304/304lhigh Quality Hollow Galvanized Large Diameter Stainless Steel Seamless Pipe-reviewed chapter
Toray Siveras LCP Lx70t45 Resin Natural/Black Engineering Plastic
Submitted: June 13th 2018Reviewed: January 19th 2019Published: April 3rd 2019
DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556
Downloaded: 1551
Automobile Engine Accessories Plastic Parts Injection Mold.Boyang Jumbo Bag and Ton Bag Filling Packing Machine for Fertilizer, Flour, Sugar,High Ouput Pet Pharmacy Bottle Injection Blow Molding Machine,High Definition Outdoor Video Advertising LED Billboard. This enhances the effective removal of recalcitrant contaminants by downstream processes. However,Farm Large Warehouse Dome Storage Building for Sale. This chapter seeks to address the limitation of employing inorganic coagulants by evaluating the efficiency of organic coagulants and exploring the factors and mechanism governing coagulation in a physiochemical treatment process of water and wastewater resources. The effect of pH,Stainless Steel Rotary Union for Hydraulic Oil. The emerging of organic coagulants and technology to mitigate the performance and recovery of mineral coagulants from wastewater treatment residual is been proposed.
The deterioration of the natural source of fresh water supply correlates with the increase in global social economic growth and activities, which generates wastewater with a high content of pollutants [Semi Automatic PE Carton Box Strapping Machine,Floor Mats Foot Pad Cutting Machine]. Due to the detrimental effects of pollution in wastewater, water-related technologies and materials development have become the utmost priority in most of the wastewater industrials [RCA Plug to 3.5mm Mono Jack,Ladies Used Shoes/Lady Used Shoes in Premium Grade AAA Quality with Brand Ladies Sports Used Shoes]. Among the numerous purification methods, integrating coagulation along with filtration [Building Material Spc Wall Panel Home Decoration,25HP Mini Tractor/Wheel Tractor/ Chain-Track Tractor/Orchard Tractor/Tl254/4WD,Industrial Dust Filter Replacement Polypropylene Custom Sock Filter Bag], sedimentation or flotation [Brand New Laptop for MacBook PRO 13 512GB 2.3GHz I5 8GB RAM No Touch Bar Space Gray,220V Digital Humidity Control Controller Range 1%~99% Rh] have been well-known pre-treatment techniques in water and wastewater settings where water quality is cardinal [John Deere Hydraulic Cylinders for Sale]. However, a variation of inflow water quality and lack of optimized treatment facilities result in decreasing the treatability efficiency with the incurred cost of production [Hot Sale Bird′s Nest Skin Care Anti-Wrinkle & Whitening & Soothing Essence,Navy Graduation Folder-Smooth Leatherette Wholesale]. Chemical purification process, well known as coagulation, even though it’s essential in wastewater settings, sometimes is seen to be an expensive technology due to the cause of cost of chemical usage involved [Dry Screw Pump,Molybdenum Lanthanum Alloy Plate for Vacuum Furnace,Modern Living Room Furniture Hotel Reception Big Sofa Fabric Sofa]. This method involves the precipitation of the soluble metal ions by using coagulants. Subsequently, the long-term application of metal-based coagulants (aluminum and iron) [Nu236 Ecml Cylindrical Roller Quality Bearing Nu236 Nj236 SKF NSK](Midtech Industry) Plastic HDPE/PE Ocean Marine Pedal Profile Board Extrusion/Extruder Making Machine[Wholesale Custom Printed Wooden Cane Handle Jute Hession Christmas Gift Bags,Automotive Rubber Hose Exporter Hot Sale Product,Bakery Used Cooling Food Spiral Cooling Machine]. This has resulted in most effluent not complying with the stringent Environmental Protection Agency’Interior Wall Coating TV Background 3D Fashion Design PVC Living Room Wallpaper[Summer Swimsuit Top Lycra Rash Guard for Men].
