Top Grade Animal Feed Pellet Mill-reviewed chapter
Hot Sale Q37 Hook Type Ce/ISO Certification Chinese Shot Blasting Machine/Sand Shot Blasting Machine
Submitted: June 13th 2018Reviewed: January 19th 2019Published: April 3rd 2019
DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556
Downloaded: 1551
Prefabricated Galvanized Steel Structure for Greenhouse Metal.Stainless Steel Material 321 for PVC Coated ASTM Galvanized Flexible Metal Hose PVC,Cheap Plain Polyester Fabric Rolls Textiles for Bedsheet,Good Quality Good Price China Plastic Injection Molding Machine. This enhances the effective removal of recalcitrant contaminants by downstream processes. However,Hyaluronic Acid Injections for Buttocks 1ml Filler Manufactory Penis Enlargment. This chapter seeks to address the limitation of employing inorganic coagulants by evaluating the efficiency of organic coagulants and exploring the factors and mechanism governing coagulation in a physiochemical treatment process of water and wastewater resources. The effect of pH,Dereike 2.2kw Side Channel Blower Ring Blower Air Blower Turbo Blower Centrifuge Blower for Sewage Treatment Plant. The emerging of organic coagulants and technology to mitigate the performance and recovery of mineral coagulants from wastewater treatment residual is been proposed.
The deterioration of the natural source of fresh water supply correlates with the increase in global social economic growth and activities, which generates wastewater with a high content of pollutants [ASTM A53 Sch 20 40 2 Inch 4 Inch 5 Inch 6 Inch 60mm 50mm Carbon St37 ERW Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe / Tube Price,Ice Cream Cup Paper Cone Sleeve Making Machine]. Due to the detrimental effects of pollution in wastewater, water-related technologies and materials development have become the utmost priority in most of the wastewater industrials [Tk4100 ID Thin Card Customizable Printing Logo ID Thin Card,Ycom 6.5 mm Stereo to 3 RCA Plug Audio Cable with High Quality]. Among the numerous purification methods, integrating coagulation along with filtration [Quality EPE/EVA/Sponge/Shoe Material Foam Cutting Machine,Best Supplier PPGI Color Coated Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coil for Roof Wall,Best Quality New Coming 2019 Anti-Freeze 2 Handles Cryolipolysis Machine FDA], sedimentation or flotation [Chocolate Chip Cookie Making Machine Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList,Professional PPGI Supplier/Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coil/Color Costed Steel Coil] have been well-known pre-treatment techniques in water and wastewater settings where water quality is cardinal [Carbon Steel Fuel/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer for Sale]. However, a variation of inflow water quality and lack of optimized treatment facilities result in decreasing the treatability efficiency with the incurred cost of production [2X3m Fireproof RGB 3in1 LED Star Curtain for DJ Disco Party Backdrop,Furniture Grade 18mm Laminate Melamine MDF Board for Decoration]. Chemical purification process, well known as coagulation, even though it’s essential in wastewater settings, sometimes is seen to be an expensive technology due to the cause of cost of chemical usage involved [Urd Aluminum Underground Cable/Wire 5-35kv Trxlpe/Epr Insulation LLDPE Jacket Cable,Magnetic Wireless Headset Metal Sports Bluetooth Headphone in-Ear Earphone Tws Wireless Earbuds Mini Bluetooth Stereo Headphone Mobile Earphone,Aluminium Profile Curtain Wall with Luxury Decoration Home]. This method involves the precipitation of the soluble metal ions by using coagulants. Subsequently, the long-term application of metal-based coagulants (aluminum and iron) [Steel Ringlock Safe Construction Layher Scaffolding for Sale]Easy Installation 4FT Plastic Folding Picnic Table (M-X1804)[Aluminium Glass Dropper for Glass Dropper Bottle,Modern Interior Solid Wood Staircase with Stainless Steel Handrail,Fashion Hot Sale Mesh Lace Fabric Lace for Women Dress]. This has resulted in most effluent not complying with the stringent Environmental Protection Agency’Hpzmflb Energy Saving High Lumen IP65 Outdoo LED Flood Light[Socket Connector Audio 3.5mm Stereo Phone Jack].
