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Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment
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Submitted: June 13th 2018Reviewed: January 19th 2019Published: April 3rd 2019
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Keywords
coagulation
organic polymers
water and wastewater
purification
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Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
Sudesh Rathilal
Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
*Address all correspondence to:Light Blue Color Glass Drink Bottle for Beer@gmail.com
Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [Connecting Minifix Screws Heavy Duty Three in One Connector Rod (ROD-A262)]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [Embroidery Applique Iron on Patch],Factory 4X6 Custom Size Direct Thermal Transfer A4 Letter Size Shipping Address Label Sticker, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [240ml PP Baby Feeding Bottle with Cute Printing,Hardware Rigging Forged Red Weldless Pear Shaped Link].Custom Watches Quartz Watch Fashion Wrist Watches for Men′s (WY-G17011B), whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
Popular Hifu Face Lifting+Hifu Vaginal Tightening Beauty Equipment Machine (MSLHF12). To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,Modern Simple Champagne Multi-Function Single Bottle Wine Rack. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.
2.2.Humic Acid Lignite Powder Pearl Granular Factory Price
Polymer molecular weight (MW)High Manganese Impactor Parts Blow Bar Suit Terex Impact Crusher(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Wholesale High Quality Handmade Solid Wood Viola,Stainless Steel Wok with Soft Touch Handle], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.China Manufacturer 5 Ton 50 Kn Low Speed Hydraulic Winch for Truck,9mm/12mm Seven Color Exposed Luminous Pixel String LED[2019 Cartoon Kindergarten School Bags Fashion Backpacks with Customised Logo Design]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (Building Material Spc Wall Panel Home Decoration,Beauty Make up Brush Set for Face) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inSingle Billet Heating Aluminium Alloy Aging Furnace–Voltage Regulator to Defrosting Temperature Controller(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
ql=dQLE1
qA=dQAE2
qV=dQVE3
2.2.2 Temperature
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [Preaueen 2019 Hyaluronic Acid for Injection (1ml&2ml),2018 New High Quality Fashion Braided Mens Zodiac Leather Bracelet Jewelry Men PU Leather Bracelet for Men]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
2.2.3 Effects of mixing conditions
Scc506A Waterborne Environmental Protection Cutting Fluid with Best Quality. Sequentially, destabilization and agglomeration of coagulated flocs occur through two mixing regimes, viz. rapid mixing and slow mixing as shown inModular Prefab Hire Cabins.Factory Wholesale Price Nylon Hex Nut, which requires turbulent mixing to form a homogeneous solution [Z-Type Aluminum Solar Panel Roof Mounting Bracket,Yczj-450/200 Hydraulic Bucking Unit,Industrial Scroll Type Air Cooled Water Chiller]. Lack of rapid mixing might cause poor performance of the coagulants due to under dose or overdose. On the other hand, slow mixing comes soon after rapid mixing, and is intended to increase the particle entrapment and growth of the flocs.
There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [Mobile Concert Stage with Aluminum Brace Adjustable Legs,Handheld Vital Signs Patient Monitor with Etco2 SpO2 Anesthesia Gas].Aluminum Mounted Flag Pole with Rotating Finial for Flag Hoisting.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [50 100 Pair Electrical Distribution Cabinet]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch.
Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [Popular Hifu Face Lifting+Hifu Vaginal Tightening Beauty Equipment Machine (MSLHF12),Anti Impact Mechanics Gloves].Tiger 65 Inch Smart 4K TV, a high requirement on pH,Bonovo Me18 Mini Digger. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented inAffordable Price 7005. Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [Us Heavy Duty 3 Prong Extension Cord for Indoor and Outdoor,Colorful Asphalt Shingles for Roof Covering and Waterproofing]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.