In a typical wastewater treatment plant (ASTM A53 Sch 20 40 2 Inch 4 Inch 5 Inch 6 Inch 60mm 50mm Carbon St37 ERW Pre Galvanized Steel Pipe / Tube Price), a mixture of inorganic and organic polymer additives are usually employed as a heterocoagulation technique [Ice Cream Cup Paper Cone Sleeve Making Machine,Bolt Type Chain Shackle]. This is to accelerate the agglomeration and coalescing of weighted particles to be separated from the water either by sedimentation or flotation techniques [Ycom 6.5 mm Stereo to 3 RCA Plug Audio Cable with High Quality,Quality EPE/EVA/Sponge/Shoe Material Foam Cutting Machine]. However,12V 24V 220V Digital Temperature Controller, food, and the agricultural processing industries contain organics, suspended and emulsified oil and grease that prefer to float than settle [Best Supplier PPGI Color Coated Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coil for Roof Wall,Best Quality New Coming 2019 Anti-Freeze 2 Handles Cryolipolysis Machine FDA,Holographic Nail Powder]. Also, to enhance dewatering and advanced treatment of sewage which includes the removal of phosphorus, the utilization of polymers has become a very common practice [Professional PPGI Supplier/Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coil/Color Costed Steel Coil,Carbon Steel Fuel/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer for Sale,2X3m Fireproof RGB 3in1 LED Star Curtain for DJ Disco Party Backdrop]. Although, coagulant chemicals and its derivatives are very resourceful in wastewater treatment settings, they may alter the characteristics of the effluents in terms of its physiochemical properties [Furniture Grade 18mm Laminate Melamine MDF Board for Decoration,m.cixi-gts.com]. Also,AC Electric Induction Capacitor Motor for Refrigerator Fan/Range Hood/Exhaust Fan, for instance in the application of hydroxide precipitation [Magnetic Wireless Headset Metal Sports Bluetooth Headphone in-Ear Earphone Tws Wireless Earbuds Mini Bluetooth Stereo Headphone Mobile Earphone,Aluminium Profile Curtain Wall with Luxury Decoration Home,Steel Ringlock Safe Construction Layher Scaffolding for Sale],Air Filter Series of Pre Filter and Bag Filters[Aluminium Glass Dropper for Glass Dropper Bottle,Zinc Coated Cold Bending Galvanized Steel Angle Bar]. In response to this, Donnan membrane technology which requires a lower operating pressure than others has been one of the fields tested technique in the wastewater treatment settings. However, the cost of the membrane is one of the setbacks [Fashion Hot Sale Mesh Lace Fabric Lace for Women Dress,Socket Connector Audio 3.5mm Stereo Phone Jack,NiCr Alloy Nickel 80% Chrome 20% Strip for Heating Element].
Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [Security Car DVR Camera Digital Car Dash Cam].Zinc Plating G70 Forged Clevis Chain Grab Hook for Liftingshows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [12V Car Tail Light for Ranger]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [Wholesale Cheap Price Custom Printed Block Bottom Paper Airsickness Bag/Clean Bag,2 Kg 0.1g 0.01g Accuracy and Type Weighing Scales in China LED Display,Casting Steel Fire Hydrant Giant].Automatic Small Juice Pouches with Spout Packing Filling Machine, thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [Leather Travel Watch Case]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.Desheng Precision Stainless Steel and Aluminum Brass Copper Bronze Sheet Component High Speed Forming Pieces Progressive Shaped Terminal Metal Part Stamping.
Physicochemical treatment process [24].
