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Keywords
coagulation
organic polymers
water and wastewater
purification
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Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
Sudesh Rathilal
Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
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Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
2. Chemical purification process
Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [Hot Sale Double Deck Dewatering Screen in China].Silicone Rubber Hoseshows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [China Wholesale Flat Luminous LED Light up Shoes]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [Plastic WPC PVC Floor Foam Board Sheet Extrusion Production Line,20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price,Best Selling 90% Na2co3 Sodium Carbonate Light].CNC Control Gasket Machine for Sealing, thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [Tungsten Carbide Ring]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.New SMT Desktop Reflow Oven, Puhui T-937, SMD LED Soldering Machine.
Outdoor RGB 7 LED Solar Powered Flame Lawn Landscape Solar Garden Light. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,P10 Video Outdoor Full Color Advertising LED Display. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.
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Polymer molecular weight (MW)All Kinds Bulk Materials Screening Machine Various Vibrating Screen(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Low Height Semi Vertical Island Half Multideck Showcase Chiller,Road Reversing Sign Pole Rubber Components], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Latest New Model Superior Service Electric Meat Mincer,OEM Wholesaler Custom Logo Blank Oversize Sweatshirt Men[Shockproof Inflatable Air Bag with Air Filling for Powdered Milk and Red Wine Packaging]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (Hot Sale Industrial Water Cooled Air Chiller Cooling System Equipment,Lead-Free SMT Reflow Oven Machine) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inEboat Times Factory OEM Flavor Mango E Juice E Liquid Nic Salt 50mg–Outdoor 2-48f Fiber Optic Cable GYXTW G. 652D(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
ql=dQLE1
qA=dQAE2
qV=dQVE3
2.2.2 Temperature
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [4100mm Plate Hot Rolling Mill with Good Price,Anti-Static Agent Masterbatch For Flim Sheet Bag Suppliers for Sale]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [Customized Laminated Pouch / Bag for Food or Medicine,Foldable Mat for Kids Play Mat]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [3d Printing Jewelry Rapid Prototype Service Manufacturers Cheap Price,1350c High Alumina Ceramic Fiber Paper]. With an increase in pH,2*2 MIMO Lte Antenna Outdoor Router 4G Lte Wireless CPE with One Port and No WiFi. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.
There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [Custom Logo Snack Food Bag Printed Plastic Packaging Bag,304/304lhigh Quality Hollow Galvanized Large Diameter Stainless Steel Seamless Pipe].Carburetor Adjusting Tool Kit Screwdriver Chainsaw for Poulan Husqvarna Zama Walbro.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [Horizon-7 Fabric Covered Folding Panel Display Stand]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,Hospital Bed Electric Linear Actuator 12VDC 100mm Stroke.
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:Mc Cable Aluminum Tape Interlocked Armour Cable with UL Listed. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,1/2′′ 2 Way NSF61 Ss304 Electric Actuator Ball Valve with Manual Override.
Dispersions: In this case,Socket Connector Audio 3.5mm Stereo Phone Jack. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,LCD for Huawei-Honor-9-Lite LCD Screen Touch Screen Touch Panel Replacement-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.China Front Wheel Hub Bearing Supplier Dac25520037 Dac255237 Wheel Bearings(emulsion of oil-water).
Figure 6.
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
4.2.1 Anionic polymers
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Non-Standard Custom Hexagonal Bolt/Flange Bolt/Rebar Bolt[The Temporary Fence Double Wire Mesh Fence for Security,Prefabricated Galvanized Steel Structure for Greenhouse Metal]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Best Wholesale Stand QY00-5059-H2 Hospital LCD Arm Used in Hospital. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.High Quality Body Chassis Engine Auto Parts for All Kind of Yutong Bus.High Purity Sulfur Hexafluoride Gas Sf6shows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-Direct Factory Manufactures Brand Label Hangtag Card for Shoes(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Figure 8.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
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Polymer
Molecular formula
CD (mol %)
CD (meq/g)
PDADMAC
C8H16NCl
100
6.2
ECH/DMA
C5H12ONCl
100
7.3
CPAM
C8H16O2NCl
100
5.2
CPAM
(C8H16O2NCl)0.5(C3H5ON)0.5
50
3.8
CPAM
(C8H16O2NCl)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75
25
2.5
CPAM
(C8H16O2NCl)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9
10
1.2
Chitosan
C6H11O4N.HCl
100
5.2
Table 5.
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Figure 9.
Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].
Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [Polymer,Newly Design of Plastic Injection Cup Mold].
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,Food Grade EPDM Rubber Water Suction and Delivery Pipe Hose, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,Three Belt Squeeze Filter Press Design Calculation for Sale, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [3D Wood Puzzles Children Adults Vehicle Puzzles Wooden Toys,Custom Precision OEM Fineblanking Stamping Small Types of Aluminum/Iron/Stainless Steel Sheet Metal Stamping Part Car Linkage].
5. Conclusion
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,Travel Duffel Bag, Foldable Weekender Bag with Shoes Compartment (grey). This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
Acknowledgments
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Single Glass Door Beer Cooler Fridge Soft Drink Upright Display Chiller for Convenience Store(April 3rd 2019). Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment, Organic Polymers, Arpit Sand and Elsayed Zaki, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556. Available from:
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