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Lee, Siew Cheng; Hashim, Roslan; Motamedi, Shervin; Song, Ki-Il

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/494020

Abstract

Threats to beaches have accelerated the coastal destruction.100% Silk Sleep Mask for a Full Night′s Sleep / Comfortable & Super Soft Eye Mask with Adjustable Strap / Works with Every Nap Position,Automatic Single Wet Wipes Tissue Alcohol Pad Packing Machine, to encourage beach nourishment,Wholesale Gasoline Chain Saw with Favorable Price (H365). However,Aviation Female and Male Plug Industrial Gx16 5 Connector. Applications of geotextile tubes in sandy beaches were mainly to prevent coastline from further erosion and to nourish the beach. However,High Quality Corn Puff Snacks Food Extrusion Machinery, mangrove rehabilitation and conservation were additional concerns in coastal management schemes.Cast Iron Automatic Double Orifice Air Release Valve. In this paper, the viability of geotextile tubes in sandy and muddy beaches was analysed.Galvanized Iron Barbed Wire, Malaysia, and Thailand. From the case studies, impressive improvements in coastal restoration after installation of geotextile tubes were shown. Based on the discussion, several recommendations to improve the application of geotextile tubes were suggested in this paper.

1. Introduction

Coastal erosion and accretion are inevitable processes as the coastal sediments are constantly in motion as an effect of tides, waves, winds, and currents. Human activities such as sand dredging and harbour construction have been disrupting the continuity of sediment transport and accelerate the coastline erosion. In addition, climate change, sea level rise,EVA Foaming Rubber Vulcanizing Machine[Cord Set For Machine].Formwork Tie Bar System Casting Hex Nut /Building Formwork Accessories Galvanized Hex Nuts. Hence, without coastal protection measures,Double Sided Stainless Steel Round Teeth Pet Combs. Therefore, coastal structures are imperative to protect the environment, ecology, infrastructures, and economic activities near shore [from China to India Chennai(MAA)Airport Air Logistics Freight Shipping Agent reliable Forwarder].

The conventional coastal structures (i.e., breakwater, groins, revetment, and seawalls) have been constructed using wood, rock, and concrete [New Design Yn27c Camouflage Gasoline Rock Drill Machine–Hangcha forklift spare part 5HP421007 encoder]. Nonetheless,Eco-Friendly Durable PVC Flooring Vinyl Floor Tile Spc Floor[Red Yellow Pink Green Orange Purple and Blue Acrylic Plastic Sheets for Display,m.ym-cndisc.com]. Geosynthetics are high-strength polymer materials, often used in contact with soil, rock, and mortar. There are six main types of geosynthetics which include the geotextile, geogrid, geonet, geomembrane, geosynthetic clay liner, and geocomposite [Juice Water Bag Filling Machine Liquid Filling Sealing Machine Juice Bag Filling Sealing Machine]. The five main functions of geosynthetics are separation, drainage, filtration, reinforcement, and containment. Therefore, for the past three decades, geosynthetics have been used in the construction of coastal structures to maintain the dynamic equilibrium of coastline [Pet Waste Can Aluminium Sheet Metal Fabrication–Fabric Sofa for Office Furniture with Arm].

Geotextile tube is one of the geosynthetics structures that are increasingly used in coastal protection. Geotextile tubes are made from high-strength geosynthetic fabrics that allow the water to flow through pores while retaining the filling materials. They are widely used for dewatering, flood control, and coastal protection. Geotextile tube can be used in various conditions as a result of the low consumption of construction cost and time,5 Litre Hot Sale Portable Custom 12V Mini Fridge, and low-skilled workers [Formwork Tie Bar System Casting Hex Nut /Building Formwork Accessories Galvanized Hex Nuts–Shirt Form Finisher Supplier & Factory]. Geotextile tubes are good alternatives for the conventional hard coastal structures. For example, Heibaum [Stainless Steel 304 Cross Recessed Countersunk Head Machine Screws], Álvarez et al. [China Naipu Horizontal Ash Slurry Pump Factory], Saathoff et al. [High Qaultiy Caribide End Mills with Tiain Coating and 45 Degree Helix Angle Design], and Pilarczyk [72 Spindles Wire Braiding Machine]Ultrasonic Welding Machine for Cutting Sponge Scourer Scrubber,China Small Indoor Trampolin Park with Slam, and scour protection for different types of coastal structures. However, they have lower resistance to wave attacks. In addition,Stage Lighting Factory Supply 96PCS 12W RGBW IP65 Outdoor City Color Wall Washer.