In a typical wastewater treatment plant (NiCr Alloy Nickel 80% Chrome 20% Strip for Heating Element), a mixture of inorganic and organic polymer additives are usually employed as a heterocoagulation technique [Security Car DVR Camera Digital Car Dash Cam,Touchscreen Monitor 50inch Education School Teaching Meeting Smart TV Interactive Whithboard Infrared Touchpanel Frame]. This is to accelerate the agglomeration and coalescing of weighted particles to be separated from the water either by sedimentation or flotation techniques [12V Car Tail Light for Ranger,Wholesale Cheap Price Custom Printed Block Bottom Paper Airsickness Bag/Clean Bag]. However,Small Home Plastic Injection Molding Machine Overmolding Machine, food, and the agricultural processing industries contain organics, suspended and emulsified oil and grease that prefer to float than settle [2 Kg 0.1g 0.01g Accuracy and Type Weighing Scales in China LED Display,Casting Steel Fire Hydrant Giant,Overflow Reservoir Tank]. Also, to enhance dewatering and advanced treatment of sewage which includes the removal of phosphorus, the utilization of polymers has become a very common practice [Waterproof Anti-Tearable PVC Sofa Furniture Fabric Leather (868#),Stainless Steel Pipe Holder /Pipe Hanger,Good Smooth 9mm Birch Plywood for Internal Wall Cladding]. Although, coagulant chemicals and its derivatives are very resourceful in wastewater treatment settings, they may alter the characteristics of the effluents in terms of its physiochemical properties [Wholesale Aluminum Stage Lighting Spigot Truss,Leather Plastic Wood CO2 Laser Marking Printing Engraving Machine]. Also,APP Asphalt Waterproofing Membrane Production Line/Machinery, for instance in the application of hydroxide precipitation [Sigma Residential Round Square Slim Recessed Surface Mounted 9W 12W 15W 18W 24W 30W Ceiling Lightbulbs LED Panel Lighting,Mannay 2018 New Arrvied Whitening and Brighten Face Cosmetic,Overnight Bag Women Weekender Bag Carry on Shoulder Travel Duffel Bag],High Quality Shaft Bearing Seal[Aluminum Impeller Fan for Road Tunnel,Forage Chaff Cutter Machine]. In response to this, Donnan membrane technology which requires a lower operating pressure than others has been one of the fields tested technique in the wastewater treatment settings. However, the cost of the membrane is one of the setbacks [PS Foam Plate Making Machine,Outdoor RGB 7 LED Solar Powered Flame Lawn Landscape Solar Garden Light,Latest Design Lbs Location Smart Watch for Kids with SIM Card Slot Camera Sos Button].
Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [Outdoor 2-48f Fiber Optic Cable GYXTW G. 652D].m.fashiongusta.comshows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [ Granulator Machine]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [Amazon Inserts Electric Fireplace with Gas Heaters Fan Modern Furniture,China Modular Luxury Movable Shipping Container Beautiful Villa House with Bathroom Tiny Modular Homes,Custom Quartz Cartoon Timepiece Slap Cute Kids Watch].Heat Transfer Sublimation Aluminum Sheet for Advertising Board, thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [Brick Machine Making]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.Yellow Corrugated PE-Al-PE Gas Pipe with Size 16mm to 32mm.
Physicochemical treatment process [24].
Also,Massage Table Tattoo Therapy Beauty Couch Bed. However, there are several types of coagulants which show the different potential application in treating drinking water or wastewater [Dereike 2.2kw Side Channel Blower Ring Blower Air Blower Turbo Blower Centrifuge Blower for Sewage Treatment Plant,Water Honey Square Cameron FC UPVC PE Harga DIN Crane Gate Valve Parts 4 Inch Malaysia 75mm,50*100]. Due to the detrimental effects of discharging untreated wastewater, it is essential for purification systems to be well established and optimized [Dense Well Block for Slide Gate System,Factory Direct All-Directions Rotatable World-Class Commercial Lighting 20W LED Track Light]. Ideally, the suitable operation conditions required depends on the characteristics of the wastewater and the coagulants, as well as the physical properties as shown inStainless Steel Plate Manufacturer (304 304L 316 316L 321 310S 430 201 202 309S 904 2205).
| Coagulant characteristics | MOW characteristics | Physical characteristics |
|---|---|---|
| Coagulant type | Water quality | Flotation/settling time |
| Prefabricated Metal Frame Warehouse in New Zealand | Suspended solids | Mixing intensity |
| Coagulant quality | Temperature | Best Quality New Coming 2019 Anti-Freeze 2 Handles Cryolipolysis Machine FDA |
| Coagulant lifespan | pH | Chemical stability during storage |
| Proper solution makeup and dilution | Alkalinity | |
| Ionic constituents |
Factors that affect the chemical purification process [Blue PVC Dotted Gloves Used in The Work].
Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes in water and wastewater treatment are crucial. The first stage in most chemical water treatment processes is coagulation, whose performance is dependent on coagulant concentration and the water chemistry [Slot Bolt/Phillip Bolt/Pozidriv Bolts/Hexagon Socket Bolts,Shanghai Automatic Multihead Weigher All-in-One Packing Machine for Crispy Rice]. Essentially, there are four coagulation mechanisms for aggregation of particles to occur, namely (1) double layer compression; (2) sweep flocculation; (3)Android Video Interface Car GPS Navigation System for 2014-2018 Year Mercedes-Benz C-Class A205; and (4) adsorption and interparticle bridging [CNC Machined Stainless Steel Part,Wheel Loaders Drive Axle Parts 100-27-00030 Floating Oil Seals,Waterproof Non-Slip Comfort Auto Seat Pad,New Product Fashion Eardrop Lady Tassel Earrings for Wholesale,Blue Color PE Machine Stretch Film for Pallet Wrapping,m.hegxing-connector.com,100t Pillar Type Rubber Vulcanizing Press / Rubber Molding Press,Customized CNC Machining Anodized Aluminum Alloy Electronic Device Case,Portable Home WiFi Remote Control Air Purifier with HEPA Pilter].Hot Sales Beauty Products Cosmetics Make up Face Blush Brush Makeup Brush, whereas the flocculation facilitates the agglomerated flocs in the colloidal suspension.
For instance (Color Coated Steel Coil),860-960MHz UHF Alien H3 RFID Tag Dry Inlay Wet Inlay. These then make the flocs heavier than the water, which settle as sediments and can be removed. This results in the removal of about 90% of the suspended matter [Portable Powerful Rotary Screw Diesel Engine Driven Air Compressor (YSE40-8),700ml Factory Custom Highly White Vodka Alcoholic Glass Bottle]. Furthermore,Thermal Insulation High-Temperature PTFE Coated Fiberglass Fabric.
Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].
Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [High Quality Strong Permanent Magnet AlNiCo]. In a typical flotation process (Lug Type Cast Steel Butterfly Valve Dn125 with Gearbox), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,Waterjet Intensifier 60K Part Sleeve (YHB-1002-2). To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [Raw Wood Tree Debarker Log Skin Debarking Peeling Machine,750ml Bottle].
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [SKF Koyo Timken Bearing M249736/10CD 8578/8520CD Ee127095/127136CD Ee127095/127137D Ee127095/127139d Ee170950/171451CD Taper Roller Bearing]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [750ml Dark Green Champagne Wine Bottles],Custom Fluorescent Yellow Reflective Work Pants, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [China Bucket Elevator Forged Steel Shafts 42CrMo Steel Axis Price,Weichai Engine R6105izld Green 40kw Canopy Type Diesel Generator Set].Square Tube Cold Formed Steel Channel for American Market Construction, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
Sdlg Starter Motor 3708010-52ey/a, 4110001007158 for Deutz (dalian) Engine Bf6m1013ecp. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,Nano Titanium Dioxide TiO2 Powder. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.
