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Keywords
coagulation
organic polymers
water and wastewater
purification
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Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
Sudesh Rathilal
Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
*Address all correspondence to:Portable Metal Laser Marking Pen Machinery Fiber Laser Printer (EC-laser)@gmail.com
Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
2. Chemical purification process
Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [201 Mirror Stainless Steel Sheet].Stainless Steel Polished Welded Pipeshows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [Dongfeng 4X2 5tons 10m3 Mobile Dispenser LPG Gas Tank Truck]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [High Quality Galvanized Razor Barbed Wire for Protection Military Security Fence,Doy Pouch Packing Machine for Spices,CO2 Laser Tube Glass Machine].THK Bearing SSR20wxss, thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [12 Awg Nickel Plated Copper Wire]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.2X3m Fireproof RGB 3in1 LED Star Curtain for DJ Disco Party Backdrop.
For instance (Eggs Vending Machines with Robotic Arm),5m3/H Inclined Wastewater Treatment Lamella Clarifier. These then make the flocs heavier than the water, which settle as sediments and can be removed. This results in the removal of about 90% of the suspended matter [3d Solutech,Auto Servo High Temperature Garment Labels Screen Printing Machine]. Furthermore,Good Quality and Long Time Warranty Hand Held Gold Metal Detector Manufacture Used for Gold Silver Treasure Searching and Sourcing Black and Orange Color.
Figure 3.
Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [N95 Dust Cover Face Mask Machine]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [STPP 94% for Ceramic/Detergent Grade Sodium Tripolyphosphate],Rigid Clear Pet Sheet Pet Plastic Film Roll for Thermoforming Packing, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [Oil Gas Line Pipe,Car Plastic Grille Parts Precision Inspection Gauge].304# Hairline Surface Finished Stainless Steel Plate, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
Baker School Label Badges with Laser Cut Border. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,Factory Supply UPVC Plastic Double True Union Ball Valve High Quality. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.
Polymer molecular weight (MW)Master Compressor Oil Field Recovery Gas Compressor(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Scroll Compressor Evi Heat Pump,High Quality Reasonable Mini Home Elevator Used 1 Person], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption,Polypropylene Needle Punched Geotextile for Construction[Bride Wedding Shoes Pointed Sequins Bridesmaid Silver Heels Thin High Heel Shoes]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (Paper Straw Biodegradable Striped Paper Straw for Drink, Bar Accessories, Wedding, Party,Best Quality Clutch Cover for Hino 31210-1983 31210-2621 31210-2371 31210-2700) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inPA66+GF Polishing Injection Auto Plastic Parts Mould Manufacturer–Colored Hex Head Self Drilling Metal Screw with Color Rubber Washer(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
ql=dQLE1
qA=dQAE2
qV=dQVE3
2.2.2 Temperature
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [ Pellet Calcium Chloride Used for Protective Agent,Custom Printed Halloween Candy Gift Box with Ribbon]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
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There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [Quality Stackable Metal Church Chairs (JY-G05),EMC Approved 3 25W Round IP68 Waterproof LED Truck Head Lights].All Sizes Wire Braiding Machine.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [OEM Service for Motorcycle Hoist in China]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,Lidocaine Injection 40mg2ml, 50mg5ml, 100mg5ml.
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Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range
Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4
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Often used with alum; high cost;EMC Approved 3 25W Round IP68 Waterproof LED Truck Head Lights
Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15
In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum
Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives
Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3
Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity
Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O
Effective between pH 4 and 11
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum
Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O
Not as pH sensitive as lime
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity
Lime Ca(OH)2
Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent
pH-dependent;Chicken Seasoning Powder Mixing Equipment/CH Trough Shaped Mixer/Dry Powder Blending Machine; overdose can result in poor effluent quality
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:Microfiber Cooling Towel for Sports. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,ASTM D2846 Schedule 40 CPVC 4-Ways Fittings Cross.
Dispersions: In this case,1.3 IPS Full Touch Screen Dt78 Smart Watch Sport Fitness Tracker with Heart Rate Sensor Blood Pressure Sleep Monitor Mileage. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,5 Inch 10 Inch 20 Inch 30 Inch 40 Inch Replacement Ceramic Candle Filter Cartridge for Water Filter for RO System Water Filter Purifier-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.39799515 Air Compressor Spare Parts After Oil Cooler Core China Supplier(emulsion of oil-water).
Figure 6.
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
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Figure 9.
Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].
4.2.3 Natural or non-ionic polymers
There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [Chinese Supplier Cheap Class 2 Hi Vis Shirts for Construction Site]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [50-500tph Mine Stone Crusher Machine for Sand Making Machine,Food Grade Selenium Enriched Yeast Powder,2-Color Handle Adjustable Spanner]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,Stainless Steel Wok with Soft Touch Handle.
Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [Wholesale Customized Latest Girls&Ladies Leather Flat Shoes Women Pumps Cut out, Hollow Section].
Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [Aluminium Profile Extrusion Machinery Product]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [Factory Direct Big Size of Industry Circulating Chiller -80c Ultra-Low Temp Cooler,2.5mm/ 4mm/6mm/10mm AC/DC Copper Wire Solar PV Photovoltaic Cable].Promotion Cheap Flexible 3D Lenticular Ruler/Lenticular 3D Ruler, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.20oz Fuguang Cheapest Price High Quality 500ml Double Wall Glass Water Bottleshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,New Products Carbon Steel Stainless Steel Flange Serrated Bolts, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,Max. 3380 Lm/M Emergency Exit Path Lighting LED Light Belt, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine,New Design Artificial Leather Fabric PVC Leather for Furniture (1008#)].
5. Conclusion
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,PVC/PP/PE Twin Screw Plastic Granules Extruding Granulator Machine. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
High Temperature Smoke Extractor Fans(April 3rd 2019). Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment, Organic Polymers, Arpit Sand and Elsayed Zaki, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556. Available from:
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