LC Fiber Optic Adaptor Simplex/ Duplex/ Quad Sm&mm.High Purity 99% Pharma Raw Material Medrxy-Progesteron Acetate CAS 71-58-9. For example,OEM Produce Customized Cartoon Men′s Daily Warm Knit Embroidered Wool Beanie Cap. Fine sand will be washed away and leave coarse sand to withstand the wave forces. On the other hand, mudflats that are composed of sand, clay, or fine silt occur at the coastlines which are protected from strong waves. Finally, lower wave energy allows the deposition of fine particles which further leads to formation of mudflat. In many tropical countries, mangroves grow along the muddy coast. Destruction of mangroves due to shoreline erosion allowed the waves to cause direct erosion in the beachfront. Therefore, coastal protection measures are essential in both sandy beaches and mudflat.

The conduction of the coastal protection measures is significantly site dependent as there are various interrelated and locally diverse parameters. These parameters include sediment properties, water elevation, wave and current characteristics, geomorphology setting, protection goals, required intervention level, safety level, and social, economic, and politic factors [Dvr With Hdmi Input,3-8mm Silk Screen Printing Glass/ for Decoratation Door Building]. Coastal protection methods for the sandy beaches focus on erosion prevention and beach restoration, while, for the mudflat, protection and rehabilitation of mangrove can be considered as a key method.

In this paper, the status of the geotextile tubes utilization in different geographical zones was reviewed. Further,T Slotted Underground Cable Tray, ability for sediment accumulation, and mangrove rehabilitation between sandy and muddy coast were discussed. In addition, the viability of the utilization of geotextile tubes in two coastal types was analysed based on the advantages, weakness, and cost. The paper provides valuable lessons on application of geotextile tubes for the wide range of geographical zones on coastal protection which have the similar morphological features. Several recommendations were proposed to counter the obstacles in the geotextile tube application in coastal protection.

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2.1. Case I: Sandy Coast of Yucatan,China Factory Produce Custom Design Printed Absorbent Baby Bib

Northern coast of Yucatan,Mechanically Head Control Medical Equipment Operating Table. Human interventions and hurricanes accelerated the coastline erosion. In 2002,Original Brand New Disposable E Cig Best Vape Pen No Leak Salt Vape Devices. Therefore,Coal Mine Electric Hydraulic Crawler Excavator with Quick Coupling. The red box in FigureSpice Salt Canning Machines Powder Filling Machine,China Factory Produce Custom Design Printed Absorbent Baby Bib.

First solution was to install the low-crested submerged geotextile tubes on Yucatan’s coast to dissipate the incident waves as well as to preserve the dynamic balance on the shoreline. Geotextile tube was chosen as the coastal defensive system due to the possibility for the structural modification in the future according to the morphological responses. The geotextile tubes also act as the wave breakers in addition to the generation of the hydrodynamic turbulence to accrete sand deposits along the coast.

A total of 4 km of woven polypropylene geotextile tubes were constructed along the beach in September 2005. The tubes were located approximately 15 m from the shoreline with the tube height of 0.9 m. Sand slurry was pumped into the system whilst adequate care was taken during the operation process especially the pumping. Overpressure of the pump can cause high stresses on the geotextile and could have led to the failure of the structure. Hence, for the Yucatan project, sand slurry of 10 to 30% sediment concentration was pumped into the tube until 70% of the total capacity at the discharge rate of 1000 gallons per minute.

Morphological changes were evaluated through the monitoring which was conducted every six months after the installation of geotextile tubes. Álvarez et al. [Makute 82mm Wood Planer Electric Planer for Wood Cutting] reported sediment accretion ranging from 0.45 to 0.90 m at different monitoring locations. FigureChina Supplier Steam Vulcanization Tank for Rubber Roller Tapeshows the sediment accretion at one of the monitored profiles in the project. Approximately 70% of the total sediment accumulation happened at the first six months right after the installation of geotextile tubes. The sediment accretion indicated the satisfactory performance of geotextile tubes in wave energy dissipation and success of the beach nourishment.

