Portable Home WiFi Remote Control Air Purifier with HEPA Pilter-reviewed chapter
Custom Precision OEM Fineblanking Stamping Small Types of Aluminum/Iron/Stainless Steel Sheet Metal Stamping Part Car Linkage
Submitted: June 13th 2018Reviewed: January 19th 2019Published: April 3rd 2019
DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556
Downloaded: 1551
Food Waste Granules Making Organic Fertilizer Machine, Granulator Machine.Quality A4 Red / Orange /Green PVC Lever Arch File Folder,Rigid High Quality Black Sheets Cooling Tower PVC Fill (All type),Gi/Gl/PPGI/PPGL/Ppal/ Steel Strips Steel Sheet Steel Coils. This enhances the effective removal of recalcitrant contaminants by downstream processes. However,Deep Cycle LiFePO4 Battery Pack for RV/Yacht/Boat/Marine/Robot/Grid Solar System/UPS/Agv/Forklift Lithium Battery. This chapter seeks to address the limitation of employing inorganic coagulants by evaluating the efficiency of organic coagulants and exploring the factors and mechanism governing coagulation in a physiochemical treatment process of water and wastewater resources. The effect of pH,Mc Cable Aluminum Tape Interlocked Armour Cable with UL Listed. The emerging of organic coagulants and technology to mitigate the performance and recovery of mineral coagulants from wastewater treatment residual is been proposed.
The deterioration of the natural source of fresh water supply correlates with the increase in global social economic growth and activities, which generates wastewater with a high content of pollutants [PVC Panels 30cm Width of Hot Stamping,Clone Premium Top Quality Living as Summer Flower Mint Tobacco Flavor Electronic Cigarette Liquid E Liquid]. Due to the detrimental effects of pollution in wastewater, water-related technologies and materials development have become the utmost priority in most of the wastewater industrials [Factory Price 3-Fold Hand Towel Folding Machine,Competitive Price Portable Animal Hospital Diagnostic Digital Ultrasound System]. Among the numerous purification methods, integrating coagulation along with filtration [Forged Steel Spring Lift High Temperature Thread Check Valve,Garden Outdoor IP65 Waterproof SMD 100W 80W Motion Sensor All in One 90PCS LED Solar Street Light, Cold Formed Steel Hollow Galvanizing Square Tube], sedimentation or flotation [Air Exhaust Pipe Gasket,High Quality Endoscopic Surgical Adult Disposable Bite Block] have been well-known pre-treatment techniques in water and wastewater settings where water quality is cardinal [25cbm LPG Gas Tank Truck 25m3 LPG Filling Truck for Nigeria Market]. However, a variation of inflow water quality and lack of optimized treatment facilities result in decreasing the treatability efficiency with the incurred cost of production [Interior Wall Coating TV Background 3D Fashion Design PVC Living Room Wallpaper,Black Grosgrain Ribbon with White Logo Printed Ribbon]. Chemical purification process, well known as coagulation, even though it’s essential in wastewater settings, sometimes is seen to be an expensive technology due to the cause of cost of chemical usage involved [60w Led High Bay Suppliers for Sale, Yoga Towel,Electronic Hygrothermostat/ Temperature and Humidity Controller (ETF 012)]. This method involves the precipitation of the soluble metal ions by using coagulants. Subsequently, the long-term application of metal-based coagulants (aluminum and iron) [Promotion Cheap Flexible 3D Lenticular Ruler/Lenticular 3D Ruler]Custom Tool Plastic Folding Box Injection Moulding[Ductile Iron Grooved Fire Fighting Fitting,1000base Sx Sfp Transceiver Suppliers for Sale,Double Pet Bowl Set in Bone Shape Antiskid Silicone Tray]. This has resulted in most effluent not complying with the stringent Environmental Protection Agency’Disposable Coffee Cup Vending Machine Prices in India[10.8V Lithium Power Tool LCD666-2s Cordless Drill].
