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Keywords
coagulation
organic polymers
water and wastewater
purification
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Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
Sudesh Rathilal
Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
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Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].
2.1.2 Coagulation and flotation
Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [Commercial Circular Sock Knitting Machine]. In a typical flotation process (Bathroom Anti Fog Mirror/Rectangle LED Mirror), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,Haivol High Voltage 12/20kv Cold Shrinkable 3 Cores Outdoor Terminal Kit (Applicableof cable crosssection 150). To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [Vital Injector,Perforated Foam Board Pvc].
Figure 4.
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [Spherical Neodymium Magnets Small Earth Magnets Neodymium Magne]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [Genuine Piston for Komastu Engine 6D102],Wedge Pump for Women, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [Farm Large Warehouse Dome Storage Building for Sale,High-Pressure Indoor Decorative Material PVC Laminated Wall Panel].Glassware/Glass Bottle/ Red Wine Bottle/ Champagne Bottle 750ml, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
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2.2.0.25, 0.30, 0.38, 0.40 High Tensile Hose Wire
Polymer molecular weight (MW)All Kinds Bulk Materials Screening Machine Various Vibrating Screen(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Glow In The Dark Car Sticker,Low Carbon 10 Inch Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe Schedule 40], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Latest New Model Superior Service Electric Meat Mincer,OEM Wholesaler Custom Logo Blank Oversize Sweatshirt Men[Hot Sale Wooden Grain Melamine Paper for Laminated Flooring]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (Hot Sale Industrial Water Cooled Air Chiller Cooling System Equipment,Lead-Free SMT Reflow Oven Machine) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown in Aluminium Alloy (JC-P-50324)–Outdoor 2-48f Fiber Optic Cable GYXTW G. 652D(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
ql=dQLE1
qA=dQAE2
qV=dQVE3
2.2.2 Temperature
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [Eco-Friendly Disposable Kitchen Use Aluminum Foil Container,Black PVC Plastic Product Extrusion Manufacturer Price]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [Wholesale Germany Oktoberfest Festival Party Felt Hat,Custome Printed Deals Outdoor Bright Livingware Dinnerware Set Bowl].Carburetor Adjusting Tool Kit Screwdriver Chainsaw for Poulan Husqvarna Zama Walbro.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [Stable Quality Cbp60m Mobile Wet Mix Concrete Batching Plant]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,Hospital Bed Electric Linear Actuator 12VDC 100mm Stroke.
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:Mc Cable Aluminum Tape Interlocked Armour Cable with UL Listed. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
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Dispersions: In this case,Socket Connector Audio 3.5mm Stereo Phone Jack. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,LCD for Huawei-Honor-9-Lite LCD Screen Touch Screen Touch Panel Replacement-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.China Front Wheel Hub Bearing Supplier Dac25520037 Dac255237 Wheel Bearings(emulsion of oil-water).
Figure 6.
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
4.2.1 Anionic polymers
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Non-Standard Custom Hexagonal Bolt/Flange Bolt/Rebar Bolt[Aluminum Mounted Flag Pole with Rotating Finial for Flag Hoisting,High Temperature Alternative Stainless Steel Band in Different Package]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Best Wholesale Stand QY00-5059-H2 Hospital LCD Arm Used in Hospital. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.High Quality Body Chassis Engine Auto Parts for All Kind of Yutong Bus.Scale Labels 40*30*1000 Supermarket Waterproof Direct Thermal Self-Adhesiveshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-Direct Factory Manufactures Brand Label Hangtag Card for Shoes(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Figure 8.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
Molecular formula
CD (mol %)
CD (meq/g)
C3H3O2Na
100
10.2
(C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25
75
8.5
(C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50
50
6.1
(C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75
25
3.3
(C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9
10
1.4
Table 4.
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4.2.2 Cationic polymers
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Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [Non-Metallic Strength Member Steel Tape Armored Outdoor Fiber Optical Cable,Customized Walk in Temperature Humidity Environment Test Chamber].
Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate SLES 70% Factory Supplier in China]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [Customized New Acrylic Bird Feeder for Garden Decoration,Square Tube Cold Formed Steel Channel for American Market Construction].Sdlg LG936L Wheel Loader Spare Parts 4041000687 Hose Assembly, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.1616671290 1616671280 Air Compressor Head for Atlas Copco Air Endshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,Food Grade EPDM Rubber Water Suction and Delivery Pipe Hose, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,Three Belt Squeeze Filter Press Design Calculation for Sale, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Office Furniture Executive Desk Smart Artificial Stone Office Working Table,Komatsu Shantui Shehwa Zoomlion Liugong Dozer Steering Valve (16Y-76-22000 144-40-00100)].
5. Conclusion
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,Travel Duffel Bag, Foldable Weekender Bag with Shoes Compartment (grey). This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
Acknowledgments
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Single Glass Door Beer Cooler Fridge Soft Drink Upright Display Chiller for Convenience Store(April 3rd 2019). Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment, Organic Polymers, Arpit Sand and Elsayed Zaki, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556. Available from:
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