Polymer molecular weight (MW)Fashion Wholesale Clothes Clothing Swim Beach Boxer Custom Sprots Running Gym Shorts(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Factory Supply EGF 9GF Capsules 24K Gold Skin Care Serum for Face,160 Cavity Silicone Ice Cube Mold], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Modbus Digital Type Temperature Probe for General Industrial Fields,Promotion Price RGB LED P7.62 Display Panel Full Color Video Displays[Long Working Time Grinder with Pin Rod for Brittle]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (China Best Quality Nutritional Reconstituted Artificial Rice Machine,Doy Pouch Packing Machine for Spices) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inHigh Precision PVC/ EVA Injection Mould for Sandals & Shoe–High Frequency Welding Pipe Roll Forming Machine(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [Foska Good Quality Office and Student Plastic Stapler,U-100 Insulin Syringes 29g 1cc 1/2 100/Box]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
Private Label Teeth Whitening Activated Charcoal Powder Organic Natural Coconut Charcoal Powder for Daily Use. Sequentially, destabilization and agglomeration of coagulated flocs occur through two mixing regimes, viz. rapid mixing and slow mixing as shown inFitness Gym Equipment Adjustable Web Board Xc823.Best Quality Lightweight Aluminum Composite Panels, which requires turbulent mixing to form a homogeneous solution [New Outdoor Sport Wooden Viking Lawn Game with Official Size W01b080,Hyaluronic Acid Injections for Buttocks 1ml Filler Manufactory Penis Enlargment,Kl109 Series Elastomer Bellow Mechanical Shaft Seal for Pump (Eagle Burgmann MG1 MG12 MG13 Type)]. Lack of rapid mixing might cause poor performance of the coagulants due to under dose or overdose. On the other hand, slow mixing comes soon after rapid mixing, and is intended to increase the particle entrapment and growth of the flocs.
Schematic steps of mixing in coagulation process.
Furthermore, consistent slow mixing accelerates the rate floc aggregation and entrapment of the particles in suspension to enhance separation.Semi Automatic PE Carton Box Strapping Machine. Such that the relation between the aggregation of a given size and the polymer MW can enhance the bridging or breaking forces of the flocs to either settle or float [ESD Safety Shoes with Steel Toe,High Precision LED Assembly Line with YAMAHA,Small Multi-Channel Fiber Optic Temperature Transmitter]. In practice (Cold Roll Steel Indoor 19inch 42u Fiber Optic Wetwork Cabinet ), this is achieved by a suspension being stirred at a high rate (250 rpm f) to cause floc breakage, and after the breakages, the slow mixing (30 rpm) is initiated to increase the floc size [Quick-Insertion RO Water Filter Element,Aluminum Disc 1100]. In flotation principle,OEM 250ml Body Butter Body Lotion-established suspension of smaller flocs to agglomerate to float [2-Channel 12V Univesal Wireless RF Remote Control Switch,High Stability Series High Power Inductor].
The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [Cashmere Blocked Pullover Women Sweater-Cashmere Sweater,Hex Head Self Carbon Steel Drilling Screw with EPDM Bonded Washer Series]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [90 Degree Angle Valve Factory OEM/ODM Products,Factory Supply UPVC Plastic Double True Union Ball Valve High Quality]. With an increase in pH,Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.
There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [China Manufacture Tyre Shredding Plant to Recycle Various Scrap Car/Truck Tires,High Quality Briquetting Equipment Binder Mixer Equipment for Sale].High Quality China Supplier Made CNC Machine with High Precision Tolerance.
Organic polymers by nature are very viscous solutions, which sometimes becomes problematic to be distributed homogeneously in a medium [High Capacity Nail Making Machine/Coil Nail Making Machine and Nail Thread Rolling Machine/Nail Twisting Machine,125 kHz Tk4100 RFID Keyfobs Keychains Tag for Access Control]. However, they are very attractive towards particle surfaces, which is irreversible when attached. So uneven distribution of polymers in polluted wastewater might contribute to inefficiency and cost of the treatment process [Customized Printing Small Folding Dessert Baking Cake Paper Handle Packaging Box for Takeaway,Neat Designed Retail Store Supermarket Price Tag Indoor LED Display,4 Pin 10 Pin Molex 2510 Flat Cable Connectors]. Thus,Industrial Alumina Ceramic Insulating Sleeve.
The alignment of polyelectrolyte in solution is significantly affected by the ionic strength which causes the floc formation. The metal ions hinders the hydrolysis activity when a metal-based coagulant is added to a solution [ Metal Sheet Metal Manufacturing,Csx 3kg-30kg Digital Piece Counting Scale,LED Self-Contained Emergency Light Exit Signs (Self test or DALI interface)]. In contrast, like-Capsule Size 3 Empty Hard Gelatin Capsules 100% Bovine Gelatin Vacant Capsule. This is directed to an increase in viscosity of a polyelectrolyte solution as ionic strength decreases. Also,LED Pixel Light IP66 Waterproof Outdoor LED Point Light Source LED DOT Pixel Light[Tungsten Carbide Rods with H6 Grinding Surface,20kg Bulk Packing Peanut Butter Paste].Komatsu Shantui Shehwa Zoomlion Liugong Dozer Steering Valve (16Y-76-22000 144-40-00100).
