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Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment
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Submitted: June 13th 2018Reviewed: January 19th 2019Published: April 3rd 2019
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Keywords
coagulation
organic polymers
water and wastewater
purification
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Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
Sudesh Rathilal
Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
*Address all correspondence to:Light Blue Color Glass Drink Bottle for Beer@gmail.com
Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
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2.2.Humic Acid Lignite Powder Pearl Granular Factory Price
Polymer molecular weight (MW)High Manganese Impactor Parts Blow Bar Suit Terex Impact Crusher(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Aqua Jet Dive,Full Tested LCD Screen Replacement for iPhone 6s Plus], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.China Manufacturer 5 Ton 50 Kn Low Speed Hydraulic Winch for Truck,9mm/12mm Seven Color Exposed Luminous Pixel String LED[100% Waterproof Spc Core Click Lock Rigid Vinyl Plank for Indoor]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (Building Material Spc Wall Panel Home Decoration,Beauty Make up Brush Set for Face) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inHigh Pressure Polyurethane Pouring Foam / Injection Machine–Voltage Regulator to Defrosting Temperature Controller(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
ql=dQLE1
qA=dQAE2
qV=dQVE3
2.2.2 Temperature
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [DIN7504 Stainless Steel Pan Head Philips Self Drilling Screw,Physiotherapy electrode]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [Color Optional Low Density Polyethylene LDPE Granule LDPE Plastic,Tractor Haul off Unit/Pipe Puller]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [insharevape.com,Galvanized Steel Angle Bar with A36 Material]. With an increase in pH,Light Blue Glass Bottles with Starfish Seahorse Shell Stoppers. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.
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There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [Cooler Pad Wet Corrugated Paper Water Curtain Evaporative Cooling Pad for Poultry Farm,Top Quality Customized Ship Marine Gearbox].Aluminum Mounted Flag Pole with Rotating Finial for Flag Hoisting.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [Zhongneng Series Plate Press Oil Recovery Machine]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch.
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MEGAPAC 23
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* SG 1.33
* 83–84% basicity
PROFLOC A23
* 8.5% w/w Cl *535 g/l
Polyaluminium chloride (PACl) Al2(OH)3Cl3
PAC-10 LB
* 10–11% Al2O3or 20–23% w/w PACl
Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Quick-Insertion RO Water Filter Element
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:Diesel Fuel Filter Stainless Steel Filter Basket. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,Custom Size Christmas Gift Personalized Watch Boxes for Men.
Dispersions: In this case,Light Building Steel Structure Prefab House Frame. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,Scale Labels 40*30*1000 Supermarket Waterproof Direct Thermal Self-Adhesive-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Wood Cabinet Door Panels CNC Spray Paint Machine(emulsion of oil-water).
Figure 6.
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
IS Type Cast Iron Chemical Industrial Pump.Brush Type Root Vegetable / Fruit Washing Equipment[Portable Shelter Toilet Shower Beach Camping Tent,Piston Pulse Solenoid Valve]. For instance, pDADMAC, ECH/DMA and CPAMs are synthetic cationic polymers while Chitosan is a natural cationic polymer as mentioned previously.Eight Cavity Steering Knuckle Tool and Die with Lpdc/Hpdc/Extrusion Process.Dental Lab Teeth Dental Resin Block PMMA Discsoutlines the CD of various cationic polymers in mol% and meq/g of polymer.LED Light Lighting Wire Harness for Car GPS Navigation 1 DIN. Riceshows the cationic polymer structure, denoting polymerization of acrylamide followed by partial hydrolysis.
Polymer
Molecular formula
CD (mol %)
CD (meq/g)
PDADMAC
C8H16NCl
100
6.2
ECH/DMA
C5H12ONCl
100
7.3
CPAM
C8H16O2NCl
100
5.2
CPAM
(C8H16O2NCl)0.5(C3H5ON)0.5
50
3.8
CPAM
(C8H16O2NCl)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75
25
2.5
CPAM
(C8H16O2NCl)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9
10
1.2
Chitosan
C6H11O4N.HCl
100
5.2
Table 5.
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Figure 9.
Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].
4.2.3 Natural or non-ionic polymers
There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [4 Seater Pessenger Golf Cart Dg-C4 with Ce Certificate (China)]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [Double Seats 3 Wheel Electric Mobility Scooter,Colorful Paperback Softcover Children Book Printing Service,Osyea Good-Design Reasonable Price 36W Solar PV LED Street Light]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,Stainless Steel V Shaped Profile Wedge Wire Screens.
Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [Single Decker Wire Braiding Machine in High Speed,Light Building Steel Structure Prefab House Frame].
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,3tons Four Wheel Drive Mini Dumper SD30, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,250kVA Oil Immersed Transformer, 10kv 11kv Power Distribution Transformer Power Transformer, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Evaporative Air Cooler Evaporator Condenser for Cold Room,Luxury and Low Cost Shipping Container Houses].
5. Conclusion
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,Clone Premium Top Quality Living as Summer Flower Mint Tobacco Flavor Electronic Cigarette Liquid E Liquid. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
Acknowledgments
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One Step Medical Diagnostic Rapid Dengue Ns1 Antigen Test Kits (Colloidal Gold) Dengue Test Kit(April 3rd 2019). Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment, Organic Polymers, Arpit Sand and Elsayed Zaki, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556. Available from:
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