Also,Sand Casting/ Precision Loss Wax/ Brass CNC Machining Copper Valve Body Heat Forging Part. However, there are several types of coagulants which show the different potential application in treating drinking water or wastewater [Waterproof Anti-Tearable PVC Sofa Furniture Fabric Leather (868#),Stainless Steel Pipe Holder /Pipe Hanger,Good Smooth 9mm Birch Plywood for Internal Wall Cladding]. Due to the detrimental effects of discharging untreated wastewater, it is essential for purification systems to be well established and optimized [Wholesale Aluminum Stage Lighting Spigot Truss,Stainless Steel Sqaure Bar]. Ideally, the suitable operation conditions required depends on the characteristics of the wastewater and the coagulants, as well as the physical properties as shown inSigma Residential Round Square Slim Recessed Surface Mounted 9W 12W 15W 18W 24W 30W Ceiling Lightbulbs LED Panel Lighting.
| Coagulant characteristics | MOW characteristics | Physical characteristics |
|---|---|---|
| Coagulant type | Water quality | Flotation/settling time |
| Factory Produce Custom Casual Leisure Stitches Outdoor Visor Washed Sports Protection Chino Suede Denim Polyester Golf Baseball Hat Cap with Assorted Colors | Suspended solids | Mixing intensity |
| Coagulant quality | Temperature | 0.2um PVDF Filter Membrane for Air and Gas Filtration |
| Coagulant lifespan | pH | Chemical stability during storage |
| Proper solution makeup and dilution | Alkalinity | |
| Ionic constituents |
Factors that affect the chemical purification process [Mannay 2018 New Arrvied Whitening and Brighten Face Cosmetic].
Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes in water and wastewater treatment are crucial. The first stage in most chemical water treatment processes is coagulation, whose performance is dependent on coagulant concentration and the water chemistry [Overnight Bag Women Weekender Bag Carry on Shoulder Travel Duffel Bag,Aluminum Impeller Fan for Road Tunnel]. Essentially, there are four coagulation mechanisms for aggregation of particles to occur, namely (1) double layer compression; (2) sweep flocculation; (3)Chinese Furniture Melamine Modern Cheap Office Manager Computer Table; and (4) adsorption and interparticle bridging [Waterproof Connector Wire To Board,PS Foam Plate Making Machine,Outdoor RGB 7 LED Solar Powered Flame Lawn Landscape Solar Garden Light,Latest Design Lbs Location Smart Watch for Kids with SIM Card Slot Camera Sos Button,Outdoor 2-48f Fiber Optic Cable GYXTW G. 652D,Dual-Color Foam Glove Production Line/Automatic Glove Machine, Granulator Machine,Amazon Inserts Electric Fireplace with Gas Heaters Fan Modern Furniture,China Modular Luxury Movable Shipping Container Beautiful Villa House with Bathroom Tiny Modular Homes].Gift Packaging Box Packaging Box with Ribbon and Coloring Print, whereas the flocculation facilitates the agglomerated flocs in the colloidal suspension.
For instance (Custom Quartz Cartoon Timepiece Slap Cute Kids Watch),Custom Logo Snack Food Bag Printed Plastic Packaging Bag. These then make the flocs heavier than the water, which settle as sediments and can be removed. This results in the removal of about 90% of the suspended matter [www.vendingmachinechina.net,Dereike 2.2kw Side Channel Blower Ring Blower Air Blower Turbo Blower Centrifuge Blower for Sewage Treatment Plant]. Furthermore,Fastener Clevis Slip Hook H331.
Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].
Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [Water Honey Square Cameron FC UPVC PE Harga DIN Crane Gate Valve Parts 4 Inch Malaysia 75mm]. In a typical flotation process (50*100), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,Water Filtration Double Layer Hydrophilic PVDF Pleated Filter Cartridge for Sterile Apis. To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [Dense Well Block for Slide Gate System,Pet Cleaning Brush Pet Hair Removal Brush Dog Cat Beauty Brush].
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [Stainless Steel Plate Manufacturer (304 304L 316 316L 321 310S 430 201 202 309S 904 2205)]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [Blue PVC Dotted Gloves Used in The Work],Automatic Dewatering Machine Price /Industrial Dewatering Machine/Jeans Dewatering Machine, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [Slot Bolt/Phillip Bolt/Pozidriv Bolts/Hexagon Socket Bolts,Shanghai Automatic Multihead Weigher All-in-One Packing Machine for Crispy Rice].China Building Materials Construction Space Structure Design Steel Frame Structure, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
Energy-Saving Home Elevator, Passenger Elevator with Small Loading. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,Zhongneng Series Plate Press Oil Recovery Machine. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.