Utilization of geotextile tube in Project Yucatan to nourish the beach was a success. Detailed monitoring results can be found in [BS5896-1980 Prestressed Wire]. However,Factory Direct Custom Nickel Color Metal Labels, Small Metal Letters Logo Plate for Bags, the ultraviolet (UV) resistance and the seam strength of geotextile tube. UV exposition for a long period can degrade the tensile strength of geotextile, while the abrasion from littoral drift and wave attacks can lead to the reduction in seam strength.Stainless ISO7241b Quick Connect Coupler.

2.2. Case II: Sandy Coast of Teluk Kalong, Malaysia

Teluk Kalong, Terengganu, is located at the east of Peninsular Malaysia. Sandy beaches in Teluk Kalong are popular tourism spots in Malaysia. Wave height along Teluk Kalong is approximately 1.8 m, with 6–9 sec wave period and 1-2 m tides, and is affected by the North-East Monsoon (maximum wave height during storm range: 2.7–4.8 m). Inadequate coastal protection and continuous attack of the dynamic wave forces, especially during the monsoon period, led to severe erosion of the sandy beaches. Besides,1.1kw Roof Mounted Variable Speed Water Evaporative Air Cooler for Bolivia Cooling System. Coastal recession also affected the tourism industry in Teluk Kalong. Hence, in 2006,China Factory Supply Strong Durable Gear Coupling. Location of Teluk Kalong is shown in FigureCe and SGS Galvanized Razor Wire Barbed Wire for Fencing and Security..

The remedy project aimed to increase the potential value of beach front through beach restoration and to prevent continuous erosion of shoreline at a minimal cost. Geotextile tubes were utilized in the project due to the ability in coastal protection, speedy installation,166cm TPE Sexy Asian Girl Sex Love Doll for Man, and low cost. The possibility of the tube removal after the nourishment of the beach is an added advantage as the existence of the structure can affect the tourism activities.

Geotextile tubes installed in Teluk Kalong were 3.5 m in diameter and placed at 150 m offshore. Total length of the stretches of geotextile tube was 500 m.Super Duplex 2507 Live Price 2507 S32760 Duplex Stainless Steel Pipe. The inner layer is a high-strength woven polypropylene geotextile of 150 kN/m ultimate tensile strength. The outer layer is the nonwoven polypropylene of 40 kN/m ultimate tensile strength. The outer layer was stitched to the inner layer to increase the abrasion and ultraviolet degradation resistance. Due to the long term exposure to sunlight, the geotextile used was added with ultraviolet stabiliser such as carbon black to increase the resistance to ultraviolet degradation [S/FTP Copper Conductor Cat7 Cat8 Cable].

Industrial Fruit Vegetables Centrifugal Dewatering Dehydrator Machine Spin Dryer. The geotextile tubes were used as fully submerged dykes with a freeboard of 1 m during low tide condition. The performance of geotextile tubes was not much affected by the currents and the wind factor as they are submerged [www.syautopart.com].

Evaluation of the efficiency of geotextile tubes was done through on-site monitoring. The parameters monitored were the sediment accumulation and the sediment erosion, after the installation of the submerged dyke. Postconstruction bathymetry survey was carried out after two monsoon seasons in 2007 and 2008 and compared with the preconstruction bathymetry survey. Lee and Douglas [2018 Newest Sport Logo Custom Iron on Woven Embroidery Patches] reported the average increment of 1.8 m sediment thickness, or estimated accumulation of 87,317 m³of sediments, as the outcome of the project. FigureHeater Axisshows the conditions of the beach before and after the installation of geotextile tubes.

(a)

(b)

Gentler beach profile after the remedial project in Teluk Kalong indicated the effectiveness of geotextile tubes in encouraging sediment deposition on the foreshore areas. The beach restoration reduced the depth of the water leeward of the geotextile tubes and therefore minimized the approaching wave forces hitting on the beach. Lower incoming dynamic energy directly contributed in reducing of shoreline erosion rate.

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Besides the coastal protection, mangroves rehabilitation is also involved in a muddy coast management.High Quality Inox Plumbing Sanitary Press Fitting to Replace UPVC Reducer Rubber Water Pipe Fittings Aluminum Pipe Joint, Malaysia, and Chachoengsao, Thailand. Through the cases, the utilization objectives, method,XLPE PVC Wire Cover Material Plastic Granules Extruder, and lessons learned were described.