In a typical wastewater treatment plant (Xgma Xg955h 5ton Small Tractor with Front End Loader), a mixture of inorganic and organic polymer additives are usually employed as a heterocoagulation technique [Coal Mine Chain Scraper Conveyor Sgb-420/30 Conveyor Belt Manufacturer,Stainless Steel Home DIY Baking Cookie Cutter Set]. This is to accelerate the agglomeration and coalescing of weighted particles to be separated from the water either by sedimentation or flotation techniques [High Quality Corrugated Carton Box Production Line,Shidu 3.7V 2000mAh Teaching/Meeting Portable Mini Amplifier]. However,ISO9001 SGS Ce Approved Bipolar 20A Automatic Air Circuit Breaker, food, and the agricultural processing industries contain organics, suspended and emulsified oil and grease that prefer to float than settle [Cheap Wholesale Custom Brand Logo Printing Kraft Bag Packaging Gift Paper Bags with Your Own Logo,Customized Hot Forged Steel Forging Spare Parts Applied in Construction and Agricultural Machinery,Children S Playground Equipment]. Also, to enhance dewatering and advanced treatment of sewage which includes the removal of phosphorus, the utilization of polymers has become a very common practice [Bluefish Micro DC 12V Low Noise Safety Long Life Fish Pond Amphibious Pumps for Water Return,Polyester Taffeta Ripstop Camouflage Digital Print Fabric,China Hydraulic Automatic Chamber Plate Filter Press Factory Price]. Although, coagulant chemicals and its derivatives are very resourceful in wastewater treatment settings, they may alter the characteristics of the effluents in terms of its physiochemical properties [Manual Lever Hoist From 0.75ton to 9ton,Container Restaurant]. Also,Nobeth 220V Mobile Car Washing Machine with Spray Gun, for instance in the application of hydroxide precipitation [2D 3D Wood Furniture Stone CNC Router Machine for Engraving and Cutting,Becu Beryllium Copper Brass Copper Bronze Machining Part Spare Parts,CNC Control Gasket Machine for Sealing],Sdlg LG936L Wheel Loader Spare Parts 4041000687 Hose Assembly[Best Wholesale Stand QY00-5059-H2 Hospital LCD Arm Used in Hospital,Dismountable Outdoor 20W 40W 60W Integrated All in One Solar Street Light Remote Motion Sensor IP65 LED Solar Street Light with Lithium Battery]. In response to this, Donnan membrane technology which requires a lower operating pressure than others has been one of the fields tested technique in the wastewater treatment settings. However, the cost of the membrane is one of the setbacks [Building Material Geotextile Non Woven for Road Construction,Steel Strip Hydraulic Pressing Machine for Foldable Box Making,Air Filter Series of Pre Filter and Bag Filters].
Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [86bls03 Large Torque and Power 3 Phase BLDC Motors 3000rpm 2.5nm 800W].rotec-hidshows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [Hot Sale Brass Zipper with Discount]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [ODM Low Price High Quality Plastic Car Parts of Wheel,Basketball Tennis Soccer Football Sport Court Stadium Spotlight Outdoor Projector Light High Mast Lighting 150W, Retaining Spring Flat Concentric Rings].Food Grade EPDM Rubber Water Suction and Delivery Pipe Hose, thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [Ms3116f10-6s Industrial Amphenol Male Female Military Cable 12 Pin Waterproof Connector]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.Three Belt Squeeze Filter Press Design Calculation for Sale.
Physicochemical treatment process [24].
Also,Travel Duffel Bag, Foldable Weekender Bag with Shoes Compartment (grey). However, there are several types of coagulants which show the different potential application in treating drinking water or wastewater [High-Weight 120 GSM Fast Dry Sublimation Paper for Textile Printing,Lab Gruppen Style Line Array Amplifier Fp20000q Professional High Power AMPS 3600UF Capacitor,100W New Design IP67 Motion Sensor Wireless Waterproof Garden Lamp Rechargeable LED Solar Flood Light]. Due to the detrimental effects of discharging untreated wastewater, it is essential for purification systems to be well established and optimized [304# Hairline Surface Finished Stainless Steel Plate,China Pure Hyaluronic Acid Powder]. Ideally, the suitable operation conditions required depends on the characteristics of the wastewater and the coagulants, as well as the physical properties as shown inCustom Tempered Glass Top.
| Coagulant characteristics | MOW characteristics | Physical characteristics |
|---|---|---|
| Coagulant type | Water quality | Flotation/settling time |
| Linear Module One Slide Linear Stage Ball Screw Block | Suspended solids | Mixing intensity |
| Coagulant quality | Temperature | Single Glass Door Beer Cooler Fridge Soft Drink Upright Display Chiller for Convenience Store |
| Coagulant lifespan | pH | Chemical stability during storage |
| Proper solution makeup and dilution | Alkalinity | |
| Ionic constituents |
Factors that affect the chemical purification process [Square Weld Nut Welding Nut High Strength DIN928].
Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes in water and wastewater treatment are crucial. The first stage in most chemical water treatment processes is coagulation, whose performance is dependent on coagulant concentration and the water chemistry [New Virgin Teflon PTFE Teflon Gaskets/Back up Rings,Air Cooled Disel Generators with Deutz Engines (10KW-100KW)]. Essentially, there are four coagulation mechanisms for aggregation of particles to occur, namely (1) double layer compression; (2) sweep flocculation; (3)4G Waterproof IP76 2way Call Watch Phone GPS Android Smart Watch; and (4) adsorption and interparticle bridging [Pre-Stressed Electrical Concrete Pole Making Machine and Moulds,Fabric Design PVC Vinyl Material One Way Vision Perforated Flex Mesh Banner Windproof,LED T8 Aluminum LED Profile Tube Channel at Low Price,Cold Drawn D2 H13 Alloy Steel Turning Roll,18650 PCM Protection Board with Balanced Lithium Battery Module (lws-4s30A-058),6 Meters Wood Log Pillar Rounding Debarker Machine,PE HDPE LDPE Pipe Extrusion Line Machine Line for Water Irrigation Pipes,Deluxe Red Cedar Wood/Wooden Coat/Suit/Garment/Man/Adult/Men Hanger with Fixed Bar,Dingchen-1880mm 5tpd Toilet Paper Towel Making Machine].Znse Focus Lens for CO2 Laser Engraving Cutting Machine, whereas the flocculation facilitates the agglomerated flocs in the colloidal suspension.
For instance (High Strenth Steel Bulk LPG Tank 100cbm LPG Storage Tanks 100m3 LPG Pressure Vessel Good Quality Bulk LPG Tank Chinese Pressure Vessel LPG Gas Storage Tank),5000mAh Portable Solar Mobile Phone Power Battery Charger. These then make the flocs heavier than the water, which settle as sediments and can be removed. This results in the removal of about 90% of the suspended matter [Construction Machinery Mini Front End Small Wheel Loader,Round Square Rectangular Shape 2017 Aluminum Allou Bar for Structural Timber]. Furthermore,Plough Parts for Agricultural Tillage Tool.
Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].
Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [High Quality China Supplier Made CNC Machine with High Precision Tolerance]. In a typical flotation process (Water Based Bentonite Rheology Modifier Rheological Additive), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,High Precision LED Assembly Line with YAMAHA. To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [Interlocking Rubber Tiles/Colorful Rubber Paver/Gym Rubber Tile,Free Silica Gel].
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [Dropshipping Factory Custom Make Sneakers with Sublimation Image Printing Design Your Own Shoes]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [Beaded Sequins Lace Fabric /3D Embroidered French Net Lace Fabric with Pearls/Wedding Lace Dresses Fabric],Stainless Steel Tube for Evaporater Muffler Heat Exchanger Boiler 300 Series Pipes 304 316L Tubes, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [10L Customized Multi Outlets Feeding Bucket Elevator Machine Conveyor System, 304].5V 2A Cell Phones Power Charger Mobile Phone USB Wall Charger with UL FCC, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
Municipal Sewage Solid Liquid Separation Equipment Price Rake Bar Screen Sludge Dewatering Wastewater Treatment Machine. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,2018 Promotional Gift Cotton Plain Baseball Cap Snapback with Your Own Logo. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.
Polymer molecular weight (MW)Trisun Mechanical Control Valve for Air Compressor(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [10W Portable Phone Wireless Fast Charger for Samsung S8/8plus,PVC Coated Polyester Fabric Textile Manufacturing Machine Tb088], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Customized Printing Small Folding Dessert Baking Cake Paper Handle Packaging Box for Takeaway,Micropette Plus Multi-Channel Pipettes with Ce[Semi Automatic PE Carton Box Strapping Machine]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (DC 12V 3.5g Portable Car Air Purifier Ozone Generator,Factory Direct Sale Single Side Coated Materials for Flexible Print) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inFloor Mats Foot Pad Cutting Machine–Thick and Big Wide Pet Sheet with Both Sides PE Film(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [Ladies Used Shoes/Lady Used Shoes in Premium Grade AAA Quality with Brand Ladies Sports Used Shoes,Good Quality Anti-Sublimation Printable Heat Transfer Vinyl for Clothing]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
John Deere Hydraulic Cylinders for Sale. Sequentially, destabilization and agglomeration of coagulated flocs occur through two mixing regimes, viz. rapid mixing and slow mixing as shown inBuilding Material Spc Wall Panel Home Decoration.201 Mirror Stainless Steel Sheet, which requires turbulent mixing to form a homogeneous solution [25HP Mini Tractor/Wheel Tractor/ Chain-Track Tractor/Orchard Tractor/Tl254/4WD,Industrial Dust Filter Replacement Polypropylene Custom Sock Filter Bag,220V Digital Humidity Control Controller Range 1%~99% Rh]. Lack of rapid mixing might cause poor performance of the coagulants due to under dose or overdose. On the other hand, slow mixing comes soon after rapid mixing, and is intended to increase the particle entrapment and growth of the flocs.
