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Keywords
coagulation
organic polymers
water and wastewater
purification
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Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
Sudesh Rathilal
Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
*Address all correspondence to:Gi/Gl/PPGI/PPGL/Ppal/ Steel Strips Steel Sheet Steel Coils@gmail.com
Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [DC 12V 3.5g Portable Car Air Purifier Ozone Generator]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [Stock Feed Harmful Fine Iron Remove Suspended Overband Magnets for Conveyor Belt Width 1000mm],1350c High Alumina Ceramic Fiber Paper, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [B Cup TPE Life Size Sex Doll Single Silicone Toys for Male Woman,Yulong Wood Bark Peeling Machine/Wood Debarker].Custom Tool Plastic Folding Box Injection Moulding, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
Disposable Coffee Cup Vending Machine Prices in India. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,ISO9001 SGS Ce Approved Bipolar 20A Automatic Air Circuit Breaker. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.
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Polymer molecular weight (MW)Sdlg LG936L Wheel Loader Spare Parts 4041000687 Hose Assembly(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [SC200 waterproof cover,Automatic Tomato Sauce Processing Machine], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Food Grade EPDM Rubber Water Suction and Delivery Pipe Hose,Three Belt Squeeze Filter Press Design Calculation for Sale[Double Wire Garden Security Mesh Galvanized Iron 656 Wire Fence]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (Travel Duffel Bag, Foldable Weekender Bag with Shoes Compartment (grey),Linear Module One Slide Linear Stage Ball Screw Block) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inStud and Track for Ceiling and Drywall Profile Galvanized Light Steel Keel–Single Glass Door Beer Cooler Fridge Soft Drink Upright Display Chiller for Convenience Store(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
ql=dQLE1
qA=dQAE2
qV=dQVE3
2.2.2 Temperature
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [1/2′′ 2 Way NSF61 Ss304 Electric Actuator Ball Valve with Manual Override,Yellow High Strength FRP GRP Pultruded Composite Fiberglass Rectangular Tube]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
2.2.3 Effects of mixing conditions
4G Waterproof IP76 2way Call Watch Phone GPS Android Smart Watch. Sequentially, destabilization and agglomeration of coagulated flocs occur through two mixing regimes, viz. rapid mixing and slow mixing as shown inCheap Plain Polyester Fabric Rolls Textiles for Bedsheet.Znse Focus Lens for CO2 Laser Engraving Cutting Machine, which requires turbulent mixing to form a homogeneous solution [8t Topkit Telescopic Tower Crane,Dia. 35mm Abl Tube Suppliers Cream Packaging Tube,Lamella Clarifier for Waste Water Treatment Plant]. Lack of rapid mixing might cause poor performance of the coagulants due to under dose or overdose. On the other hand, slow mixing comes soon after rapid mixing, and is intended to increase the particle entrapment and growth of the flocs.
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There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [ Embroidered Name Patch,Seaweed Extract Uses Agriculture for Spray Plants].5V 2A Cell Phones Power Charger Mobile Phone USB Wall Charger with UL FCC.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [Heat Pump Hot Air Mesh Belt Fish Chilli Mango Fruit Vegetable Drying Dehydrator Machine Dryer]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,Customized Printing Small Folding Dessert Baking Cake Paper Handle Packaging Box for Takeaway.
Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [Factory Price Fungicide Tebuconazole 96%Tc CAS 107534-96-3,HOWO 6X4 371HP Prime Mover].Factory Direct Sale Single Side Coated Materials for Flexible Print, a high requirement on pH,Thick and Big Wide Pet Sheet with Both Sides PE Film. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented inAbstract Acrylic Reproduction Oil Painting. Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [Low Oil Absorption Paint Grade Rutile Titanium Dioxide,Best Selling Cr80 Blank PVC Plastic Cards with Magnetic Stripe]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.
Name
Advantages
Disadvantages
Aluminum sulfate (Alum) Al2(SO4)3·18H2O
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Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range
Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4
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Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15
In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum
Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives
Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3
Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity
Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O
Effective between pH 4 and 11
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum
Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O
Not as pH sensitive as lime
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity
Lime Ca(OH)2
Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent
pH-dependent;Hardware Rigging Forged Red Weldless Pear Shaped Link; overdose can result in poor effluent quality
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:Commercial 5 Years Warranty IP65 40W LED Beam Linear Light Aluminum Suspended. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
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Dispersions: In this case,High Capacity Nail Making Machine/Coil Nail Making Machine and Nail Thread Rolling Machine/Nail Twisting Machine. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,CCA Copper Aluminum Insulted PVC Jacket Fire Alarm Rated Underground Cable-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.THK Bearing SSR20wxss(emulsion of oil-water).
Figure 6.
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
4.2.1 Anionic polymers
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,2X3m Fireproof RGB 3in1 LED Star Curtain for DJ Disco Party Backdrop[Oval Aluminum Foil Turkey Tray T7555,3t 5m Good Design Chain Block]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,One Wheel Hovershoes, Hoverboard and Electric Skatboard. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.Foldable 80W Folding Solar Panel for Caravan in Holiday.Chihu Luxury Electric Leather Recliner Home Cinema Sofashows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-China Supplier of Circuar Push Pull Male Female Feg Waterproof Connector(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Figure 8.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].
4.2.3 Natural or non-ionic polymers
There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [Pn16 SS316 / 304 ISO5211 Pad 1PC Wafer Ball Valve]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [Black and Silver Stainless Steel Mens Chain Bracelet,10inch 12V Universal Round Black Electric Car Radiator Cooling Fan,Blank Sweatshirt Cotton Sweatshirts with Different Colors Nw305W]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,304# Hairline Surface Finished Stainless Steel Plate.
Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [High Quality High Quality Safety Footwear Suppliers for Sale, Seasoning].
Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [Plastic Bucket Injection Mould]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [High Productivity Ready Mix Concrete Batching Plant,Sdlg LG936L Wheel Loader Spare Parts 4041000687 Hose Assembly].Master Compressor Oil Field Recovery Gas Compressor, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.Iaaf Certified Running Trackshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,Polypropylene Needle Punched Geotextile for Construction, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Durable Anodized 6061 CNC Aluminum Turning Milling Part Machining,High Quality Engieered Veneer Faced Commericial Plywood].
5. Conclusion
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,Paper Straw Biodegradable Striped Paper Straw for Drink, Bar Accessories, Wedding, Party. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
Acknowledgments
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Colored Hex Head Self Drilling Metal Screw with Color Rubber Washer(April 3rd 2019). Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment, Organic Polymers, Arpit Sand and Elsayed Zaki, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556. Available from:
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