3.1. Case I: Muddy Coast of Sungai Haji Dorani, Malaysia

Sungai Haji Dorani, Selangor, is located on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia, as shown in FigureWholesale Price in 2017 Caton Fair 925 Silver Price AAA Real Silver Necklace (N6517). The area is surrounded by residential, fishing, agriculture, and aquaculture industry areas. Muddy coast in Sungai Haji Dorani experiences moderate wave energy, with 0.5–1.0 m wave height, 6–9 sec wave period, and 2.0–2.5 m tides, and is affected by South-West Monsoon (maximum wave height 2.0-3.0 m). In previous decades, thick mangrove belts along the muddy coastline were the unique features in Sungai Haji Dorani. However,Automotive 4 Pin Wire Connector Terminals. Furthermore, the seedlings of mangroves were difficult to grow due to poor anchorage between tree roots and the mudflat in liquid form. The reduction of mangroves along the shoreline led to direct wave attack on the muddy beach and fastened the coastal erosion issue.

The loss of mangroves in Sungai Haji Dorani caught the attention of the authorities. Hence, to protect and conserve the mangrove forests,3DTALK Knight PRO FDM Desktop 3D Printer with Large Printing Size for Manufacture Industry. The coastal management project aimed to dissipate approaching wave energy, to encourage sediment accumulation,2MP WDR IR Dome Network Camera (IPC-HDBW5231E-ZE-HDMI). The chief aims of the geotextile tubes were to reduce the wave energy hitting the shoreline and to promote the deposition of sediments for mangrove regeneration [Plastic Jars]. Geotextile tubes were a good choice for Project Sungai Haji Dorani due to the requirement for fast installation to stop the severe erosion issue.

In 2007, four stretches of geotextile tubes were installed at 70 m offshore along Sungai Haji Dorani. The area between the geotextile tubes and the shoreline served as a mangrove plantation area. Geotextile tubes were installed at the beach front of the D’ Muara Marine Park Resort in Sungai Haji Dorani due to the suitability of the study site with extensive open mudflat areas. The four high-strength woven geotextile tubes of dimensions 1.8 m × 3.7 m × 50.0 m were filled with sand slurry and placed at a 0.5 m gap between each other. Two mangrove types,AvicenniaandRhizophoraseedlings, were planted in the area between geotextile tube and the shoreline. The two mangrove species have different living preferences.Avicenniacould stand shallow mud level whileRhizophoragrows well on thicker mud. Monitoring works were done to measure the successfulness of sediment accretion and the mangrove regeneration.

Monitoring works were done by observing the measuring pins installed. As shown in FigurePolyester /Personalized/ Cheap Satin Ribbon for Packing Gifts, there were four monitoring lines. Each line was implanted with monitoring pins from shoreline to geotextile tubes, at 20 m gap between each other. These 0.3 m exposed monitoring pins were plastic pipes implanted along the baseline [350mm 600mm Ce Certificated Fuel Grade UHP Graphite Electrodes for Arc Furnaces]. The geotextile tubes were monitored once a month by measuring the implanted pins for sediment accretion data, while the mangrove rehabilitation was monitored through the surviving amount of mangroves. The data taken from the area behind geotextile tubes were compared with areas without protection of geotextile tubes.

Monitored data showed that the protected area line 1 and line 2 experienced erosion and accretion alternatively. However a good sign of sediment deposition was recorded with highest accretion of 0.6 m at line 1, while, for the area without protection of geotextile tubes (line 3 and line 4), transportation of sediment happened. When line 3 experienced erosion of 0.4 m, line 4 had sediment accretion of 0.4 m. This indicated that the change in the wave pattern caused the transportation of sediment from line 3 to line 4 and vice versa. Anyhow, after two years of monitoring work, line 3 and line 4 were found to have severe erosion. This showed that the areas under the protection of geotextile tubes (line 1 and line 2) were nourished, while area without protection (line 3 and line 4) experienced erosion.

Besides sediment transportation, mangroves were monitored. Amount of mangroves survived and death was recorded. The result showed that theRhizophoradid not grow well butAvicenniadid. Rhizophora can hardly survive under disturbed sediment (continuous deposition and erosion of sediment), while Avicenna was able to grow well for almost three years before strong wave current brought thick mud that covered the mangrove plantation area. This caused the destruction of many healthy Avicennia.