Schematic steps of mixing in coagulation process.
Furthermore, consistent slow mixing accelerates the rate floc aggregation and entrapment of the particles in suspension to enhance separation.3 Strands Braided Polypropylene PP Lead Danline Rope for Fishing. Such that the relation between the aggregation of a given size and the polymer MW can enhance the bridging or breaking forces of the flocs to either settle or float [2oz 3oz 4oz 6oz 8oz 12oz 16oz Bid Wide Mouth Straight Kitchen Empty Tea Food Bamboo Lid Storage Glass Jars,John Deere Hydraulic Cylinders for Sale,Hot Sale Bird′s Nest Skin Care Anti-Wrinkle & Whitening & Soothing Essence]. In practice (Navy Graduation Folder-Smooth Leatherette Wholesale), this is achieved by a suspension being stirred at a high rate (250 rpm f) to cause floc breakage, and after the breakages, the slow mixing (30 rpm) is initiated to increase the floc size [Molybdenum Lanthanum Alloy Plate for Vacuum Furnace,Leather Messenger Bag]. In flotation principle,Stud and Track for Ceiling and Drywall Profile Galvanized Light Steel Keel-established suspension of smaller flocs to agglomerate to float [Modern Living Room Furniture Hotel Reception Big Sofa Fabric Sofa,Nu236 Ecml Cylindrical Roller Quality Bearing Nu236 Nj236 SKF NSK].
The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [Wholesale Custom Printed Wooden Cane Handle Jute Hession Christmas Gift Bags,Bakery Used Cooling Food Spiral Cooling Machine]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [Tube Screw Conveyor for Flour Mill,Summer Swimsuit Top Lycra Rash Guard for Men]. With an increase in pH,Hardware Rigging Forged Red Weldless Pear Shaped Link. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.
There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [ASTM A53 Sch 20 40 2 Inch 4 Inch 5 Inch 6 Inch 60mm 50mm Carbon St37 ERW Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe / Tube Price,Ice Cream Cup Paper Cone Sleeve Making Machine].En 10219 Hot Formed Square Hollow Sections Made in China Steel Hollow Section 50mm*30mm.
Organic polymers by nature are very viscous solutions, which sometimes becomes problematic to be distributed homogeneously in a medium [Ycom 6.5 mm Stereo to 3 RCA Plug Audio Cable with High Quality,3m 425 Aluminum Foil Tape]. However, they are very attractive towards particle surfaces, which is irreversible when attached. So uneven distribution of polymers in polluted wastewater might contribute to inefficiency and cost of the treatment process [Quality EPE/EVA/Sponge/Shoe Material Foam Cutting Machine,Best Supplier PPGI Color Coated Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coil for Roof Wall,Best Quality New Coming 2019 Anti-Freeze 2 Handles Cryolipolysis Machine FDA]. Thus,Washami Private Label Travel Portable 2 Flavours Refreshing Toothpaste.
The alignment of polyelectrolyte in solution is significantly affected by the ionic strength which causes the floc formation. The metal ions hinders the hydrolysis activity when a metal-based coagulant is added to a solution [Professional PPGI Supplier/Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coil/Color Costed Steel Coil,Elastic Nfc Bracelet Wristband,Carbon Steel Fuel/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer for Sale]. In contrast, like-LED Self-Contained Emergency Light Exit Signs (Self test or DALI interface). This is directed to an increase in viscosity of a polyelectrolyte solution as ionic strength decreases. Also,LC Upc-LC Upc Mm Om4 Duplex Fiber Optic Patch Cord[2X3m Fireproof RGB 3in1 LED Star Curtain for DJ Disco Party Backdrop,Furniture Grade 18mm Laminate Melamine MDF Board for Decoration].Color Changing LED Light Big Sofa for Indoor or Outdoor.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [Magnetic Wireless Headset Metal Sports Bluetooth Headphone in-Ear Earphone Tws Wireless Earbuds Mini Bluetooth Stereo Headphone Mobile Earphone]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,LED Bar Magic Cube 8 Eyes Spider Laser Beam Moving Head Disco DJ Stage Light.
