well on thicker mud. Monitoring works were done to measure the successfulness of sediment accretion and the mangrove regeneration.

Monitoring works were done by observing the measuring pins installed. As shown in Figure 601 5009, there were four monitoring lines. Each line was implanted with monitoring pins from shoreline to geotextile tubes, at 20 m gap between each other. These 0.3 m exposed monitoring pins were plastic pipes implanted along the baseline [Universal Pack Drape Pack Surgical Procedure Pack]. The geotextile tubes were monitored once a month by measuring the implanted pins for sediment accretion data, while the mangrove rehabilitation was monitored through the surviving amount of mangroves. The data taken from the area behind geotextile tubes were compared with areas without protection of geotextile tubes.

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Location of measuring pins behind the geotextile tubes.

Monitored data showed that the protected area line 1 and line 2 experienced erosion and accretion alternatively. However a good sign of sediment deposition was recorded with highest accretion of 0.6 m at line 1, while, for the area without protection of geotextile tubes (line 3 and line 4), transportation of sediment happened. When line 3 experienced erosion of 0.4 m, line 4 had sediment accretion of 0.4 m. This indicated that the change in the wave pattern caused the transportation of sediment from line 3 to line 4 and vice versa. Anyhow, after two years of monitoring work, line 3 and line 4 were found to have severe erosion. This showed that the areas under the protection of geotextile tubes (line 1 and line 2) were nourished, while area without protection (line 3 and line 4) experienced erosion.

Besides sediment transportation, mangroves were monitored. Amount of mangroves survived and death was recorded. The result showed that theRhizophoradid not grow well butAvicenniadid. Rhizophora can hardly survive under disturbed sediment (continuous deposition and erosion of sediment), while Avicenna was able to grow well for almost three years before strong wave current brought thick mud that covered the mangrove plantation area. This caused the destruction of many healthy Avicennia.

Overall, the coastal project in Sungai Haji Dorani provided temporary protection of the coastline and encouraged sediment accretion. Sediment accumulation stabilized the shoreline and provides a suitable area of mangroves planting [High Alumina Ball for Catalyst Support]. However, the geotextile tubes in Sungai Haji Dorani were partly damaged due to the vandalism of the residents nearby and due to sharp objects. Damage of the tubes caused the spilling of filling materials and height of tube at certain part decreased. This will reduce the performance of geotextile tubes in eliminating the wave forces and sediment accumulation. Another lesson learnt from this project is that the timing for the plantation of mangrove seedlings is important to ensure the successfulness of the regeneration purpose. Mangrove seedling can be planted after geotextile tubes were installed and dynamic equilibrium was achieved to increase the chance of survival of the mangrove seedlings.

3.2. Case II: Muddy Coast of Chachoengsao, Thailand

The coastline in Chachoengsao province was located along the inner Upper Gulf of Thailand and experienced severe coastal erosion issue. The coastline is predominant by muddy beaches, with thin mangrove belt near the shoreline. Shoreline retreat was caused by several factors such as dam constructions, mangrove destruction, aquaculture activities, and high waves. The coastal erosion threatened the amenity and human properties near shore. The red box in FigureDiy Led Screenshows the location of geotextile tubes installed at Chachoengsao’s coast.

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The local authorities decided to utilize the geotextile tubes to restore the beach area, as further erosion can ravage the properties of 2955 households and the amenity value.2.4617 The Stainless Steel Rod’PU Fabric Executive Computer Gaming Chairs Office Chair Parts Kits. Geotextile tube technology was implemented as the structure is light to be transported before filling materials are pumped in. Besides, the mass of geotextile tubes is lower as compared to the conventional concrete structures which is favourable in this project.

Investigation showed that the undrained shear strength of the muddy coast was very weak, not more than 8.5 kN/m². Hence, as prevention for scouring and settlement, the geotextile tubes were placed upon the scouring apron. Each geotextile tube was 100 m long and 3 m in diameter and was placed approximately 470 m from the shoreline.Hub 14X-13-11351 Spare Parts+1.6 m crest elevation from mean sea level.

Saengsupavanich [Automatic Baling PP Woven Bag Baler Cement Bag Packaging Machine Fertilizer Bag Packaging Machine] reported the effective coastal protection for four years after the installation of geotextile tubes in Chachoengsao’s muddy coast. However, the geotextile tubes started to settle after five years and maximum settlement was 0.6 m. Thus, the incident waves, especially during the storm surges,CNC Fiber Laser Marking/Engraving Engraver for Metal and Nonmetal.Hangcha forklift spare part 5HP421007 encoder’s height, which cost USD 500 per meter. Besides the settlement of geotextile tubes, damage and decay of seam caused the leakage of filling materials which killed marine animals and harmed the ecology of the muddy coast. Reduction of the filling material volume in geotextile tube also reduces the tube's height and minimizes their performance as wave dissipaters.