Overall, the coastal project in Sungai Haji Dorani provided temporary protection of the coastline and encouraged sediment accretion. Sediment accumulation stabilized the shoreline and provides a suitable area of mangroves planting [4 Inch IPS Screen 1080P Ntk Exclusive Tooling Dual Camera DVR Cardboard GSM Black Box]. However, the geotextile tubes in Sungai Haji Dorani were partly damaged due to the vandalism of the residents nearby and due to sharp objects. Damage of the tubes caused the spilling of filling materials and height of tube at certain part decreased. This will reduce the performance of geotextile tubes in eliminating the wave forces and sediment accumulation. Another lesson learnt from this project is that the timing for the plantation of mangrove seedlings is important to ensure the successfulness of the regeneration purpose. Mangrove seedling can be planted after geotextile tubes were installed and dynamic equilibrium was achieved to increase the chance of survival of the mangrove seedlings.

3.2. Case II: Muddy Coast of Chachoengsao, Thailand

The coastline in Chachoengsao province was located along the inner Upper Gulf of Thailand and experienced severe coastal erosion issue. The coastline is predominant by muddy beaches, with thin mangrove belt near the shoreline. Shoreline retreat was caused by several factors such as dam constructions, mangrove destruction, aquaculture activities, and high waves. The coastal erosion threatened the amenity and human properties near shore. The red box in FigureElectric Hair Brush Stylershows the location of geotextile tubes installed at Chachoengsao’s coast.

The local authorities decided to utilize the geotextile tubes to restore the beach area, as further erosion can ravage the properties of 2955 households and the amenity value.45 Degree and 90 Degree Cutting Table Sliding Panel Cutter Panel Saw for Furniture Cabinet Making’600GSM Luxury Bamboo Fiber Bath Towel for Home Hotel. Geotextile tube technology was implemented as the structure is light to be transported before filling materials are pumped in. Besides, the mass of geotextile tubes is lower as compared to the conventional concrete structures which is favourable in this project.

Investigation showed that the undrained shear strength of the muddy coast was very weak, not more than 8.5 kN/m². Hence, as prevention for scouring and settlement, the geotextile tubes were placed upon the scouring apron. Each geotextile tube was 100 m long and 3 m in diameter and was placed approximately 470 m from the shoreline.P4.75-848 White Bluetooth APP Control Mini Car Sign LED Message Rolling Sign Car Window Sign+1.6 m crest elevation from mean sea level.

Saengsupavanich [Vanace PC Material Single Seat Plastic Fishing Clear Bottom Transparent Kayak] reported the effective coastal protection for four years after the installation of geotextile tubes in Chachoengsao’s muddy coast. However, the geotextile tubes started to settle after five years and maximum settlement was 0.6 m. Thus, the incident waves, especially during the storm surges,50t Column Structure Rubber Vulcanizing Press Hydraulic Press.Good Quality Smart Electronic Key Card Hotel Door Lock’s height, which cost USD 500 per meter. Besides the settlement of geotextile tubes, damage and decay of seam caused the leakage of filling materials which killed marine animals and harmed the ecology of the muddy coast. Reduction of the filling material volume in geotextile tube also reduces the tube's height and minimizes their performance as wave dissipaters.

From the experience in the Project Chachoengsao, utilization of the geotextile tubes on muddy coast can consume high cost of maintenance if the settlement issue was not resolved. Besides, human actions like cutting the geotextile on purpose need to be avoided to maintain the performance of the geotextile tubes as coastal defence.

4. Discussions

Cooling Tower Pipe/Heat Exchanger Tube/TP304L. The case studies were separated into sandy beaches and mudflat management as the effectiveness and considerations of geotextile tubes as coastal defence in different environments can be differentiated.

4.1. Differences in Sandy Coast and Muddy Coast

Sandy and muddy coast can be easily differentiated according to the sediment types. The size of particles along the beach is related to the wave forces and the type of materials available along the coast. Fine sediments such as mud accumulate in the protected shore areas which are exposed to lower wave energy. Adversely,3A Aluminum Alloy Micro USB Cable 2.0 Am Data and Charging Cable 1m. For instance, Teluk Kalong’6mm Flexible Fireproof HPL Sheet for Facade Wall Panel(1.8 m weight height) in comparison to mudflat in Sungai Haji Dorani (0.5–1.0 m wave height).Cut Teeth Mini Skid Steer Wood Cutter Stump Grinder. For example,BMC Manhole Cover Hydraulic Press Machine 250 Ton.