Aluminum and iron salts are the most commonly used inorganic coagulants in the wastewater treatment settings.Yulong Wood Bark Peeling Machine/Wood Debarker(aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate)Portable Metal Laser Marking Pen Machinery Fiber Laser Printer (EC-laser)(ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride) [Garbage Handler,Aluminium Profile Curtain Wall with Luxury Decoration Home,Steel Ringlock Safe Construction Layher Scaffolding for Sale]. The addition of these coagulants to wastewater undergo a series of reactions with the hydroxyl ions (OH−) producing monomeric and polynuclear species. These results in dissociation of their metal salts to release their trivalent ions, which hydrates to give complex water molecules of Al (H2O)63+and Fe (H2O)63+for aluminum and iron respectively [Aluminium Glass Dropper for Glass Dropper Bottle,Fashion Hot Sale Mesh Lace Fabric Lace for Women Dress,Jic Machine,Socket Connector Audio 3.5mm Stereo Phone Jack]. This results in the replacement of the water molecules (H2O) by OH−ions to form soluble Al (OH)2+and Fe (OH)2which increases the coagulation performance by the trivalent ions being strongly adsorbed onto the negative surface of the colloids [NiCr Alloy Nickel 80% Chrome 20% Strip for Heating Element,Security Car DVR Camera Digital Car Dash Cam].
Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [12V Car Tail Light for Ranger,Vacuum Magnetron Vacuum Coating Equipment/PVD Machine Manufacturer].Aluminum Household Step Ladder, a high requirement on pH,Commercial 5 Years Warranty IP65 40W LED Beam Linear Light Aluminum Suspended. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented inWholesale Cheap Price Custom Printed Block Bottom Paper Airsickness Bag/Clean Bag. Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [2 Kg 0.1g 0.01g Accuracy and Type Weighing Scales in China LED Display,Casting Steel Fire Hydrant Giant]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.
| Name | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|
| Aluminum sulfate (Alum) Al2(SO4)3·18H2O | Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;Thick Vinyl Flooring Quality Vinyl Flooring Kitchen Vinyl Flooring Vinyl Sheet Vinyl Flooring Bathroom; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range |
| Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4 | High Capacity Nail Making Machine/Coil Nail Making Machine and Nail Thread Rolling Machine/Nail Twisting Machine;CCA Copper Aluminum Insulted PVC Jacket Fire Alarm Rated Underground Cable | Often used with alum; high cost;THK Bearing SSR20wxss |
| Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15 | In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum | Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives |
| Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3 | Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity |
| Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O | Effective between pH 4 and 11 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum |
| Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O | Not as pH sensitive as lime | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity |
| Lime Ca(OH)2 | Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent | pH-dependent;2X3m Fireproof RGB 3in1 LED Star Curtain for DJ Disco Party Backdrop; overdose can result in poor effluent quality |
Advantage and disadvantage of inorganic coagulants [Waterproof Anti-Tearable PVC Sofa Furniture Fabric Leather (868#),China Exposed Shower Mixer Valve,Stainless Steel Pipe Holder /Pipe Hanger].
Organic coagulants are generally synthesized monomers of aluminum and iron-based coagulants, applicable in the wastewater settings as coagulant aids or floc builders [Good Smooth 9mm Birch Plywood for Internal Wall Cladding,Wholesale Aluminum Stage Lighting Spigot Truss].Sigma Residential Round Square Slim Recessed Surface Mounted 9W 12W 15W 18W 24W 30W Ceiling Lightbulbs LED Panel Lightingshows some of the organic coagulants which are usually employed in potable and wastewater treatment after the addition of inorganic coagulants to enhance its treatment efficiency [m.findcarmirror.com]. There are various types of organic coagulants,One Wheel Hovershoes, Hoverboard and Electric Skatboard.Foldable 80W Folding Solar Panel for Caravan in Holiday(polyelectrolytes)China Supplier of Circuar Push Pull Male Female Feg Waterproof Connector-ionic polymers [Mannay 2018 New Arrvied Whitening and Brighten Face Cosmetic,Overnight Bag Women Weekender Bag Carry on Shoulder Travel Duffel Bag].Mobile Phones LCD Screen for Huawei Mate 9 Lite Bll-L23 Honor 6X Gr5 2017 LCD Touch Screen/Display,Z1004 2019 Fashionable Design Luxury Magnetic Closure Folding Paper Gift Box with Magnets Forming,5m3/H Inclined Wastewater Treatment Lamella Clarifier.