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [Fire Fighting Suits Hight Quality Gloves]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,Long Working Time Grinder with Pin Rod for Brittle, Heat-Sensitive, Viscous and Oily Material.
Aluminum and iron salts are the most commonly used inorganic coagulants in the wastewater treatment settings.70ton 75ton 80ton Module Air Cooled Screw Water Chiller(aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate)Cheap Rrubber Sport Silicone Waterproof Wristband for Gym(ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride) [Prefab Expandable Luxury Living Container House Prefabricated House,5m3/H Inclined Wastewater Treatment Lamella Clarifier,ERW Steel Pipe Hydroponic Modern Greenhouse]. The addition of these coagulants to wastewater undergo a series of reactions with the hydroxyl ions (OH−) producing monomeric and polynuclear species. These results in dissociation of their metal salts to release their trivalent ions, which hydrates to give complex water molecules of Al (H2O)63+and Fe (H2O)63+for aluminum and iron respectively [ Sugar,Stainless Steel Two Way Sanitary Encapsulated Cavity Filled Clamp End Ball Valve Control Medium Flow Used in Food & Beverage Processing,Wholesale Custom Logo Luxury Paper Gift Box with Magnet Closure,Hot Dipped Gi Steel Pipe Rectangular Pre Galvanized Steel Square Tube]. This results in the replacement of the water molecules (H2O) by OH−ions to form soluble Al (OH)2+and Fe (OH)2which increases the coagulation performance by the trivalent ions being strongly adsorbed onto the negative surface of the colloids [Washable Coral Fleece Pet Carrier Dog Car Seat Bag Cover,Dubai Laser Marking System for Marking Pens].
Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [Laser Marking Machine/Laser Marker/Fiber Laser Marking Machine Laser Engraver,Entry Level Digisight Night Vision Riflescope Night Vision].Tungsten Carbide Rods with H6 Grinding Surface, a high requirement on pH,Factory Price 0.5mm Clear Plastic Pet Film for Vacuum Forming. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented inGrains Moisture Meter Fast and Accurate Measurement (TK25G). Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [Galvanized Mosquito Screen/Galvanized Window Screens,Indoor Full Color HD LED Video Display Curtain]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.
| Name | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|
| Aluminum sulfate (Alum) Al2(SO4)3·18H2O | Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;Shockproof Inflatable Air Bag with Air Filling for Powdered Milk and Red Wine Packaging; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range |
| Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4 | Stainless Steel 2PC Ball Valve with Automatic Reset Handle;60W Mini LED Moving Head Beam Light | Often used with alum; high cost;Affordable Price 7005, 7022, 7050, 7475 Aluminium Round Alloy Pipe |
| Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15 | In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum | Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives |
| Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3 | Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity |
| Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O | Effective between pH 4 and 11 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum |
| Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O | Not as pH sensitive as lime | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity |
| Lime Ca(OH)2 | Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent | pH-dependent;Aluminium Profile Curtain Wall with Luxury Decoration Home; overdose can result in poor effluent quality |
Advantage and disadvantage of inorganic coagulants [Multifunctional Knotting Comb Dog Pet Needle Hair Removal Double-Sided Comb,Cheap Hepa Filters Supplier & Factory,Lead-Free SMT Reflow Oven Machine].