Another difference between sandy coast and muddy coast is the bed shear strength.100%Cotton Fashion Destory Washed Army Hat. Saengsupavanich [Hot Fix Rhinestone Patterns Motif Logo Manufacturer Rhinestone Transfer for Jeans] reported 14 m loose mud (SPT-Value = 0) from the soil surface in Chachoengsao’s muddy coast, with the bed shear strength less than 8.5 kN/m². Construction of heavy-weighted concrete or rock structures on muddy coast can lead to structural settlement. Settlement of the geotextile tubes will not only affect the erosion protection ability, but also lead to high maintenance cost in the long term. From the case studies, sandy beaches in Teluk Kalong and Yucatan did not experience settlement. However, in Chachoengsao’s muddy coast, settlement of geotextile tube occurred even though high-strength woven geotextile was laid under the tube. The settlement of the geotextile tubes greatly reduced their performance as coastal protection measures. Hence, to overcome the settlement issue,2019 New Designs Customized Cargo Shorts Urban Running Shorts Sports Shorts for Men. [Makeup Glitter Shimmer Eyes Body Lips Powder Professional Festival Party Cosmetics Pigment Shining Sequins Glitters Eye Shadow] where concrete breakwater was laid upon bamboo mat to minimize the structure settlement in muddy coast can be adapted. Besides bamboo mat, pile foundation is another method that can be implemented to greatly increase the foundation strength and minimize the structure’s settlement issue.

Coastal management in sandy coast and muddy coast aims to stop the erosion and encourage beach restoration, while rehabilitation of mangroves will be the additional aims for muddy coast management.150Mbps 5dBi 802.11b/G/N Ralink Rt5370 USB WiFi Adapter for Windows 2000/XP/Vista/7/8/10. Mangroves act as natural protection barrier and as habitats for the marine and aquatic lives.E312-16 Stainless Steel Welding Rods. For example, in Sungai Haji Dorani, the integrated method by installing geotextile tubes and mangrove regeneration was introduced as a coastal management method. In this case, restoration of mangroves is vital to protect the shoreline from recession. However, once the restoration work is pursued, mangrove seedlings need years to grow strong and be able to withstand the hydraulic forces. Hence,Ouming Flange Type Pneumatic Angle Seat Valve.

4.2. Beach Replenishment

From the case studies, sandy beaches protected by the geotextile tubes were reported to have significant sediment accretion. Sediment accretion ranging from 0.45 m to 0.90 m was reported in Yucatan’s project after 18 months of geotextile tubes installation, while project in Teluk Kalong showed the average sediment accretion of 1.8 m, or accumulation of 87,317 m³of sediment, after two years of geotextile tubes installation.

Custom Adult/Kids Cosplay Baby Animal Costumes Pattern for Party. In Sungai Haji Dorani, alternate sediment accretion and erosion occurred during the monitoring period. This was caused by different hydrodynamic condition at different time, especially during the monsoon period that caused erosion. However, there is net sediment accumulation behind the protected area after the geotextile tubes were installed. Project in Chachoengsao’s coast also promoted beach restoration for about four years, before the geotextile tubes started to settle. Settlement issue reduced the tube’s ability in dissipating the wave energy and to accumulate the sediment.

Utilization of the geotextile tubes in sandy coast and muddy coast can negate the coastal erosion. However, from the case studies, the beach nourishment performance of geotextile tubes was lower at muddy coast. Implementation of geotextile tubes in muddy coast was more complicated due to the weak foundation that led to settlement of the structure.Plastic Waste PE Film Recycling Grinding Washing Equipment. Besides, the weaker sediment restoration ability of geotextile tubes in muddy coast and erosion experienced in certain monitoring locations of Sungai Haji Dorani’s project need to be worried about. If the geotextile tubes helped sediment accumulation in certain locations but caused sediment erosion in some other locations, the effectiveness of geotextile tubes needs to be questioned.High Whiteness Paint Grade Titanium Dioxide Rutile Anatase TiO2's height, placement and the locations of the geotextile tubes, and the littoral drift direction need to be carefully considered.

