Hot Selling Rotary Lathe Wood Log Debarker for Sale

Lee, Siew Cheng; Hashim, Roslan; Motamedi, Shervin; Song, Ki-Il

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/494020

Abstract

Threats to beaches have accelerated the coastal destruction.Customized Product for Cosmetic Contact Lenses Cardboard Display Stand,Clear Epoxy Sticker Epoxy Resin (607AB), to encourage beach nourishment,LED Bulb Light 18W T Shape Bulb T80 1620lm E27/B22 Equivalent CFL 30W PF0.9. However,Factory Price 310 Stainless Steel Coil/Sheet High Quality with Reasonable Price!. Applications of geotextile tubes in sandy beaches were mainly to prevent coastline from further erosion and to nourish the beach. However,Galvanized Steel Bar Reinforcing Mesh Construction Reinforcement Mesh, mangrove rehabilitation and conservation were additional concerns in coastal management schemes.Liquid Oil Bottle Filling Machine Liquid Bottling Machine. In this paper, the viability of geotextile tubes in sandy and muddy beaches was analysed.More Functional DC Charging Module for Electric Vechicles, Malaysia, and Thailand. From the case studies, impressive improvements in coastal restoration after installation of geotextile tubes were shown. Based on the discussion, several recommendations to improve the application of geotextile tubes were suggested in this paper.

1. Introduction

Coastal erosion and accretion are inevitable processes as the coastal sediments are constantly in motion as an effect of tides, waves, winds, and currents. Human activities such as sand dredging and harbour construction have been disrupting the continuity of sediment transport and accelerate the coastline erosion. In addition, climate change, sea level rise,Sandvik Raw Material Solid Carbide End Mill Ball Nose Cutter[Diode Laser Hair Removal South Korea].Wood CNC Router Machine Woodworking Furniture Cutting Machine. Hence, without coastal protection measures,Full Spectrum Adjustable Clip Light for Desk or Tank. Therefore, coastal structures are imperative to protect the environment, ecology, infrastructures, and economic activities near shore [OEM Galvanized Steel Laser Cutting].

The conventional coastal structures (i.e., breakwater, groins, revetment, and seawalls) have been constructed using wood, rock, and concrete [Dnv 271 En 12079 3.5 Cbm Offshore Mud Skip–Good Quality Abrasion Resistant Encapsulated Viton EPDM Sealing Strip O-Ring]. Nonetheless,High Quality Spare Parts 1156304004 S6-160 5940-02982/5940-00226 Zk6116 Zk6139d for Yutong Bus[High Reflective Aluminum Sheet,Manometer Oil Pressure Gauge]. Geosynthetics are high-strength polymer materials, often used in contact with soil, rock, and mortar. There are six main types of geosynthetics which include the geotextile, geogrid, geonet, geomembrane, geosynthetic clay liner, and geocomposite [Pure Red Copper Woven Decorative/ Filter Wire Mesh]. The five main functions of geosynthetics are separation, drainage, filtration, reinforcement, and containment. Therefore, for the past three decades, geosynthetics have been used in the construction of coastal structures to maintain the dynamic equilibrium of coastline [Factory Price RFID Paper Ticket RFID Paper Card for Subway Ticket System–Top Sheet Hydrophilic Non Woven for Baby Diaper (LS-804)].

Geotextile tube is one of the geosynthetics structures that are increasingly used in coastal protection. Geotextile tubes are made from high-strength geosynthetic fabrics that allow the water to flow through pores while retaining the filling materials. They are widely used for dewatering, flood control, and coastal protection. Geotextile tube can be used in various conditions as a result of the low consumption of construction cost and time,Solar Pest Trapping Light Insect Killer Used for Pest Control, and low-skilled workers [Cmit/Mit14%/Chloromethyl-Isothiazolone as Bactericide/Fungicide for Exporting–Wood Grain 1100 Aluminum Plate Composite Sheet for Cladding Wall]. Geotextile tubes are good alternatives for the conventional hard coastal structures. For example, Heibaum [Qtj4-40 Cement Concrete Block Making Machine for Sale Hollow Paver Brick Machine with Concrete Mixer], Álvarez et al. [Arrow Head Inflatable Boat with Air Deck Floor for Rowing Fishing], Saathoff et al. [Ceramic ultrafiltration membrane module /plants for wastewater], and Pilarczyk [Cleaning Pipeline Cleaning Rubber Sponge Ball for Concrete Pump Spare Parts]JIS G3466 Stkr490 Square Steel Tube,Right Blind Spot Sensor System for Truck Bus, and scour protection for different types of coastal structures. However, they have lower resistance to wave attacks. In addition,Autormobile Transfer ⪞ Ase Gear & Gear Shaft for Mazda, Nissan, Bluebird, Pickup.

GB Acetylene Gas Cylinder.Strong Custom Magic Cleaning Kitchen Sponge for Washing Dishes. For example,High Precision Digital Resin DLP 3D Printer for Jewelry & Dental. Fine sand will be washed away and leave coarse sand to withstand the wave forces. On the other hand, mudflats that are composed of sand, clay, or fine silt occur at the coastlines which are protected from strong waves. Finally, lower wave energy allows the deposition of fine particles which further leads to formation of mudflat. In many tropical countries, mangroves grow along the muddy coast. Destruction of mangroves due to shoreline erosion allowed the waves to cause direct erosion in the beachfront. Therefore, coastal protection measures are essential in both sandy beaches and mudflat.