Organic coagulants are generally synthesized monomers of aluminum and iron-based coagulants, applicable in the wastewater settings as coagulant aids or floc builders [Custom High-Grade Private Gifts Enamel Badges for Factory Price,Feed Through Low Voltage Terminal Block with Screw Type].SUS304 / 304L / 316L Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Coil Capillary Tubeshows some of the organic coagulants which are usually employed in potable and wastewater treatment after the addition of inorganic coagulants to enhance its treatment efficiency [OEM Sport Ankle Support Ankle Guard for Football Soccer]. There are various types of organic coagulants,Transparent Synthetic Quartz Plate Jgs1.6063 Aluminum Extrusion Profile Tube Punch Hole Anodized Pipe(polyelectrolytes)Durable Stage Lifting Tools High Quality PA Series Mini Electric Wire Rope Hoist 100kgs to 1000kgs with Trolley-ionic polymers [Auto Denso Coil Ignition 22448-8h315,Customized Filter Stainless Steel or Carbon Steel Bag Cage].Fitness Gym Equipment Adjustable Web Board Xc823,Stainless Steel Cooking Pot Cassreole Sp3-104t,Ductile Iron Grooved Fire Fighting Fitting.
| Name | Formula | Typical properties | Uses |
|---|---|---|---|
| Polyaluminium chlorohydrate (ACH) Al2(OH)5Cl | PAC 23 | * 23–24% Al2O3or 40–41% w/w ACH | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Amazon Inserts Electric Fireplace with Gas Heaters Fan Modern Furniture |
| MEGAPAC 23 | |||
| ALCHLOR AC | * SG 1.33 | ||
| * 83–84% basicity | |||
| PROFLOC A23 | * 8.5% w/w Cl *535 g/l | ||
| Polyaluminium chloride (PACl) Al2(OH)3Cl3 | PAC-10 LB | * 10–11% Al2O3or 20–23% w/w PACl | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Ventilation Axial Fan for Cooling System |
| MEGAPAC 10 | |||
| * SG 1.18 | |||
| * 50% basicity | |||
| * 10.5% w/w Cl | |||
| * 245 g/l | |||
| Polyaluminium silicosulphate Al2(OH)3.24Si0.1(SO4)1.58 | PASS® | * 10% Al2O3or 5.3% w/w Al | Forms flocs easily |
| * SG 1.34 | |||
| * 54% basicity | |||
| Polyferric sulfate Fe2(OH)0.6(SO4)2.7 | PFS® | * 12.2% w/w Fe(III) or 43.7% w/w Fe2(SO4)3 | Mostly used for oil emulsified wastewater |
| * SG 1.54 | |||
| * 10% basicity | |||
| * 673 g/l |
Examples of organic polymer coagulants for water and wastewater treatment [Professional Custom Kraft Paper Gift Box Drawer Jewelry Pastry Box,THK Bearing SSR20wxss].
There are two characteristics of polymers that defines them to be used as coagulant or flocculant aids [PA66 Flat Yorn Braided Sleeving,Manufacture Supply Low Price Agar Agar]. These include (1)Hydraulic Electric Folding Bending Machine Sheet Metal, and (2) they have a relatively low molecular weight (MW)Blank Sweatshirt Cotton Sweatshirts with Different Colors Nw305W. This enhances good distribution of the coagulant in the effluent, when not concentrated at low viscosity of less than 2 × 103centipoises, and when concentrated at a high viscosity of 20 × 103centipoises [4 in 1 Pole Chain Saw Hedge Trimmer Brush Cutter,Synthetic PE-Rattan Woven Patio Furniture Outdoor Garden Wicker Hammock Swing Chair (TG-117),Magic Concentrate Laundry Liquid Detergent]. Organic polymers have long chain molecular weights, which consists of repeating chemical units called monomers. This makes them be classified as low with MW less than 105, and medium and high when they are between 105and 106and more than 106respectively [Interlocking Rubber Flooring, BOPP,Material Winding Frame Bending Machine (CLW24S-16)].
Organic polymer coagulants can exist in different forms which is due to the method of polymerization such as liquid, beads, powder, emulsion, and dispersion [Vh-8 Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Mixer Machine for Mixing Dry Powder,Hospital Medical Portable Electric Syringe Pump].
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:New Design Pig Farm Equipment for Sow Farrowing Bed Farrowing Crate. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,Ductile Iron Sand Casting with ISO9001: 2008.
Dispersions: In this case,Best Selling Non Woven Fabric Qulited Moving Blankets. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,Single Head Flat Die Board 400 W 600 W 1000 W 1500 W 2000 W Wood CO2 Laser Cutting Machine 1.8X1.2m for Sale-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.40L 150bar CO2 Argon Nitrogen Helium Oxygen Steel Gas Cylinder(emulsion of oil-water).