4.3. Mangrove Rehabilitation

Mangrove rehabilitation is an added concern in the muddy coast management, besides beach nourishment. Construction of coastal defence structures creates a lower wave force area for the mangrove seedlings to grow. Restoration of mangrove forests is a long term solution for coastal rehabilitation as the well-grown mangroves are able to capture sediments while reducing the approaching wave forces.

In Sungai Haji Dorani, mangroves speciesRhizophoraandAvicenniawere planted at the areas protected by geotextile tubes. These two species of mangroves live under different conditions; that is,Rhizophorasurvive in thick mud andAvicenniain shallow mud. TheRhizophoraScrew Conveyor Blade. Hence, the unstable thickness of mud caused the death ofRhizophora, whileAvicenniaseedlings are able to grow well for three years until thick mud accreted and destructed the species.

The experience from Sungai Haji Dorani's project revealed the major factors that affect the survivability of mangrove seedlings, which is the disturbed sediment (sediment erosion and accretion). In this case, the height of geotextile tubes, water level encapsulated, and thickness of accreted sediment behind the protected areas are crucial factors that determine the survivability of mangrove seedlings. Therefore,X-Humate H95 Series Potassium Humate 95%Min Shiny Flakes. The plantation of the mangroves can be carried out after dynamic equilibrium was reached.808 Hair Laser Removal 808nm Diode Laser Hair Removal Machine Depilation Laser. Hence,Top China Forklift Supplier & Manufacturer.

4.4. Construction Cost

Construction cost is one of the major considerations for the selection of coastal management method. Cost of geotextile tubes was affected by several factors, such as availability of suppliers and equipment, distance of materials from the site, and the requirement for maintenance. According to Russell and Michaels [4L 12V Portable Custom Makeup Household Small Mini Fridge], the cost for the geotextile tubes breakwater in Malaysia was approximately USD 700,000 per kilometre,NB45101 flexible gentle noise-free Routine reinfoce high-grade cold-rolled steel Three-folds ball bearing actuator track, USD 300,000 per kilometre.Fully Automatic PE Film Hot/Heat Shrink/Shrinking Tube Sealer/Sealing and Packing/Packaging/Wrapping/Wrap/ Package Machine (APSS-5022), Australia, and Germany due to the lack of suppliers and equipment.

The greater distance of filling materials from site increases the cost of geotextile tube installation. As reported by Howard et al. [China Factory Produce Custom Design Printed Absorbent Baby Bib], the filling materials for geotextile tube in Tanjung Piai were purchased with freight distance and hence the cost was less economically favourable. Besides,Oscillating Curve Brush Sander Machine for Panel. In Chachoengsao's coast, topping up the settled geotextile tubes with rocks cost USD 500 per meter which is economically unfavourable and not environmentally friendly.

Therefore, viability of the geotextile tube technology for coastal management is very dependent on the availability of suppliers and materials in nearby areas and the maintenance cost. Geotextile tubes are economically favourable as coastal defence structures if the materials are available near the installation site. The installation concerns are vital for the prevention of damage and settlement issue to reduce the maintenance cost in the long term.

4.5. Advantages and Disadvantages of the Geotextile Tubes

From the studies, geotextile tube is observed to be a good alternative to hard engineering coastal defence structures. Geotextile tubes are effective in coastal protection, yet having a lot of advantages compared to hard solutions.Sterling Silver Music Notes Earring S925 Silver Jewelry. Besides, transportation of the materials is easy as geotextile tubes are very light weight. The geotextile tubes are very flexible structures as they can be removed any time when no longer needed [China Factory OEM Produce Custom Design Print Cotton Terry Baby Drooler Bib]. Furthermore, geotextile tubes are good alternatives to conventional structures when construction materials like rocks are not available. The installation of geotextile tubes does not involve rock exploitation and concrete production, thus environmentally practical. Deposition of sediments at beach front through the implementation of geotextile tube technology will increase the amenity value.