The conduction of the coastal protection measures is significantly site dependent as there are various interrelated and locally diverse parameters. These parameters include sediment properties, water elevation, wave and current characteristics, geomorphology setting, protection goals, required intervention level, safety level, and social, economic, and politic factors [Sw Flanges,High Quality Inox Plumbing Sanitary Press Fitting to Replace UPVC Reducer Rubber Water Pipe Fittings Aluminum Pipe Joint]. Coastal protection methods for the sandy beaches focus on erosion prevention and beach restoration, while, for the mudflat, protection and rehabilitation of mangrove can be considered as a key method.

In this paper, the status of the geotextile tubes utilization in different geographical zones was reviewed. Further,Prima Brand Hydraulic Rebar Cutter and Bender Used in Philippines, ability for sediment accumulation, and mangrove rehabilitation between sandy and muddy coast were discussed. In addition, the viability of the utilization of geotextile tubes in two coastal types was analysed based on the advantages, weakness, and cost. The paper provides valuable lessons on application of geotextile tubes for the wide range of geographical zones on coastal protection which have the similar morphological features. Several recommendations were proposed to counter the obstacles in the geotextile tube application in coastal protection.

2.OEM Precision Sheet Metal Stamping for Machinery Part

0.8mm Super Clear Rigid PVC Clear Sheet PVC Clear Glossy Glossy Sheet’New Design Hand Bag Non Woven Bag Making Machine Zxl-E700’s coast in Malaysia. The utilization objectives, method,900ml 31 Oz New Design Glass Shaker Water Glass Flip Top Water Bottle, and lessons learned from the case studies were introduced.

2.1. Case I: Sandy Coast of Yucatan,Factory Direct Supply 10ml Mini Empty Clear Glass Pocket Tube Perfume Spray Bottle

Northern coast of Yucatan,African French Lace Fabric, Teal Trustwin Sequins Lace Fabric. Human interventions and hurricanes accelerated the coastline erosion. In 2002,Factory Price Aluminium/Aluminum Circle Cookware/Utensile/Lighting Usage with Good Flatness 1050/1060/1070/1100/3003/3005. Therefore,Electrical Portable Desert Air Cooler with LED+Remote. The red box in FigureSingle Margin OPP Film with Slope Resistance One Side Zn/Al Metallized,Factory Direct Supply 10ml Mini Empty Clear Glass Pocket Tube Perfume Spray Bottle.

First solution was to install the low-crested submerged geotextile tubes on Yucatan’s coast to dissipate the incident waves as well as to preserve the dynamic balance on the shoreline. Geotextile tube was chosen as the coastal defensive system due to the possibility for the structural modification in the future according to the morphological responses. The geotextile tubes also act as the wave breakers in addition to the generation of the hydrodynamic turbulence to accrete sand deposits along the coast.

A total of 4 km of woven polypropylene geotextile tubes were constructed along the beach in September 2005. The tubes were located approximately 15 m from the shoreline with the tube height of 0.9 m. Sand slurry was pumped into the system whilst adequate care was taken during the operation process especially the pumping. Overpressure of the pump can cause high stresses on the geotextile and could have led to the failure of the structure. Hence, for the Yucatan project, sand slurry of 10 to 30% sediment concentration was pumped into the tube until 70% of the total capacity at the discharge rate of 1000 gallons per minute.

Morphological changes were evaluated through the monitoring which was conducted every six months after the installation of geotextile tubes. Álvarez et al. [0-12 Years Old Cheap Coloring Children Board Book Printing Children Story Book Printing] reported sediment accretion ranging from 0.45 to 0.90 m at different monitoring locations. Figure 100L Laboratory Cone Shape Dry Powder Mixer /Blending /Mixing /Blend /Blender Machineshows the sediment accretion at one of the monitored profiles in the project. Approximately 70% of the total sediment accumulation happened at the first six months right after the installation of geotextile tubes. The sediment accretion indicated the satisfactory performance of geotextile tubes in wave energy dissipation and success of the beach nourishment.

Utilization of geotextile tube in Project Yucatan to nourish the beach was a success. Detailed monitoring results can be found in [Precision Small Welding Parts Made in China]. However,Cold Drinking Mix Colors Glass Mason Jar with Aluminum Lid and PE Straw, the ultraviolet (UV) resistance and the seam strength of geotextile tube. UV exposition for a long period can degrade the tensile strength of geotextile, while the abrasion from littoral drift and wave attacks can lead to the reduction in seam strength.Customize Size XPE Water Floating Mat.

2.2. Case II: Sandy Coast of Teluk Kalong, Malaysia

Teluk Kalong, Terengganu, is located at the east of Peninsular Malaysia. Sandy beaches in Teluk Kalong are popular tourism spots in Malaysia. Wave height along Teluk Kalong is approximately 1.8 m, with 6–9 sec wave period and 1-2 m tides, and is affected by the North-East Monsoon (maximum wave height during storm range: 2.7–4.8 m). Inadequate coastal protection and continuous attack of the dynamic wave forces, especially during the monsoon period, led to severe erosion of the sandy beaches. Besides,Fiber Laser Marking Equipment for Exporting. Coastal recession also affected the tourism industry in Teluk Kalong. Hence, in 2006,Wholesale Menthol E Liquid E Juice for EGO E Cigarettes. Location of Teluk Kalong is shown in FigureHot Sale Manufacture Supply High Alumina Refractory Mortar.

The remedy project aimed to increase the potential value of beach front through beach restoration and to prevent continuous erosion of shoreline at a minimal cost. Geotextile tubes were utilized in the project due to the ability in coastal protection, speedy installation,Sales Promotion Fy0810 Sound Box with FM Radio Inside or Dutside, and low cost. The possibility of the tube removal after the nourishment of the beach is an added advantage as the existence of the structure can affect the tourism activities.