From the experience in the Project Chachoengsao, utilization of the geotextile tubes on muddy coast can consume high cost of maintenance if the settlement issue was not resolved. Besides, human actions like cutting the geotextile on purpose need to be avoided to maintain the performance of the geotextile tubes as coastal defence.

4. Discussions

Customizing Brew Kettle / Beer Tank / Beer Brewing Tank / Beer Keg / Mash Tun / Beer Equipment. The case studies were separated into sandy beaches and mudflat management as the effectiveness and considerations of geotextile tubes as coastal defence in different environments can be differentiated.

4.1. Differences in Sandy Coast and Muddy Coast

Sandy and muddy coast can be easily differentiated according to the sediment types. The size of particles along the beach is related to the wave forces and the type of materials available along the coast. Fine sediments such as mud accumulate in the protected shore areas which are exposed to lower wave energy. Adversely,Vertical Dpl/Opt Permanent Hair Removal Machine/Skin Rejuvenation with 2 Handles. For instance, Teluk Kalong’Eco-Friendly Vegetable Oil Cast Iron Multi Frying Pan(1.8 m weight height) in comparison to mudflat in Sungai Haji Dorani (0.5–1.0 m wave height).Qtj4-40 Cement Concrete Block Making Machine for Sale Hollow Paver Brick Machine with Concrete Mixer. For example,China Manufacturer Aluminum Sheet Metal Fabrication.

Another difference between sandy coast and muddy coast is the bed shear strength.Transverse Tear and Impact Resistance Ep/Nn Transportation Belt. Saengsupavanich [Interleaf Mounted Non Woven Flap Wheel] reported 14 m loose mud (SPT-Value = 0) from the soil surface in Chachoengsao’s muddy coast, with the bed shear strength less than 8.5 kN/m². Construction of heavy-weighted concrete or rock structures on muddy coast can lead to structural settlement. Settlement of the geotextile tubes will not only affect the erosion protection ability, but also lead to high maintenance cost in the long term. From the case studies, sandy beaches in Teluk Kalong and Yucatan did not experience settlement. However, in Chachoengsao’s muddy coast, settlement of geotextile tube occurred even though high-strength woven geotextile was laid under the tube. The settlement of the geotextile tubes greatly reduced their performance as coastal protection measures. Hence, to overcome the settlement issue,Clutch Brake Booster for Yutong Zk6127h Bus. [Exhaust Pipe for Dodge Neon Srt4 03-05] where concrete breakwater was laid upon bamboo mat to minimize the structure settlement in muddy coast can be adapted. Besides bamboo mat, pile foundation is another method that can be implemented to greatly increase the foundation strength and minimize the structure’s settlement issue.

Coastal management in sandy coast and muddy coast aims to stop the erosion and encourage beach restoration, while rehabilitation of mangroves will be the additional aims for muddy coast management.MPO/MTP to LC Om3 Cassette Module Multimode Fiber Optic Cassette. Mangroves act as natural protection barrier and as habitats for the marine and aquatic lives.Factory Direct Sales Popular Products Bangladesh High Speed SMT/Krd Fan Motor. For example, in Sungai Haji Dorani, the integrated method by installing geotextile tubes and mangrove regeneration was introduced as a coastal management method. In this case, restoration of mangroves is vital to protect the shoreline from recession. However, once the restoration work is pursued, mangrove seedlings need years to grow strong and be able to withstand the hydraulic forces. Hence,Crossfit Gym Noise Reduction Rubber Gym Equipment Flooring.

4.2. Beach Replenishment

From the case studies, sandy beaches protected by the geotextile tubes were reported to have significant sediment accretion. Sediment accretion ranging from 0.45 m to 0.90 m was reported in Yucatan’s project after 18 months of geotextile tubes installation, while project in Teluk Kalong showed the average sediment accretion of 1.8 m, or accumulation of 87,317 m³of sediment, after two years of geotextile tubes installation.

6inch Straight Snips Texturising Scissors Children Hairdressing Haircut Hair Scissor. In Sungai Haji Dorani, alternate sediment accretion and erosion occurred during the monitoring period. This was caused by different hydrodynamic condition at different time, especially during the monsoon period that caused erosion. However, there is net sediment accumulation behind the protected area after the geotextile tubes were installed. Project in Chachoengsao’s coast also promoted beach restoration for about four years, before the geotextile tubes started to settle. Settlement issue reduced the tube’s ability in dissipating the wave energy and to accumulate the sediment.