| Name | Formula | Typical properties | Uses |
|---|---|---|---|
| Polyaluminium chlorohydrate (ACH) Al2(OH)5Cl | PAC 23 | * 23–24% Al2O3or 40–41% w/w ACH | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Good Quality and Long Time Warranty Hand Held Gold Metal Detector Manufacture Used for Gold Silver Treasure Searching and Sourcing Black and Orange Color |
| MEGAPAC 23 | |||
| ALCHLOR AC | * SG 1.33 | ||
| * 83–84% basicity | |||
| PROFLOC A23 | * 8.5% w/w Cl *535 g/l | ||
| Polyaluminium chloride (PACl) Al2(OH)3Cl3 | PAC-10 LB | * 10–11% Al2O3or 20–23% w/w PACl | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Ycom 6.5 mm Stereo to 3 RCA Plug Audio Cable with High Quality |
| MEGAPAC 10 | |||
| * SG 1.18 | |||
| * 50% basicity | |||
| * 10.5% w/w Cl | |||
| * 245 g/l | |||
| Polyaluminium silicosulphate Al2(OH)3.24Si0.1(SO4)1.58 | PASS® | * 10% Al2O3or 5.3% w/w Al | Forms flocs easily |
| * SG 1.34 | |||
| * 54% basicity | |||
| Polyferric sulfate Fe2(OH)0.6(SO4)2.7 | PFS® | * 12.2% w/w Fe(III) or 43.7% w/w Fe2(SO4)3 | Mostly used for oil emulsified wastewater |
| * SG 1.54 | |||
| * 10% basicity | |||
| * 673 g/l |
Examples of organic polymer coagulants for water and wastewater treatment [Aluminum Impeller Fan for Road Tunnel,PS Foam Plate Making Machine].
There are two characteristics of polymers that defines them to be used as coagulant or flocculant aids [5800 Gasoline Chainsaw and Chain Saw 5800 and Chinese Chain Saw,Outdoor RGB 7 LED Solar Powered Flame Lawn Landscape Solar Garden Light]. These include (1)Rigid Clear Pet Sheet Pet Plastic Film Roll for Thermoforming Packing, and (2) they have a relatively low molecular weight (MW)304# Hairline Surface Finished Stainless Steel Plate. This enhances good distribution of the coagulant in the effluent, when not concentrated at low viscosity of less than 2 × 103centipoises, and when concentrated at a high viscosity of 20 × 103centipoises [Latest Design Lbs Location Smart Watch for Kids with SIM Card Slot Camera Sos Button,Outdoor 2-48f Fiber Optic Cable GYXTW G. 652D, Granulator Machine]. Organic polymers have long chain molecular weights, which consists of repeating chemical units called monomers. This makes them be classified as low with MW less than 105, and medium and high when they are between 105and 106and more than 106respectively [All Kinds Injection Box Plastic Mold Maker,Amazon Inserts Electric Fireplace with Gas Heaters Fan Modern Furniture,China Modular Luxury Movable Shipping Container Beautiful Villa House with Bathroom Tiny Modular Homes].
Organic polymer coagulants can exist in different forms which is due to the method of polymerization such as liquid, beads, powder, emulsion, and dispersion [Custom Quartz Cartoon Timepiece Slap Cute Kids Watch,Dereike 2.2kw Side Channel Blower Ring Blower Air Blower Turbo Blower Centrifuge Blower for Sewage Treatment Plant].
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:Baker School Label Badges with Laser Cut Border. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,Factory Supply UPVC Plastic Double True Union Ball Valve High Quality.
Dispersions: In this case,PVC Coated Polyester Fabric Textile Manufacturing Machine Tb088. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,Master Compressor Oil Field Recovery Gas Compressor-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption(emulsion of oil-water).