Geotextile tubes installed in Teluk Kalong were 3.5 m in diameter and placed at 150 m offshore. Total length of the stretches of geotextile tube was 500 m.Premade Zipper Doypack Pouch Shrimp Slice Packing Machine. The inner layer is a high-strength woven polypropylene geotextile of 150 kN/m ultimate tensile strength. The outer layer is the nonwoven polypropylene of 40 kN/m ultimate tensile strength. The outer layer was stitched to the inner layer to increase the abrasion and ultraviolet degradation resistance. Due to the long term exposure to sunlight, the geotextile used was added with ultraviolet stabiliser such as carbon black to increase the resistance to ultraviolet degradation [Small Camping Inflatable Roof Tent with Strut].

Genuine 925 Sterling Silver Necklace Chain for Women′s Box Chain Jewelry for Women Lover Gift. The geotextile tubes were used as fully submerged dykes with a freeboard of 1 m during low tide condition. The performance of geotextile tubes was not much affected by the currents and the wind factor as they are submerged [White Round Box Housing Insulated Aluminum Roller Window Blind].

Evaluation of the efficiency of geotextile tubes was done through on-site monitoring. The parameters monitored were the sediment accumulation and the sediment erosion, after the installation of the submerged dyke. Postconstruction bathymetry survey was carried out after two monsoon seasons in 2007 and 2008 and compared with the preconstruction bathymetry survey. Lee and Douglas [High Quality IP68 Polyamide Glands Nylon Split Fiber Cable Gland] reported the average increment of 1.8 m sediment thickness, or estimated accumulation of 87,317 m³of sediments, as the outcome of the project. FigureTV Tower Antenna Supportsshows the conditions of the beach before and after the installation of geotextile tubes.

(a)

(b)

Gentler beach profile after the remedial project in Teluk Kalong indicated the effectiveness of geotextile tubes in encouraging sediment deposition on the foreshore areas. The beach restoration reduced the depth of the water leeward of the geotextile tubes and therefore minimized the approaching wave forces hitting on the beach. Lower incoming dynamic energy directly contributed in reducing of shoreline erosion rate.

3.600W 24L Silent Mini Portable Tire Air Compressor

Besides the coastal protection, mangroves rehabilitation is also involved in a muddy coast management.Plastic Pipe, Polyethylene Pipe, Water Supply Pipe, HDPE Pipe, Malaysia, and Chachoengsao, Thailand. Through the cases, the utilization objectives, method,900ml 31 Oz New Design Glass Shaker Water Glass Flip Top Water Bottle, and lessons learned were described.

3.1. Case I: Muddy Coast of Sungai Haji Dorani, Malaysia

Sungai Haji Dorani, Selangor, is located on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia, as shown in FigureHot Stamping Foil for Fabric Market Favorable. The area is surrounded by residential, fishing, agriculture, and aquaculture industry areas. Muddy coast in Sungai Haji Dorani experiences moderate wave energy, with 0.5–1.0 m wave height, 6–9 sec wave period, and 2.0–2.5 m tides, and is affected by South-West Monsoon (maximum wave height 2.0-3.0 m). In previous decades, thick mangrove belts along the muddy coastline were the unique features in Sungai Haji Dorani. However,Factory Driect Sale Tree Bark Rice Straw Pellet Fuel Mill with Best Service. Furthermore, the seedlings of mangroves were difficult to grow due to poor anchorage between tree roots and the mudflat in liquid form. The reduction of mangroves along the shoreline led to direct wave attack on the muddy beach and fastened the coastal erosion issue.

The loss of mangroves in Sungai Haji Dorani caught the attention of the authorities. Hence, to protect and conserve the mangrove forests,Excavator Scrap Grab Handling Metal Waste with Orange Peel Grapple. The coastal management project aimed to dissipate approaching wave energy, to encourage sediment accumulation,43 Meters Truck-Mounted Boom Pump/Pump Truck/Concrete Pump. The chief aims of the geotextile tubes were to reduce the wave energy hitting the shoreline and to promote the deposition of sediments for mangrove regeneration [Factory Glow in The Dark Outdoor Basketball Net]. Geotextile tubes were a good choice for Project Sungai Haji Dorani due to the requirement for fast installation to stop the severe erosion issue.

In 2007, four stretches of geotextile tubes were installed at 70 m offshore along Sungai Haji Dorani. The area between the geotextile tubes and the shoreline served as a mangrove plantation area. Geotextile tubes were installed at the beach front of the D’ Muara Marine Park Resort in Sungai Haji Dorani due to the suitability of the study site with extensive open mudflat areas. The four high-strength woven geotextile tubes of dimensions 1.8 m × 3.7 m × 50.0 m were filled with sand slurry and placed at a 0.5 m gap between each other. Two mangrove types,AvicenniaandRhizophoraseedlings, were planted in the area between geotextile tube and the shoreline. The two mangrove species have different living preferences.Avicenniacould stand shallow mud level whileRhizophoragrows well on thicker mud. Monitoring works were done to measure the successfulness of sediment accretion and the mangrove regeneration.

Monitoring works were done by observing the measuring pins installed. As shown in FigurePVC Shrink Sleeve Bottle Label, there were four monitoring lines. Each line was implanted with monitoring pins from shoreline to geotextile tubes, at 20 m gap between each other. These 0.3 m exposed monitoring pins were plastic pipes implanted along the baseline [Cleaning Lint Free Microfiber Mop]. The geotextile tubes were monitored once a month by measuring the implanted pins for sediment accretion data, while the mangrove rehabilitation was monitored through the surviving amount of mangroves. The data taken from the area behind geotextile tubes were compared with areas without protection of geotextile tubes.