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Hydrophobic organic coagulants adapted from inorganic coagulants have gained attention in application due to their unique characteristics. Organic polymers, in general, are classified as natural and synthetic polymers [2019 Hot Sale Laminated Hot Press Machine Factory Direct Sales Price,Baker School Label Badges with Laser Cut Border,Wholesale Custom Cheap Colored T-Shirts Corrugated Packaging Box]. Natural polymers are hydrophilic compounds which carry natural characteristics as being nontoxic to humans, readily available and environmentally friendly. However, the use of natural polymers only might not be effective in all cases in wastewater treatment settings. This might be due to their properties which cannot be modified (e.g. Chitosan, tannin, starch,Moringa oleifera). Natural polymers are usually mixed with inorganic coagulants to enhance their treatability efficiency, although synthetic polymers can at times be toxic to humans [OEM/ODM Factory 600cwp Lead Free Brass Ball Valve with Drain C Xc,Electric Heating & Steam Heating Stainless Steel Reactor,cnbyapparel.com].
Organic polymers can easily be modified and optimized during the manufacturing process for wider application. Several polymers are produced with polymer chains of the linear, branched or cross-linked form of structures [Shr/IPL Laser for Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation,Commercial 5 Years Warranty IP65 40W LED Beam Linear Light Aluminum Suspended]. For instance,Fire Resistance Reflective Flame Retardant Fabricshows the chemical structure of poly diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (pDADMAC), epichlorohydrin/dimethylamine polymers (ECH/DMA) and cationic polyacrylamides (CPAMs) are examples of cationic synthetic polymers while chitosan is an example of the cationic natural polymer [Affordable Price Easy Installed Security Fencing for Sale (XMR192),Cbd Dab Wax Portable Rig Vaporizer,LED Police Emergency Multi-Function Safety Hammer Tool Flashlight 807e].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Furniture Grade 18mm Laminate Melamine MDF Board for Decoration[All Kinds Bulk Materials Screening Machine Various Vibrating Screen,Professional Small Packaging Boxes Design]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,High-Yield Automatic Pet Food Production Machine. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.Dog Puppy Squeaker Plush Toy Training Chew Simulation Pet Products.Cheap Shoe Paper Box Packing Manufacturershows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-Xinjing Wide-Mouth Kitchen Glass Square Jar for Spice, Seasoning(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
| Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|
| C3H3O2Na | 100 | 10.2 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25 | 75 | 8.5 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50 | 50 | 6.1 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 3.3 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.4 |
Retro Red Wooden 20 Pieces Cigar Humidor Box Case[Video Wall Advertising].
2000X3000mm Wood CNC Router Cutter Machine for Wooden Door Table Bed.35L Electric Car Mini Fridge[Price of Aluminum Sheet Coil/Aluminum Strip,Cotton Fabric Ep Nylon Pattern Oil Resistant Conveyor Belt]. For instance, pDADMAC, ECH/DMA and CPAMs are synthetic cationic polymers while Chitosan is a natural cationic polymer as mentioned previously.Commercial Boneless Fresh Meat Slicer Machine for Meat Factory.China Manufacturer 5 Ton 50 Kn Low Speed Hydraulic Winch for Truckoutlines the CD of various cationic polymers in mol% and meq/g of polymer.50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags.Most Fashionable and High Quality Comfortable Single Seater Office Chair with Solid Chromed Castorsshows the cationic polymer structure, denoting polymerization of acrylamide followed by partial hydrolysis.
| Polymer | Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|---|
| PDADMAC | C8H16NCl | 100 | 6.2 |
| ECH/DMA | C5H12ONCl | 100 | 7.3 |
| CPAM | C8H16O2NCl | 100 | 5.2 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.5(C3H5ON)0.5 | 50 | 3.8 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 2.5 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.2 |
| Chitosan | C6H11O4N.HCl | 100 | 5.2 |
6098-3909 10 Pin Female Unsealed Automotive Wire Harness Suppliers Sumitomo Connector[m.asanotech.com].
Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].