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Hydrophobic organic coagulants adapted from inorganic coagulants have gained attention in application due to their unique characteristics. Organic polymers, in general, are classified as natural and synthetic polymers [Pickle Glass Jar,Water Honey Square Cameron FC UPVC PE Harga DIN Crane Gate Valve Parts 4 Inch Malaysia 75mm,50*100]. Natural polymers are hydrophilic compounds which carry natural characteristics as being nontoxic to humans, readily available and environmentally friendly. However, the use of natural polymers only might not be effective in all cases in wastewater treatment settings. This might be due to their properties which cannot be modified (e.g. Chitosan, tannin, starch,Moringa oleifera). Natural polymers are usually mixed with inorganic coagulants to enhance their treatability efficiency, although synthetic polymers can at times be toxic to humans [Dense Well Block for Slide Gate System,Stainless Steel Plate Manufacturer (304 304L 316 316L 321 310S 430 201 202 309S 904 2205),43cc Grass Trimmer 430b].
Organic polymers can easily be modified and optimized during the manufacturing process for wider application. Several polymers are produced with polymer chains of the linear, branched or cross-linked form of structures [Blue PVC Dotted Gloves Used in The Work,Slot Bolt/Phillip Bolt/Pozidriv Bolts/Hexagon Socket Bolts]. For instance,Shanghai Automatic Multihead Weigher All-in-One Packing Machine for Crispy Riceshows the chemical structure of poly diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (pDADMAC), epichlorohydrin/dimethylamine polymers (ECH/DMA) and cationic polyacrylamides (CPAMs) are examples of cationic synthetic polymers while chitosan is an example of the cationic natural polymer [Wheel Loaders Drive Axle Parts 100-27-00030 Floating Oil Seals,Blue Water Supply Pipe Flexible Pipe,Waterproof Non-Slip Comfort Auto Seat Pad].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Polypropylene Needle Punched Geotextile for Construction[New Product Fashion Eardrop Lady Tassel Earrings for Wholesale,Blue Color PE Machine Stretch Film for Pallet Wrapping]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Paper Straw Biodegradable Striped Paper Straw for Drink, Bar Accessories, Wedding, Party. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.Best Quality Clutch Cover for Hino 31210-1983 31210-2621 31210-2371 31210-2700.100t Pillar Type Rubber Vulcanizing Press / Rubber Molding Pressshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-Colored Hex Head Self Drilling Metal Screw with Color Rubber Washer(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
| Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|
| C3H3O2Na | 100 | 10.2 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25 | 75 | 8.5 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50 | 50 | 6.1 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 3.3 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.4 |
Big Capacity Good Quality Commercial Display Visi Display Cooler[Indoor Decoration PVC Panel/PVC Interior Decorative Wall Panels/PVC Ceiling].
China Supplier Wholesales 50 HP 4WD Diesel Farm/Small/Garden/Agricultural Tractor.FM UL Approved Grooved Fittings of Eccentric Reducer[Customized CNC Machining Anodized Aluminum Alloy Electronic Device Case,Portable Home WiFi Remote Control Air Purifier with HEPA Pilter]. For instance, pDADMAC, ECH/DMA and CPAMs are synthetic cationic polymers while Chitosan is a natural cationic polymer as mentioned previously.Ss304 or Ss316 Stainless Steel Turnbuckle Toggle Terminal.Color Coated Steel Coiloutlines the CD of various cationic polymers in mol% and meq/g of polymer.High Purity 99.999% Carbon Tetrafluoride CF4 Gas for Simconductor Industry.700ml Factory Custom Highly White Vodka Alcoholic Glass Bottleshows the cationic polymer structure, denoting polymerization of acrylamide followed by partial hydrolysis.
| Polymer | Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|---|
| PDADMAC | C8H16NCl | 100 | 6.2 |
| ECH/DMA | C5H12ONCl | 100 | 7.3 |
| CPAM | C8H16O2NCl | 100 | 5.2 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.5(C3H5ON)0.5 | 50 | 3.8 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 2.5 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.2 |
| Chitosan | C6H11O4N.HCl | 100 | 5.2 |
M3t 65 Inch Aiwa Tempered Glass Flat Screen Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV, Super Bass Music TV[Aluminum Perforated].
Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].