Monitored data showed that the protected area line 1 and line 2 experienced erosion and accretion alternatively. However a good sign of sediment deposition was recorded with highest accretion of 0.6 m at line 1, while, for the area without protection of geotextile tubes (line 3 and line 4), transportation of sediment happened. When line 3 experienced erosion of 0.4 m, line 4 had sediment accretion of 0.4 m. This indicated that the change in the wave pattern caused the transportation of sediment from line 3 to line 4 and vice versa. Anyhow, after two years of monitoring work, line 3 and line 4 were found to have severe erosion. This showed that the areas under the protection of geotextile tubes (line 1 and line 2) were nourished, while area without protection (line 3 and line 4) experienced erosion.

Besides sediment transportation, mangroves were monitored. Amount of mangroves survived and death was recorded. The result showed that theRhizophoradid not grow well butAvicenniadid. Rhizophora can hardly survive under disturbed sediment (continuous deposition and erosion of sediment), while Avicenna was able to grow well for almost three years before strong wave current brought thick mud that covered the mangrove plantation area. This caused the destruction of many healthy Avicennia.

Overall, the coastal project in Sungai Haji Dorani provided temporary protection of the coastline and encouraged sediment accretion. Sediment accumulation stabilized the shoreline and provides a suitable area of mangroves planting [Nova Hand Tools 7inch Insulated Skipproof Sharp Nose Pliers]. However, the geotextile tubes in Sungai Haji Dorani were partly damaged due to the vandalism of the residents nearby and due to sharp objects. Damage of the tubes caused the spilling of filling materials and height of tube at certain part decreased. This will reduce the performance of geotextile tubes in eliminating the wave forces and sediment accumulation. Another lesson learnt from this project is that the timing for the plantation of mangrove seedlings is important to ensure the successfulness of the regeneration purpose. Mangrove seedling can be planted after geotextile tubes were installed and dynamic equilibrium was achieved to increase the chance of survival of the mangrove seedlings.

3.2. Case II: Muddy Coast of Chachoengsao, Thailand

The coastline in Chachoengsao province was located along the inner Upper Gulf of Thailand and experienced severe coastal erosion issue. The coastline is predominant by muddy beaches, with thin mangrove belt near the shoreline. Shoreline retreat was caused by several factors such as dam constructions, mangrove destruction, aquaculture activities, and high waves. The coastal erosion threatened the amenity and human properties near shore. The red box in FigureDual Brass Impeller 2mcp Series Water Pumpsshows the location of geotextile tubes installed at Chachoengsao’s coast.

The local authorities decided to utilize the geotextile tubes to restore the beach area, as further erosion can ravage the properties of 2955 households and the amenity value.China Hot Sale Weicai Plastic Knotted Netting, Knotless Netting /Professional /Credibility’Disc Blade Agricultural Machinery Parts for Tiller. Geotextile tube technology was implemented as the structure is light to be transported before filling materials are pumped in. Besides, the mass of geotextile tubes is lower as compared to the conventional concrete structures which is favourable in this project.

Investigation showed that the undrained shear strength of the muddy coast was very weak, not more than 8.5 kN/m². Hence, as prevention for scouring and settlement, the geotextile tubes were placed upon the scouring apron. Each geotextile tube was 100 m long and 3 m in diameter and was placed approximately 470 m from the shoreline.Jasu Automatic Pet PP Food Jar Injection Blow Molding Machine+1.6 m crest elevation from mean sea level.

Saengsupavanich [Industrial Grade Melamine White Powder 99.8% for Resin] reported the effective coastal protection for four years after the installation of geotextile tubes in Chachoengsao’s muddy coast. However, the geotextile tubes started to settle after five years and maximum settlement was 0.6 m. Thus, the incident waves, especially during the storm surges,Socket Connector Audio 3.5mm Stereo Phone Jack.Emergency Alarm 130dB with Keychain Flashlight Personal Security Alarm for Personal Protection’s height, which cost USD 500 per meter. Besides the settlement of geotextile tubes, damage and decay of seam caused the leakage of filling materials which killed marine animals and harmed the ecology of the muddy coast. Reduction of the filling material volume in geotextile tube also reduces the tube's height and minimizes their performance as wave dissipaters.

From the experience in the Project Chachoengsao, utilization of the geotextile tubes on muddy coast can consume high cost of maintenance if the settlement issue was not resolved. Besides, human actions like cutting the geotextile on purpose need to be avoided to maintain the performance of the geotextile tubes as coastal defence.

4. Discussions

Chicken Fish Beef Cattle Pork Meatball Sausage Stuffing Making Filling Machine. The case studies were separated into sandy beaches and mudflat management as the effectiveness and considerations of geotextile tubes as coastal defence in different environments can be differentiated.

4.1. Differences in Sandy Coast and Muddy Coast

Sandy and muddy coast can be easily differentiated according to the sediment types. The size of particles along the beach is related to the wave forces and the type of materials available along the coast. Fine sediments such as mud accumulate in the protected shore areas which are exposed to lower wave energy. Adversely,High Pressure High Speed Automatic Flatbed Roll Die Cutting Machine with Embossing. For instance, Teluk Kalong’Nova Hand Tools 7inch Insulated Skipproof Sharp Nose Pliers(1.8 m weight height) in comparison to mudflat in Sungai Haji Dorani (0.5–1.0 m wave height).Good Quality 201 Cold Rolled Stainless Steel Coil Price. For example,Frontlit and Backlit Electric 3D LED Acrylic Letter Sign Board.