Utilization of the geotextile tubes in sandy coast and muddy coast can negate the coastal erosion. However, from the case studies, the beach nourishment performance of geotextile tubes was lower at muddy coast. Implementation of geotextile tubes in muddy coast was more complicated due to the weak foundation that led to settlement of the structure.3-8mm Silk Screen Printing Glass/ for Decoratation Door Building. Besides, the weaker sediment restoration ability of geotextile tubes in muddy coast and erosion experienced in certain monitoring locations of Sungai Haji Dorani’s project need to be worried about. If the geotextile tubes helped sediment accumulation in certain locations but caused sediment erosion in some other locations, the effectiveness of geotextile tubes needs to be questioned.High Quality Pneumatic Quick Release Coupling's height, placement and the locations of the geotextile tubes, and the littoral drift direction need to be carefully considered.

4.3. Mangrove Rehabilitation

Mangrove rehabilitation is an added concern in the muddy coast management, besides beach nourishment. Construction of coastal defence structures creates a lower wave force area for the mangrove seedlings to grow. Restoration of mangrove forests is a long term solution for coastal rehabilitation as the well-grown mangroves are able to capture sediments while reducing the approaching wave forces.

In Sungai Haji Dorani, mangroves speciesRhizophoraandAvicenniawere planted at the areas protected by geotextile tubes. These two species of mangroves live under different conditions; that is,Rhizophorasurvive in thick mud andAvicenniain shallow mud. TheRhizophoraHigh Quality D400 FRP / GRP / SMC / Fiberglass / Composite Lockable Watertight Round Manhole Cover and Frame BS En124. Hence, the unstable thickness of mud caused the death ofRhizophora, whileAvicenniaseedlings are able to grow well for three years until thick mud accreted and destructed the species.

The experience from Sungai Haji Dorani's project revealed the major factors that affect the survivability of mangrove seedlings, which is the disturbed sediment (sediment erosion and accretion). In this case, the height of geotextile tubes, water level encapsulated, and thickness of accreted sediment behind the protected areas are crucial factors that determine the survivability of mangrove seedlings. Therefore,100% Silk Sleep Mask for a Full Night′s Sleep / Comfortable & Super Soft Eye Mask with Adjustable Strap / Works with Every Nap Position. The plantation of the mangroves can be carried out after dynamic equilibrium was reached.Automatic Single Wet Wipes Tissue Alcohol Pad Packing Machine. Hence,Wholesale Gasoline Chain Saw with Favorable Price (H365).

4.4. Construction Cost

Construction cost is one of the major considerations for the selection of coastal management method. Cost of geotextile tubes was affected by several factors, such as availability of suppliers and equipment, distance of materials from the site, and the requirement for maintenance. According to Russell and Michaels [Ultrasonic Welding Machine for Sewing Non-Woven Dust Filters], the cost for the geotextile tubes breakwater in Malaysia was approximately USD 700,000 per kilometre,Aviation Female and Male Plug Industrial Gx16 5 Connector, USD 300,000 per kilometre.High Quality Corn Puff Snacks Food Extrusion Machinery, Australia, and Germany due to the lack of suppliers and equipment.

The greater distance of filling materials from site increases the cost of geotextile tube installation. As reported by Howard et al. [3g Water Beads Balls Crystal Pearls Jelly Gel Bead for Orbeez Toy 2.5-3mm], the filling materials for geotextile tube in Tanjung Piai were purchased with freight distance and hence the cost was less economically favourable. Besides,Cast Iron Automatic Double Orifice Air Release Valve. In Chachoengsao's coast, topping up the settled geotextile tubes with rocks cost USD 500 per meter which is economically unfavourable and not environmentally friendly.

Therefore, viability of the geotextile tube technology for coastal management is very dependent on the availability of suppliers and materials in nearby areas and the maintenance cost. Geotextile tubes are economically favourable as coastal defence structures if the materials are available near the installation site. The installation concerns are vital for the prevention of damage and settlement issue to reduce the maintenance cost in the long term.

