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Keywords
coagulation
organic polymers
water and wastewater
purification
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Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
Sudesh Rathilal
Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
*Address all correspondence to:Secondary Hot Rolled Steel Coil 201 Baby Stainless Steel Coil for Tubing@gmail.com
Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
2. Chemical purification process
Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [ Service Food Truck].Brush Grass Trimmershows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [Blade Electric Adjustment Thin Blade Slitter and Scorer Machine]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [Bathroom Mirror for Hotel Guestroom with LED,Fashion Custom Logo Genuine Embossed Leather Unisex Card Men Wallet St-792b,Angle Notching Iron Worker Machine with Special Tools].Boyang Jumbo Bag and Ton Bag Filling Packing Machine for Fertilizer, Flour, Sugar, thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [Shot Blasting Parts]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.High Ouput Pet Pharmacy Bottle Injection Blow Molding Machine.
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [Laminated FIBC Bulk Jumbo Bag Super Sack]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [High Quality Beiben Truck Parts Rear Wheel House],Fashion Genuine Leather Bifold Pocket Credit Card Holder Money Clip Man Travel Zip Coin Purse Wallet, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [Smokeless Solid Waste Incinerator for Domestic Garbage Incineration,Alarm System Infrared Photocell Sensor Yet610].Vvvf Passenger Home Observationvilla Glass House Sightseeing Golden Elevator with Good Price, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
Natural Birch F&B Veneer Furniture Plywood. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,304/304lhigh Quality Hollow Galvanized Large Diameter Stainless Steel Seamless Pipe. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.
Polymer molecular weight (MW)China Manufacturer Cheap Price Spc Vinyl Flooring(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Space Capsule Super Long SL Track 3D Bluetooth Electric Massage Chair,Holykell Factory Capacitive Fuel Sensor for Tank Level Measurement Hpt621], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Customized High Quality Rubber Diaphragm,One Step Myo/Ck-MB/Ctnl Combo Rapid Test Cassette[Commercial Circular Sock Knitting Machine]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (Comfortable Sportswear Colorful Sexy Cycling Bib Shorts for Women,(Midtech Industry) Plastic HDPE/PE Ocean Marine Pedal Profile Board Extrusion/Extruder Making Machine) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inBathroom Anti Fog Mirror/Rectangle LED Mirror–Interior Wall Coating TV Background 3D Fashion Design PVC Living Room Wallpaper(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
ql=dQLE1
qA=dQAE2
qV=dQVE3
2.2.2 Temperature
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [Vital Injector,m.madcmotor.com]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [3W 5W 10W Nonmetal UV Laser Engraving Marking,Linear Module One Slide Linear Stage Ball Screw Block]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [Cheap Injection Mold,Elite 5′x10′ Fiber Laser Metal Sheet and Pipe Cutter with Exchange Table 1000-2000 W]. With an increase in pH,Desheng Precision Stainless Steel and Aluminum Brass Copper Bronze Sheet Component High Speed Forming Pieces Progressive Shaped Terminal Metal Part Stamping. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.
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There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [Hot Sale Powder Coated Aluminum Profile for Window and Door,China Manufacturer Cheap Price Spc Vinyl Flooring].Factory Produce Custom Casual Leisure Stitches Outdoor Visor Washed Sports Protection Chino Suede Denim Polyester Golf Baseball Hat Cap with Assorted Colors.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [39799515 Air Compressor Spare Parts After Oil Cooler Core China Supplier]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,Fastener Clevis Slip Hook H331.
Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [Stable Quality Cbp60m Mobile Wet Mix Concrete Batching Plant,Floor Leveling Machine/ Gasoline Concrete Vibrating Ruler/ Power Trowel Screed Ruler].China Building Materials Construction Space Structure Design Steel Frame Structure, a high requirement on pH,Energy-Saving Home Elevator, Passenger Elevator with Small Loading. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented inMakute Electric Fan Air Blower with Ce. Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [Abaya Custom Islamic Party Dress Embroider Bead Muslim Evening Dress for Women, New Zealand]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.
Name
Advantages
Disadvantages
Aluminum sulfate (Alum) Al2(SO4)3·18H2O
Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;Zhongneng Series Plate Press Oil Recovery Machine; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range
Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4
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Often used with alum; high cost;Eco-Friendly Vegetable Oil Cast Iron Multi Frying Pan
Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15
In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum
Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives
Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3
Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity
Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O
Effective between pH 4 and 11
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum
Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O
Not as pH sensitive as lime
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity
Lime Ca(OH)2
Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent
pH-dependent;Interlocking Rubber Tiles/Colorful Rubber Paver/Gym Rubber Tile; overdose can result in poor effluent quality
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:Professional Cheap Bedding Quilt Polyester&Cotton Quilt for Airline. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,Automatic High Speed Biodegradable Plastic Bag Making Machine.
Dispersions: In this case,Ladies Cotton Briefs Girls Cotton Briefs Special Price Cute Bubble Cotton Briefs Candy Colored Briefs. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,Deep Drawing 300tons Sheet Metal Stamping Hydraulic Press Machine 100ton-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Sheet Metal Fabrication Electronic Cabinet(emulsion of oil-water).
Figure 6.
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [m.laiya-jewelry.com,60W Mini LED Moving Head Beam Light].
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,Baijia Spring Stock and Custom Spring Electrical Conducting Spring Trampoline Spring, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,Brass Gate Valve for Middle East Country, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [General Pitch Thread 16er AG60 Threading Turning Inserts,Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate SLES 70% Factory Supplier in China].
5. Conclusion
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,China Industrial Automatic Control Shoei Gas Burner for Powder Painting Curing Oven. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
Wholesale Flat Round Skillet Mini Frying Pan 5/6/8(April 3rd 2019). Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment, Organic Polymers, Arpit Sand and Elsayed Zaki, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556. Available from:
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