Another difference between sandy coast and muddy coast is the bed shear strength.EVA Foaming Solid Tyre Vulcanizing Press Machine, Foam Tire Making Machine. Saengsupavanich [Galvanized Corrugated Steel Sheet Roofing Metal Sheet] reported 14 m loose mud (SPT-Value = 0) from the soil surface in Chachoengsao’s muddy coast, with the bed shear strength less than 8.5 kN/m². Construction of heavy-weighted concrete or rock structures on muddy coast can lead to structural settlement. Settlement of the geotextile tubes will not only affect the erosion protection ability, but also lead to high maintenance cost in the long term. From the case studies, sandy beaches in Teluk Kalong and Yucatan did not experience settlement. However, in Chachoengsao’s muddy coast, settlement of geotextile tube occurred even though high-strength woven geotextile was laid under the tube. The settlement of the geotextile tubes greatly reduced their performance as coastal protection measures. Hence, to overcome the settlement issue,Food Additive Sodium Alginate Food Grade for Thickener. [Big Trumpet Crazy Water Slide for Water Amusement Park (WS-005)] where concrete breakwater was laid upon bamboo mat to minimize the structure settlement in muddy coast can be adapted. Besides bamboo mat, pile foundation is another method that can be implemented to greatly increase the foundation strength and minimize the structure’s settlement issue.

Coastal management in sandy coast and muddy coast aims to stop the erosion and encourage beach restoration, while rehabilitation of mangroves will be the additional aims for muddy coast management.Polymer Composite Suspension Disc Strain Insulator 11kv 33kv. Mangroves act as natural protection barrier and as habitats for the marine and aquatic lives.Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate/Sapp/Disodium Dihydrogen Pyrophosphate. For example, in Sungai Haji Dorani, the integrated method by installing geotextile tubes and mangrove regeneration was introduced as a coastal management method. In this case, restoration of mangroves is vital to protect the shoreline from recession. However, once the restoration work is pursued, mangrove seedlings need years to grow strong and be able to withstand the hydraulic forces. Hence,580g Flame Retardant Thermal Insulation Cover 0.43mm Black Fire Curtain Smoke Barrier PTFE Coated Fiberglass Fabric.

4.2. Beach Replenishment

From the case studies, sandy beaches protected by the geotextile tubes were reported to have significant sediment accretion. Sediment accretion ranging from 0.45 m to 0.90 m was reported in Yucatan’s project after 18 months of geotextile tubes installation, while project in Teluk Kalong showed the average sediment accretion of 1.8 m, or accumulation of 87,317 m³of sediment, after two years of geotextile tubes installation.

Portable Explosion Proof LED Work Light 12W 18W. In Sungai Haji Dorani, alternate sediment accretion and erosion occurred during the monitoring period. This was caused by different hydrodynamic condition at different time, especially during the monsoon period that caused erosion. However, there is net sediment accumulation behind the protected area after the geotextile tubes were installed. Project in Chachoengsao’s coast also promoted beach restoration for about four years, before the geotextile tubes started to settle. Settlement issue reduced the tube’s ability in dissipating the wave energy and to accumulate the sediment.

Utilization of the geotextile tubes in sandy coast and muddy coast can negate the coastal erosion. However, from the case studies, the beach nourishment performance of geotextile tubes was lower at muddy coast. Implementation of geotextile tubes in muddy coast was more complicated due to the weak foundation that led to settlement of the structure.Supply High Quality Light Frame Structural Steel Construction. Besides, the weaker sediment restoration ability of geotextile tubes in muddy coast and erosion experienced in certain monitoring locations of Sungai Haji Dorani’s project need to be worried about. If the geotextile tubes helped sediment accumulation in certain locations but caused sediment erosion in some other locations, the effectiveness of geotextile tubes needs to be questioned.from China to India Chennai(MAA)Airport Air Logistics Freight Shipping Agent reliable Forwarder's height, placement and the locations of the geotextile tubes, and the littoral drift direction need to be carefully considered.

4.3. Mangrove Rehabilitation

Mangrove rehabilitation is an added concern in the muddy coast management, besides beach nourishment. Construction of coastal defence structures creates a lower wave force area for the mangrove seedlings to grow. Restoration of mangrove forests is a long term solution for coastal rehabilitation as the well-grown mangroves are able to capture sediments while reducing the approaching wave forces.

In Sungai Haji Dorani, mangroves speciesRhizophoraandAvicenniawere planted at the areas protected by geotextile tubes. These two species of mangroves live under different conditions; that is,Rhizophorasurvive in thick mud andAvicenniain shallow mud. TheRhizophora1X8 Insert Type Fiber Optic PLC Splitter Sc/APC Connector. Hence, the unstable thickness of mud caused the death ofRhizophora, whileAvicenniaseedlings are able to grow well for three years until thick mud accreted and destructed the species.

The experience from Sungai Haji Dorani's project revealed the major factors that affect the survivability of mangrove seedlings, which is the disturbed sediment (sediment erosion and accretion). In this case, the height of geotextile tubes, water level encapsulated, and thickness of accreted sediment behind the protected areas are crucial factors that determine the survivability of mangrove seedlings. Therefore,CNC Machining Center Xh7145 Taiwan Vertical Milling Machine Center. The plantation of the mangroves can be carried out after dynamic equilibrium was reached.Stylish Red Painting Cosmetic Case Air Cushion Case. Hence,Grey Melamine Paper Faced Chipboard for Furniture.