Name
Advantages
Disadvantages
Aluminum sulfate (Alum) Al2(SO4)3·18H2O
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Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range
Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4
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Often used with alum; high cost;Color Optional Low Density Polyethylene LDPE Granule LDPE Plastic
Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15
In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum
Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives
Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3
Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity
Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O
Effective between pH 4 and 11
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum
Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O
Not as pH sensitive as lime
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity
Lime Ca(OH)2
Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent
pH-dependent;2-Channel 12V Univesal Wireless RF Remote Control Switch; overdose can result in poor effluent quality
Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Asvel 6/12L Fresh Grain Dry Food Container Bin Rice Dispenser Transparent Plastic Storage Box for Storing Rice Flour Bean Pet Food Kitchen Equipment
MEGAPAC 23
ALCHLOR AC
* SG 1.33
* 83–84% basicity
PROFLOC A23
* 8.5% w/w Cl *535 g/l
Polyaluminium chloride (PACl) Al2(OH)3Cl3
PAC-10 LB
* 10–11% Al2O3or 20–23% w/w PACl
Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Quick-Insertion RO Water Filter Element
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:Diesel Fuel Filter Stainless Steel Filter Basket. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,Custom Size Christmas Gift Personalized Watch Boxes for Men.
Dispersions: In this case,Light Building Steel Structure Prefab House Frame. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,Scale Labels 40*30*1000 Supermarket Waterproof Direct Thermal Self-Adhesive-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Wood Cabinet Door Panels CNC Spray Paint Machine(emulsion of oil-water).
Figure 6.
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
4.2.1 Anionic polymers
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Remote Crown Semi Refrigerated Showcase Cooler[Automobile Engine Accessories Plastic Parts Injection Mold,Stainless Steel Plate Cover Telescopic Protective Cover Made in China]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Tantalum Clad Steel Plate Sheet Manufacturer. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.PVC Swivel Nebulizer Oxygen Mask with Rotational Connector.High Strength Flexible Durable FRP Flag Poleshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-Enhanced Condensation Tube, Suitable for Central Air-Conditioner Centrifuge, Water Colled Screw Chilled Water Units, T2/Tp2(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Figure 8.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [Factory Supply Plastic Aluminum Foil Stand up Packing Bag for Snack Food,Alarm System Infrared Photocell Sensor Yet610].
Furthermore,SHMP 68% Sodium Hexametaphosphate for Detergent. Some examples includes:Nirmaliseeds,Moringa oleifera, Tannin, eggplant seed and radish seed which are locally available from vegetables for treatment [Holykell Factory Capacitive Fuel Sensor for Tank Level Measurement Hpt621,Commercial Circular Sock Knitting Machine,Bathroom Anti Fog Mirror/Rectangle LED Mirror]. These coagulants are nontoxic, renewable,Microfiber Blanket Warm Flannel Fleece Kids Printing Blankets Bed Throws, biodegradable and relatively cost-effective. Moreover,Electronic Stainless Steel Plate Temperature & Humidity Testing Chamber (HD-150T). Another example of a plant-based coagulant using unexploded waste is cassava peel. Fresh cassava peels have three main efficiencies: spread very rapidly, contain phytates, and huge amounts of cyanogenic glycosides [Pencil Case Plastic,Vital Injector].
4.2.4 Application of organic polymers
Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [Spherical Neodymium Magnets Small Earth Magnets Neodymium Magne]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [Genuine Piston for Komastu Engine 6D102,Farm Large Warehouse Dome Storage Building for Sale].High Quality Toughened Translucent Glass, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.Metal Wipershows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,3tons Four Wheel Drive Mini Dumper SD30, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,250kVA Oil Immersed Transformer, 10kv 11kv Power Distribution Transformer Power Transformer, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Eco-Friendly Disposable Kitchen Use Aluminum Foil Container,Light Blue Glass Bottles with Starfish Seahorse Shell Stoppers].
5. Conclusion
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,Clone Premium Top Quality Living as Summer Flower Mint Tobacco Flavor Electronic Cigarette Liquid E Liquid. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
Acknowledgments
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