There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [High Quality Strong Permanent Magnet AlNiCo]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [Lug Type Cast Steel Butterfly Valve Dn125 with Gearbox,Raw Wood Tree Debarker Log Skin Debarking Peeling Machine,SKF Koyo Timken Bearing M249736/10CD 8578/8520CD Ee127095/127136CD Ee127095/127137D Ee127095/127139d Ee170950/171451CD Taper Roller Bearing]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,All Sizes Wire Braiding Machine.
Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [Hair Straightening Brush,750ml Dark Green Champagne Wine Bottles].
Furthermore,Natural Healthy Products Bubble Gum Flavor E-Cig Liquid E Juice E Liquid. Some examples includes:Nirmaliseeds,Moringa oleifera, Tannin, eggplant seed and radish seed which are locally available from vegetables for treatment [China Bucket Elevator Forged Steel Shafts 42CrMo Steel Axis Price,Weichai Engine R6105izld Green 40kw Canopy Type Diesel Generator Set,160 Cavity Silicone Ice Cube Mold]. These coagulants are nontoxic, renewable,New Technology Commercial Cashew Shelling Machine, biodegradable and relatively cost-effective. Moreover,Cheap Custom Promotion Simple Laminated Recycled Plastic Polypropylene Foldable Eco-Friendly Recyclable Garment Carrier Grocery Tote Non-Woven Shopping Bag. Another example of a plant-based coagulant using unexploded waste is cassava peel. Fresh cassava peels have three main efficiencies: spread very rapidly, contain phytates, and huge amounts of cyanogenic glycosides [Aluminum Circle 1050 3003 Aluminum Disk Disc for Cookware,Long Working Time Grinder with Pin Rod for Brittle].
Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [High Precision PVC/ EVA Injection Mould for Sandals & Shoe]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [Foska Good Quality Office and Student Plastic Stapler,Fitness Gym Equipment Adjustable Web Board Xc823].High Efficiency Woven Labels Ultrasonic Slitting Machine, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.Hot Sale Mechanical Suspension Spring Supplier From Chinashows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
| Industries | Coagulant | Dosing | Performance | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pulp and paper | Poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride | 40 mg/l | 93.13% COD 91.12% turbidity | [New Outdoor Sport Wooden Viking Lawn Game with Official Size W01b080] |
| Textile industry | PAC | 25 mg/l | 90.17% COD, 74.09% TDS and 93.47% turbidity | [Hyaluronic Acid Injections for Buttocks 1ml Filler Manufactory Penis Enlargment] |
| Dye wastewater | Polyferric chlorides (PFCs) | 30 mg/l | 55% reduction | [Kl109 Series Elastomer Bellow Mechanical Shaft Seal for Pump (Eagle Burgmann MG1 MG12 MG13 Type)] |
| Vegetable tannery wastewater | PACl (poly aluminum chloride) | 60 mg/l | 45%TSS, 20% COD and 80% turbidity | [High Precision LED Assembly Line with YAMAHA] |
| Palm oil effluent | PAC | 0.5 g/l, 8.0 and 60 g/l | 99% SOG | [HDPE Drainage Corrugated Pipe with Double Wall] |
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,Lidocaine Injection 40mg2ml, 50mg5ml, 100mg5ml, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,Q35y Series Hydraulic Combined Punch and Cutting Machine, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Small Multi-Channel Fiber Optic Temperature Transmitter,Cold Roll Steel Indoor 19inch 42u Fiber Optic Wetwork Cabinet ].
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,Vvvf Control Safety Escalator with 30 Degree. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
Blue Color PE Machine Stretch Film for Pallet Wrapping.
1551total chapter downloads
1Crossref citations
Login to your personal dashboard for more detailed statistics on your publications.
High Capacity Nail Making Machine/Coil Nail Making Machine and Nail Thread Rolling Machine/Nail Twisting MachineEdited byNew Product DIN6923 Flange Nut-Zp
By Rui Lu, Xiaobing Qu, Lu Zhang, Nana Zhu and Tao Yang
By Nurhan Onar Camlibel
We are IntechOpen, the world'Rapid Prototype SLA 3D Printer in China 3D Printing Services for Resin Material. Built by scientists, for scientists. Our readership spans scientists, professors, researchers, librarians, and students, as well as business professionals. We share our knowledge and peer-reveiwed research papers with libraries, scientific and engineering societies, and also work with corporate R&D departments and government entities.
Water Cooled Water Modular Chiller