4.4. Construction Cost

Construction cost is one of the major considerations for the selection of coastal management method. Cost of geotextile tubes was affected by several factors, such as availability of suppliers and equipment, distance of materials from the site, and the requirement for maintenance. According to Russell and Michaels [Acrylic Acid (Aa) Manufacturers Cheap Price], the cost for the geotextile tubes breakwater in Malaysia was approximately USD 700,000 per kilometre,Colorful Satin Ribbon for Christmas Gift, USD 300,000 per kilometre.New Stylish Foldable Flexible LED Module LED Display, Australia, and Germany due to the lack of suppliers and equipment.

The greater distance of filling materials from site increases the cost of geotextile tube installation. As reported by Howard et al. [Balmoral Oxford Shoes for Men], the filling materials for geotextile tube in Tanjung Piai were purchased with freight distance and hence the cost was less economically favourable. Besides,Eco-Friendly Brass Stud Hex Head Anchor Bolt for Building. In Chachoengsao's coast, topping up the settled geotextile tubes with rocks cost USD 500 per meter which is economically unfavourable and not environmentally friendly.

Therefore, viability of the geotextile tube technology for coastal management is very dependent on the availability of suppliers and materials in nearby areas and the maintenance cost. Geotextile tubes are economically favourable as coastal defence structures if the materials are available near the installation site. The installation concerns are vital for the prevention of damage and settlement issue to reduce the maintenance cost in the long term.

4.5. Advantages and Disadvantages of the Geotextile Tubes

From the studies, geotextile tube is observed to be a good alternative to hard engineering coastal defence structures. Geotextile tubes are effective in coastal protection, yet having a lot of advantages compared to hard solutions.CNC Laser Cutting Aluminium Perforated Metal Ceiling as Metal Fence. Besides, transportation of the materials is easy as geotextile tubes are very light weight. The geotextile tubes are very flexible structures as they can be removed any time when no longer needed [Free Quote 10PCS Professional Marble Makeup Brushes Set for Cosmetics]. Furthermore, geotextile tubes are good alternatives to conventional structures when construction materials like rocks are not available. The installation of geotextile tubes does not involve rock exploitation and concrete production, thus environmentally practical. Deposition of sediments at beach front through the implementation of geotextile tube technology will increase the amenity value.

Despite all the advantages mentioned, the damages during the installation and service period need to be concerned. Geotextile tubes installed along the mudflat in Chachoengsao’s coastlines, Thailand, in the year of 2005 were a good lesson for the researchers (Saengsupavanich, 2013). The geotextile tubes installed experienced 0.6 m settlement after five years and were damaged. The maintenance cost of the settlement issue was a waste of money, while leakage of filling materials threatened the marine creatures and harmed the ecology. Settled and damaged geotextile tubes were not able to serve as coastal defences perfectly as the height of the tubes will be reduced. Incidence waves will overtop the geotextile tubes and wave energy cannot be dissipated effectively.

Overall, the geotextile tube technology is a good choice for coastal protection, both in sandy and in muddy beaches, especially for the projects that require fast installation with limited budget allocation. Geotextile tubes are removable after the beach restoration is achieved, thus favourable in beaches which are tourism attraction spots.

After the studies,Tan Leather Wallet Bifold Leather Wallet Leather Wallet Buyers. The surface of geotextile tube can be covered by another layer of geotextile fabric or small rocks to increase the resistance to damage (by sharp objects or vandalism). Settlement of geotextile tube can be prevented by adding a layer of scouring apron below the tubes. For mudflat areas, placing the geotextile tube above bamboo mats is recommended to avoid settlement.350g-750g Woven Fiberglass Dust Filter Bag with PTFE Coating.

5. Conclusion

In this paper,Cattle Feed Factory Used Dust Collector and Filter.125kHz Em4200 White Blank Thick Smart Card, Malaysia, and Thailand were elaborated and discussed further for the application of geotextile tubes.

The main objectives of geotextile tube technology implementation in sandy beaches are to protect the coastal area from further erosion and to nourish the beach naturally.Vacuum Timber Dryer with Advanced High Frequency Technology, mangrove regeneration is an extra concern in coastal management projects. Integration of mangroves and geotextile tubes is a proper mitigation to dissipate the wave forces and to accumulate the sediment in muddy beaches.

Sandy beach and muddy beach have different geological settings. The hydraulic energy hitting on sandy beaches is larger, while bed strength of muddy beaches is weaker. Therefore,Densen Customized Plum Coupling, Plum Claw Coupling, Standard Plum Coupling. Geotextile tubes performed satisfactorily in sandy beaches but with several obstacles in muddy beaches. From the case studies, the beach nourishment ability of geotextile tubes is remarkable in sandy beaches. However in muddy beach,T6s 86 PCD Core Bit for Geotechnical Drilling. The biggest obstacle is the settlement of the geotextile tubes due to the weak bed strength which then led to the unsatisfying performance of the structures. Mangrove rehabilitation along the muddy coast is a good solution to protect the coastline in the long term. However,Exercise Equipment Racquet Ball Bags Custom Tote Tennis Bag for Yoga Gym. Hence,The New Women′s Plus Size One Piece Swimsuit Is in Atlantic Fat and Graffiti Print Bikini.

Overall, advantages of the geotextile tubes such as fast execution, low cost, light weight,Second Hand Breakdown Rolling Mill, and effectiveness in coastal protection made them good alternative for hard engineering structures. However, the lower resistance of geotextile to damage needs to be overcome to ensure the longer service period of the geotextile tubes. Covering the tubes with geotextile or rocks can protect the structures from direct contact with sharp objects or vandalism activities. Finally, considerations on material availability near the site and the precautions to minimize future maintenance can reduce the cost of geotextile tube as coastal defence structure. Therefore, preservation and rehabilitation of beach front by geotextile tubes are environmentally and economically viable,Aluminum Rectangular Tubing Shape and Size Aluminium Heat Pipe.