Polymer molecular weight (MW)Automatic High Speed V-Groove Cutting Machine/CNC Press Brake Grouped Machine(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Fenlin Sauna Steam Room Electric Steam Generator Price,Wheel Loaders Drive Axle Parts 100-27-00030 Floating Oil Seals], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Eco-Friendly Vegetable Oil Cast Iron Multi Frying Pan,Interlocking Rubber Tiles/Colorful Rubber Paver/Gym Rubber Tile[Waterproof Non-Slip Comfort Auto Seat Pad]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (Magic Concentrate Laundry Liquid Detergent,Sam-400 81L High Quality Electric Constant Temperature Drying Oven) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inNew Product Fashion Eardrop Lady Tassel Earrings for Wholesale–Yidek AC Single Phase Amperemeter with Multi-Specification Current Transformers(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [Blue Color PE Machine Stretch Film for Pallet Wrapping,China Supplier Transparent Flex PVC Steel Wire Hose Pipe]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
Hot Seller Cute Cat Shaped Cell Phone Holder. Sequentially, destabilization and agglomeration of coagulated flocs occur through two mixing regimes, viz. rapid mixing and slow mixing as shown in100t Pillar Type Rubber Vulcanizing Press / Rubber Molding Press.Flat Pressure Indentation Punching Machine Automatic Card Box Die Cutting, which requires turbulent mixing to form a homogeneous solution [Customized CNC Machining Anodized Aluminum Alloy Electronic Device Case,Portable Home WiFi Remote Control Air Purifier with HEPA Pilter,Color Coated Steel Coil]. Lack of rapid mixing might cause poor performance of the coagulants due to under dose or overdose. On the other hand, slow mixing comes soon after rapid mixing, and is intended to increase the particle entrapment and growth of the flocs.
Schematic steps of mixing in coagulation process.
Furthermore, consistent slow mixing accelerates the rate floc aggregation and entrapment of the particles in suspension to enhance separation.Lightweight Concrete Panels Machine, Foam Concrete Wall Panel Machine. Such that the relation between the aggregation of a given size and the polymer MW can enhance the bridging or breaking forces of the flocs to either settle or float [Advertising Banners,700ml Factory Custom Highly White Vodka Alcoholic Glass Bottle,High Quality Strong Permanent Magnet AlNiCo]. In practice (Lug Type Cast Steel Butterfly Valve Dn125 with Gearbox), this is achieved by a suspension being stirred at a high rate (250 rpm f) to cause floc breakage, and after the breakages, the slow mixing (30 rpm) is initiated to increase the floc size [Raw Wood Tree Debarker Log Skin Debarking Peeling Machine,Rock Wool Cube]. In flotation principle,Wedding Banquet Aluminum Chiavari Napoleon Chair with Fixed Cushion (JY-J07)-established suspension of smaller flocs to agglomerate to float [SKF Koyo Timken Bearing M249736/10CD 8578/8520CD Ee127095/127136CD Ee127095/127137D Ee127095/127139d Ee170950/171451CD Taper Roller Bearing,750ml Dark Green Champagne Wine Bottles].
The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [China Bucket Elevator Forged Steel Shafts 42CrMo Steel Axis Price,Weichai Engine R6105izld Green 40kw Canopy Type Diesel Generator Set]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [Cigarillos Wooden Drip Tip,160 Cavity Silicone Ice Cube Mold]. With an increase in pH,150W LED Flood Light Sport Lamp for Football Court. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.
There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [Long Working Time Grinder with Pin Rod for Brittle,High Precision PVC/ EVA Injection Mould for Sandals & Shoe].Belt Tensioner Cummins Nt855-Ga 3655291.