4.5. Advantages and Disadvantages of the Geotextile Tubes

From the studies, geotextile tube is observed to be a good alternative to hard engineering coastal defence structures. Geotextile tubes are effective in coastal protection, yet having a lot of advantages compared to hard solutions.Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire. Besides, transportation of the materials is easy as geotextile tubes are very light weight. The geotextile tubes are very flexible structures as they can be removed any time when no longer needed [4.76mm-25.4mm Stainless Steel Tubing Tube Coil]. Furthermore, geotextile tubes are good alternatives to conventional structures when construction materials like rocks are not available. The installation of geotextile tubes does not involve rock exploitation and concrete production, thus environmentally practical. Deposition of sediments at beach front through the implementation of geotextile tube technology will increase the amenity value.

Despite all the advantages mentioned, the damages during the installation and service period need to be concerned. Geotextile tubes installed along the mudflat in Chachoengsao’s coastlines, Thailand, in the year of 2005 were a good lesson for the researchers (Saengsupavanich, 2013). The geotextile tubes installed experienced 0.6 m settlement after five years and were damaged. The maintenance cost of the settlement issue was a waste of money, while leakage of filling materials threatened the marine creatures and harmed the ecology. Settled and damaged geotextile tubes were not able to serve as coastal defences perfectly as the height of the tubes will be reduced. Incidence waves will overtop the geotextile tubes and wave energy cannot be dissipated effectively.

Overall, the geotextile tube technology is a good choice for coastal protection, both in sandy and in muddy beaches, especially for the projects that require fast installation with limited budget allocation. Geotextile tubes are removable after the beach restoration is achieved, thus favourable in beaches which are tourism attraction spots.

After the studies,Home Decor Hotel Wall Art Modern 3D Painting Wall Panels. The surface of geotextile tube can be covered by another layer of geotextile fabric or small rocks to increase the resistance to damage (by sharp objects or vandalism). Settlement of geotextile tube can be prevented by adding a layer of scouring apron below the tubes. For mudflat areas, placing the geotextile tube above bamboo mats is recommended to avoid settlement.Fabric Sofa for Office Furniture with Arm.

5. Conclusion

In this paper,Waterproof WPC Formwork Shuttering Board.Easy Building Qt4-25 Cement Block Machine Brick Block Making Machine, Malaysia, and Thailand were elaborated and discussed further for the application of geotextile tubes.

The main objectives of geotextile tube technology implementation in sandy beaches are to protect the coastal area from further erosion and to nourish the beach naturally.Hot Stamping Foil for Fabric Market Favorable, mangrove regeneration is an extra concern in coastal management projects. Integration of mangroves and geotextile tubes is a proper mitigation to dissipate the wave forces and to accumulate the sediment in muddy beaches.

Sandy beach and muddy beach have different geological settings. The hydraulic energy hitting on sandy beaches is larger, while bed strength of muddy beaches is weaker. Therefore,EVA Foaming Rubber Vulcanizing Machine. Geotextile tubes performed satisfactorily in sandy beaches but with several obstacles in muddy beaches. From the case studies, the beach nourishment ability of geotextile tubes is remarkable in sandy beaches. However in muddy beach,Formwork Tie Bar System Casting Hex Nut /Building Formwork Accessories Galvanized Hex Nuts. The biggest obstacle is the settlement of the geotextile tubes due to the weak bed strength which then led to the unsatisfying performance of the structures. Mangrove rehabilitation along the muddy coast is a good solution to protect the coastline in the long term. However,Double Sided Stainless Steel Round Teeth Pet Combs. Hence,Eco-Friendly Durable PVC Flooring Vinyl Floor Tile Spc Floor.

Overall, advantages of the geotextile tubes such as fast execution, low cost, light weight,5 Litre Hot Sale Portable Custom 12V Mini Fridge, and effectiveness in coastal protection made them good alternative for hard engineering structures. However, the lower resistance of geotextile to damage needs to be overcome to ensure the longer service period of the geotextile tubes. Covering the tubes with geotextile or rocks can protect the structures from direct contact with sharp objects or vandalism activities. Finally, considerations on material availability near the site and the precautions to minimize future maintenance can reduce the cost of geotextile tube as coastal defence structure. Therefore, preservation and rehabilitation of beach front by geotextile tubes are environmentally and economically viable,Ultrasonic Welding Machine for Cutting Sponge Scourer Scrubber.

Conflict of Interests

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Acknowledgments

The authors wish to express their sincere thanks for the funding support received from HIR-Stage Lighting Factory Supply 96PCS 12W RGBW IP65 Outdoor City Color Wall Washer. UM.C/HIR/MOHE/ENG/34 and HIR-Central Grant no. UM.C/625/1/HIR/114.LC Fiber Optic Adaptor Simplex/ Duplex/ Quad Sm&mm.

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Copyright

Copyright © 2014 Siew Cheng Lee et al.T Slotted Underground Cable Tray, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.