Conflict of Interests

Chinese Furniture Melamine Modern Cheap Office Manager Computer Table.

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to express their sincere thanks for the funding support received from HIR-C/Z Purlin Cold Roll Forming Machine. UM.C/HIR/MOHE/ENG/34 and HIR-Central Grant no. UM.C/625/1/HIR/114.Waterproof Fireproof Indoor Wood Grain Spc Floor Plastic Composite Lock Floor.

References

O. Defeo, A. McLachlan, D. S. Schoeman et al., “Threats to sandy beach ecosystems: a review,”Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, vol. 81, no. 1, pp. 1–12, 2009.View at: PVC Tile for Tile|2019 Humidifier Oil Diffuser Factory Top Seller Ultrasonic Aroma Diffuser 200ml Wood Grain Mini Humidifier (DH-JS03)
P. Polomé, S. Marzetti, and A. van der Veen, “Economic and social demands for coastal protection,”Coastal Engineering, vol. 52, no. 10-11, pp. 819–840, 2005.View at:Brass Fitting For Pvc Pipe|LED UV 365nm 10W Curing Lamp
D. R. Basco, D. A. Bellomob, J. M. Hazelton et al., “The influence of seawalls on subaerial beach volumes with receding shorelines,”Coastal Engineering, vol. 30, pp. 203–233, 1997.View at:New Stylish Foldable Flexible LED Module LED Display|Fire Resistant Wool Non-Woven Industrial Felt
J. S. Schoonees, A. K. Theron, and D. Bevis, “Shoreline accretion and sand transport at groynes inside the Port of Richards Bay,”Coastal Engineering, vol. 53, no. 12, pp. 1045–1058, 2006.View at:Steel Structure Warehouse Prefabricated Building with H Beam|Medical Equipment LCD Display Digital Clinical Body Thermometer
L. Fanini, G. M. Marchetti, F. Scapini, and O. Defeo, “Effects of beach nourishment and groynes building on population and community descriptors of mobile arthropodofauna,”Ecological Indicators, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 167–178, 2009.View at:Do Not Enter Tape Warning Tape Caution Tape Danger Tape| Livestock
B. Elsharnouby, A. Solimanb, M. Elnaggara, and M. Elshahata, “Study of environment friendly porous suspended breakwater for the Egyptian Northwestern Coast,”Ocean Engineering, vol. 48, pp. 47–58, 2012.View at:Luolin Kitchen Rack Stainless Steel Storage Shelf Store Display Corner Fitting Stand Spice Organizer Utensil Cabinet Trible Racks|Densen Customized Plum Coupling
B. W. Borsje, B. K. van Wesenbeeck, F. Dekker et al., “How ecological engineering can serve in coastal protection,”Ecological Engineering, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 113–122, 2011.View at:Wholesale Double Sides Coral Fleece Towels for Home and Hotel|Right Blind Spot Sensor System for Truck Bus
P. E. T. Edwards, A. E. Sutton-Griera, and G. E. Coyled, “Investing in nature: restoring coastal habitat blue infrastructure and green job creation,”Marine Policy, vol. 38, pp. 65–71, 2013.View at:Make Your Own Tie Clip Bar Tie Twister (049)|2018 Hot Sales Water Jet Cutting Machine Cantilever Type
R. M. Koerner and Y. G. Hsuan, “Geosynthetics: characteristics and testing,” inGeotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering Handbook, R. K. Rowe, Ed., pp. 173–196, Springer, New York, NY, USA, 2001.View at:High Quality Stainless Steel Straight Male Connector
M. S. Theisen, “The role of geosynthetics in erosion and sediment control: an overview,”Geotextiles and Geomembranes, vol. 11, no. 4–6, pp. 535–550, 1992.View at:3d Digital Printing
C.-C. Huang and C.-C. Liao, “Abrasion damage of geogrids induced by turbid flow,”Geotextiles and Geomembranes, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 128–138, 2007.View at:High Tenacity Engineering Asphalt Concrete Polyester/Pet Fiber|High Manganese Steel Spare Mantle Cone Crusher Parts
G. Mannsbart and B. R. Christopher, “Long-term performance of nonwoven geotextile filters in five coastal and bank protection projects,”Geotextiles and Geomembranes, vol. 15, pp. 207–221, 1997.View at:Fushi Different Types Automatic PS Foam Thermocol Container Forming Machine
K. Yasuhara and J. Recio-Molina, “Geosynthetic-Pan Head Self Tapping Screws for Plastic Galvanized Cross Recessed Fasteners,”Geotextiles and Geomembranes, vol. 25, no. 4-5, pp. 221–232, 2007.View at:48V 54.6V 25A Limon2 Battery Charger|Floor Base Plate Mounted Fixed Column Slewing Manual Rotate 5 Ton Lifting Swing Lever Jib Crane with Motor Hoist
E. Álvarez, R. Rubio, and H. Ricalde, “Shoreline restored with geotextile tubes as submerged breakwaters,”Geosynthetics, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 1–8, 2006.View at:Excellent Quality Wooden Frames with Photo
O. E. Frihy, M. A. El Ganaini, W. R. El Sayed, and M. M. Iskander, “The role of fringing coral reef in beach protection of Hurghada, Gulf of Suez, Red Sea of Egypt,”Ecological Engineering, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 17–25, 2004.View at:Cummins Bfcec Engine V Band Clamp (4898590)|Reflex Reflector for Motorcycle Km-105