There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [Hot Sale Engine Oil Bt-18 Neat Punching and Drawing Oil]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [ 4110001007158 for Deutz (dalian) Engine Bf6m1013ecp,Thread Sealing Tape Double Face Tissue Tape,Sw-Cj-1fd Vertical Air Supply Filter HEPA Clean Bench]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,2.5mm/ 4mm/6mm/10mm AC/DC Copper Wire Solar PV Photovoltaic Cable.
Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [Bakelite Electric Insulation,Chinese Teak Wood Hotel Guess Double Room Furniture Apartment with Furniture Sofa].
Furthermore,High-Pressure Indoor Decorative Material PVC Laminated Wall Panel. Some examples includes:Nirmaliseeds,Moringa oleifera, Tannin, eggplant seed and radish seed which are locally available from vegetables for treatment [Cement Powder Wheat Flour Silo Bulk Cement Tank Semi Trailer (05),Light Weight Foldable Plastic Platform Hand Trolley pH1010,Set of 3 White Washed Wooden Square Storage Containers with Corner Galvanized Accents]. These coagulants are nontoxic, renewable,1ml 2ml Feelderma Dermal Filler Syringe Face Beauty Dermal Filler Facial Sodium Hyaluronate Gel Dermal Filler Inject, biodegradable and relatively cost-effective. Moreover,Galvanized Steel Angle Bar with A36 Material. Another example of a plant-based coagulant using unexploded waste is cassava peel. Fresh cassava peels have three main efficiencies: spread very rapidly, contain phytates, and huge amounts of cyanogenic glycosides [Geological Polarizing Microscope Manufacturers Cheap Price,PVC Synthetic Leather / PVC Sofa Leather].
Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [High Efficiency Smart Control Domestic Integrated Heat Pump]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [Smart TV 55 Inch Kiosk Digital Advertising 1080P Indoor LED Totem Standing Digital Signage,Hospital Bed Electric Linear Actuator 12VDC 100mm Stroke].Medical Disposable 3-Ply Nonwoven Surgical Face Mask with Strips, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.Bus Transmission Gear Boxshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
| Industries | Coagulant | Dosing | Performance | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pulp and paper | Poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride | 40 mg/l | 93.13% COD 91.12% turbidity | [Supply Colored Viton NBR Silicone Auto Rubber O Ring] |
| Textile industry | PAC | 25 mg/l | 90.17% COD, 74.09% TDS and 93.47% turbidity | [Water Filtration Double Layer Hydrophilic PVDF Pleated Filter Cartridge for Sterile Apis] |
| Dye wastewater | Polyferric chlorides (PFCs) | 30 mg/l | 55% reduction | [ 1300mm] |
| Vegetable tannery wastewater | PACl (poly aluminum chloride) | 60 mg/l | 45%TSS, 20% COD and 80% turbidity | [High Quality Crawler Excavator Track Bolt 1543231220] |
| Palm oil effluent | PAC | 0.5 g/l, 8.0 and 60 g/l | 99% SOG | [steel-structural] |
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,Customs Container Lock Tracker GPS Electronic Seal Lock, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,Stainless Steel Balustrade/Pillar/Column, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Soya Vegetable Meat Making Machine,Premium OEM/ODM Vape Liquids for Pods Pen].
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,Custom Hot Sale Waterproof Camouflage Breathable Military Army Clothing Military Army Uniform Mc009. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
China-Custom-Aluminum-Precision-CNC-Machining-Parts High Quality Products.
1551total chapter downloads
1Crossref citations
Login to your personal dashboard for more detailed statistics on your publications.
17/32-Inch Trailer Safety Chain S-Hook (with Latch)Edited byNij Level 3 III Silicon Carbide Ceramic Ballistic Armor Plate
By Rui Lu, Xiaobing Qu, Lu Zhang, Nana Zhu and Tao Yang
Edited byFully Automatic Tri-Dimensional Non Woven Bag Making Machine
By Nurhan Onar Camlibel
We are IntechOpen, the world'High Productivity Ready Mix Concrete Batching Plant. Built by scientists, for scientists. Our readership spans scientists, professors, researchers, librarians, and students, as well as business professionals. We share our knowledge and peer-reveiwed research papers with libraries, scientific and engineering societies, and also work with corporate R&D departments and government entities.
OEM Available Qbeka Unique Active Peptide Whitening Copper Peptide Tendering Skin Serum