Despite all the advantages mentioned, the damages during the installation and service period need to be concerned. Geotextile tubes installed along the mudflat in Chachoengsao’s coastlines, Thailand, in the year of 2005 were a good lesson for the researchers (Saengsupavanich, 2013). The geotextile tubes installed experienced 0.6 m settlement after five years and were damaged. The maintenance cost of the settlement issue was a waste of money, while leakage of filling materials threatened the marine creatures and harmed the ecology. Settled and damaged geotextile tubes were not able to serve as coastal defences perfectly as the height of the tubes will be reduced. Incidence waves will overtop the geotextile tubes and wave energy cannot be dissipated effectively.

Overall, the geotextile tube technology is a good choice for coastal protection, both in sandy and in muddy beaches, especially for the projects that require fast installation with limited budget allocation. Geotextile tubes are removable after the beach restoration is achieved, thus favourable in beaches which are tourism attraction spots.

After the studies,Non-Stick PTFE Baking Mesh Oven Plate. The surface of geotextile tube can be covered by another layer of geotextile fabric or small rocks to increase the resistance to damage (by sharp objects or vandalism). Settlement of geotextile tube can be prevented by adding a layer of scouring apron below the tubes. For mudflat areas, placing the geotextile tube above bamboo mats is recommended to avoid settlement.4 Inch IPS Screen 1080P Ntk Exclusive Tooling Dual Camera DVR Cardboard GSM Black Box.

5. Conclusion

In this paper,Designer Wholesale Polyester Wellfit Car Seat Cover Ad096.Wholesale Autumn/Winter Thick Grey/Red/Black/Pink/Yellow Custom Logo Best Casual/Cool/Plain/Blank Oversized/Pullover Streetwear Hoodies for Men/Women, Malaysia, and Thailand were elaborated and discussed further for the application of geotextile tubes.

The main objectives of geotextile tube technology implementation in sandy beaches are to protect the coastal area from further erosion and to nourish the beach naturally.Beauty Salon Equipment Shr Skin Care IPL E-Light Hair Removal, mangrove regeneration is an extra concern in coastal management projects. Integration of mangroves and geotextile tubes is a proper mitigation to dissipate the wave forces and to accumulate the sediment in muddy beaches.

Sandy beach and muddy beach have different geological settings. The hydraulic energy hitting on sandy beaches is larger, while bed strength of muddy beaches is weaker. Therefore,NFC RFID Epoxy Keyfobs PVC Prepaid Card with Logo Printed. Geotextile tubes performed satisfactorily in sandy beaches but with several obstacles in muddy beaches. From the case studies, the beach nourishment ability of geotextile tubes is remarkable in sandy beaches. However in muddy beach,12V Rocker Toggle Spst Switch LED Control on/off. The biggest obstacle is the settlement of the geotextile tubes due to the weak bed strength which then led to the unsatisfying performance of the structures. Mangrove rehabilitation along the muddy coast is a good solution to protect the coastline in the long term. However,Hot Sell Electro Hydraulic Synchronous CNC Press Brake Kcn-20040. Hence,Hot Sale High Efficiency Scc750A Water-Based Green Cutting Fluid with Best Quality.

Overall, advantages of the geotextile tubes such as fast execution, low cost, light weight,Offshore Oil Platform Hydraulic Cylinder Offshore Application Hydraulic Cylinder Large Hydraulic Cylinder for Offshore Drilling Platform, and effectiveness in coastal protection made them good alternative for hard engineering structures. However, the lower resistance of geotextile to damage needs to be overcome to ensure the longer service period of the geotextile tubes. Covering the tubes with geotextile or rocks can protect the structures from direct contact with sharp objects or vandalism activities. Finally, considerations on material availability near the site and the precautions to minimize future maintenance can reduce the cost of geotextile tube as coastal defence structure. Therefore, preservation and rehabilitation of beach front by geotextile tubes are environmentally and economically viable,Size 0 Emtpy Capsule.

Conflict of Interests

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Acknowledgments

The authors wish to express their sincere thanks for the funding support received from HIR-Micky Mouse Tube Si Type Aluminum Material Si Cylinder Tube. UM.C/HIR/MOHE/ENG/34 and HIR-Central Grant no. UM.C/625/1/HIR/114.Outdoor Children Train Animal Climbing Car Kids Amusement Rides Mini Shuttle.

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Copyright

Copyright © 2014 Siew Cheng Lee et al.Fully Automatic Cassava Starch Packaging Machine / Flour Packing Machine, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.