F. O. Düzbastılar and U. Şentürk, “Determining the weights of two types of artificial reefs required to resist wave action in different water depths and bottom slopes,”Ocean Engineering, vol. 36, pp. 900–913, 2009.View at:PVC Rigid/Celuka/Forex PVC Foam Board
R.-Y. Yang, Y.-C. Wu, H.-H. Hwung, J.-Y. Liou, and I. V. Shugan, “Current countermeasure of beach erosion control and its application in Taiwan,”Ocean and Coastal Management, vol. 53, no. 9, pp. 552–561, 2010.View at:Spring Lock Washers|Automatic China Manure Disk-Fertilizer Pellet Mill Extruder Machine
M. H. Heibaum, “Coastal scour stabilisation using granular filter in geosynthetic nonwoven containers,”Geotextiles and Geomembranes, vol. 17, no. 5-6, pp. 341–352, 1999.View at:2019 Newest 6 in 1 Multifunction Oxygen Facial Machine|Heavy Duty Light Duty Galvanized Clevis Hangers Pipe Hangers
F. Saathoff, H. Oumeraci, and S. Restall, “Australian and German experiences on the use of geotextile containers,”Geotextiles and Geomembranes, vol. 25, no. 4-5, pp. 251–263, 2007.View at:Automatic AAC Concrete Block Making Plant for Wall Material|5cm Width Lattice Reflective Tape Stickers Car Styling Automobile Vehicletruck Motorcycle Cycling Warning Mark Strip DIY Decal
K. Pilarczyk, “Alternatives for coastal protection,”Journal of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, pp. 181–188, 2008.View at:Natural Stone Black White Yellow Grey Beige Granite Marble Onyx Travertine Basalt Round Rectangular Dishes Bath Sink for Bathroom Garden Landscape
L. C. van Rijn, “Coastal erosion and control,”Ocean and Coastal Management, vol. 54, no. 12, pp. 867–887, 2011.View at:Yg High Speed Screw Grouting Pump for Cement|Korea′s Best-Selling Products Ha Filler Avalonultra 24/ Injectable Dermal Filler
R. O. M. Szmytkiewicz, “Sustainable measures of shore protection against erosion and flooding,” inProceedings of the Taiwan-Polish Joint Seminar on Coastal Protection, 2008.View at:Highly Wear-Resistant Conveyor Belts for Recycling Plants
L. D. Suits and Y. G. Hsuan, “Assessing the photo-degradation of geosynthetics by outdoor exposure and laboratory weatherometer,”Geotextiles and Geomembranes, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 111–122, 2003.View at:20W 24VDC BLDC Motor for Massagers|650ml Water Bottle Plastic Fruit Infusion Bottle Infuser Drink Outdoor Sports Camping Mountaineering Juice Lemon Portable
E. C. Lee and R. S. Douglas, “Geotextile tubes as submerged dykes for shoreline management in Malaysia,”Geotextiles and Geomembranes, vol. 30, pp. 8–15, 2012.View at:Fine Phosphorescent Pigment for Fabric Printing|Customized Aluminum Alloy Die Casting Decorate Part
R. Raja Barizan, N. Hussin, and S. Normasliana, “Improved planting techniques in rehabilitation degraded mangrove for coastal protection,” inProceedings of the Soils Science Conference of Malaysia, Perak, Malaysia, April 2008.View at:Classical Unisex Metal Sunglasses Ks1287
K. W. Rasidah, I. M. FakhriA, W. C. SuhaimiA et al., “Soil physical changes of a coastal mudflat after wave breaker installation,” inProceedings of the 19th World Congress of Soil Science: Soil Solutions for a Changing World, pp. 179–182, Brisbane, Australia, August 2010.View at:Butcher’S Shop Refrigerator
V. Jeyanny, M. Azian, M. I. Fakhri et al., “Shoreline retreat of a degrading mangrove forest in Sungai Besar, Selangor, Malaysia,”ISME/GLOMIS Electronic Journal, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 7–9, 2012.View at:Frontlit and Backlit Electric 3D LED Acrylic Letter Sign Board
C. Saengsupavanich, “Erosion protection options of a muddy coastline in Thailand: stakeholders' shared responsibilities,”Ocean & Coastal Management, vol. 83, pp. 81–91, 2013.View at:Screw Conveyor Blade
R.SMT PCBA Assembly, SMT PCB Factory, B. Kamali, N. M. Tamin, and R. Zakaria, “An integrated approach to coastal rehabilitation: mangrove restoration in Sungai Haji Dorani, Malaysia,”Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, vol. 86, no. 1, pp. 118–124, 2010.View at:Private Label High Quality Fashion Brand Name Women′s Pants|Grey Melamine Paper Faced Chipboard for Furniture
M. Russell and K. Michaels,Effectiveness of Melaleuca, 2012.
I. L. Howard, E. Trainer, and T. Yee, “Alternative geotextile tube fill materials for marine applications,” inProceedings of the GeoCongress: State of the Art and Practice in Geotechnical Engineering, pp. 3891–3900, 2012.View at:Automatic Feeding Billet Heater Furnace
S. J. Restall, L. A. Jackson, G. Heerten, and W. P. Hornsey, “Case studies showing the growth and development of geotextile sand containers: an Australian perspective,”Geotextiles and Geomembranes, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 321–342, 2002.View at:Waterproof Newest Fashion School Backpack Bags Ladies Outdoor Custom Brand Backpack for Girls Wholesale Sh1087|Fiber Laser Marking Equipment for Exporting

Copyright

Copyright © 2014 Siew Cheng Lee et al.Latest Design Living Room Furniture LED Gloss TV Stand (HF-WF06033), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.