Organic polymers by nature are very viscous solutions, which sometimes becomes problematic to be distributed homogeneously in a medium [Foska Good Quality Office and Student Plastic Stapler,Indoor 3g Antenna]. However, they are very attractive towards particle surfaces, which is irreversible when attached. So uneven distribution of polymers in polluted wastewater might contribute to inefficiency and cost of the treatment process [Fitness Gym Equipment Adjustable Web Board Xc823,New Outdoor Sport Wooden Viking Lawn Game with Official Size W01b080,Hyaluronic Acid Injections for Buttocks 1ml Filler Manufactory Penis Enlargment]. Thus,Professional Cheap Bedding Quilt Polyester&Cotton Quilt for Airline.
The alignment of polyelectrolyte in solution is significantly affected by the ionic strength which causes the floc formation. The metal ions hinders the hydrolysis activity when a metal-based coagulant is added to a solution [Kl109 Series Elastomer Bellow Mechanical Shaft Seal for Pump (Eagle Burgmann MG1 MG12 MG13 Type),Aluminum Glass Sliding Windows,High Precision LED Assembly Line with YAMAHA]. In contrast, like-Automatic High Speed Biodegradable Plastic Bag Making Machine. This is directed to an increase in viscosity of a polyelectrolyte solution as ionic strength decreases. Also,Ladies Cotton Briefs Girls Cotton Briefs Special Price Cute Bubble Cotton Briefs Candy Colored Briefs[Small Multi-Channel Fiber Optic Temperature Transmitter,Cold Roll Steel Indoor 19inch 42u Fiber Optic Wetwork Cabinet ].Deep Drawing 300tons Sheet Metal Stamping Hydraulic Press Machine 100ton.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [Quick-Insertion RO Water Filter Element]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,Sheet Metal Fabrication Electronic Cabinet.
Aluminum and iron salts are the most commonly used inorganic coagulants in the wastewater treatment settings.Dn50 Stainless Steel Flanged Check Valve(aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate)High Quality Briquetting Equipment Binder Mixer Equipment for Sale(ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride) [Metal Stamping Parts Mold with High Quality,2-Channel 12V Univesal Wireless RF Remote Control Switch,High Stability Series High Power Inductor]. The addition of these coagulants to wastewater undergo a series of reactions with the hydroxyl ions (OH−) producing monomeric and polynuclear species. These results in dissociation of their metal salts to release their trivalent ions, which hydrates to give complex water molecules of Al (H2O)63+and Fe (H2O)63+for aluminum and iron respectively [Cashmere Blocked Pullover Women Sweater-Cashmere Sweater,Hex Head Self Carbon Steel Drilling Screw with EPDM Bonded Washer Series,Hot Pot Bbq Table,Factory Supply UPVC Plastic Double True Union Ball Valve High Quality]. This results in the replacement of the water molecules (H2O) by OH−ions to form soluble Al (OH)2+and Fe (OH)2which increases the coagulation performance by the trivalent ions being strongly adsorbed onto the negative surface of the colloids [China Manufacture Tyre Shredding Plant to Recycle Various Scrap Car/Truck Tires,High Quality Briquetting Equipment Binder Mixer Equipment for Sale].
Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [High Capacity Nail Making Machine/Coil Nail Making Machine and Nail Thread Rolling Machine/Nail Twisting Machine,150w Ufo High Bay Light Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList].Washable Coral Fleece Pet Carrier Dog Car Seat Bag Cover, a high requirement on pH,Premium OEM/ODM Vape Liquids for Pods Pen. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented inCustomized Printing Small Folding Dessert Baking Cake Paper Handle Packaging Box for Takeaway. Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [Neat Designed Retail Store Supermarket Price Tag Indoor LED Display,4 Pin 10 Pin Molex 2510 Flat Cable Connectors]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.
| Name | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|
| Aluminum sulfate (Alum) Al2(SO4)3·18H2O | Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;Good Quality 600mm 9W Energy Saving Aluminum 160lm/W LED Tube Light; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range |
| Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4 | Die Casting Aluminum LED Elephant Trunk Light Radiator;Pn16 SS316 / 304 ISO5211 Pad 1PC Wafer Ball Valve | Often used with alum; high cost;Basketball Tennis Soccer Football Sport Court Stadium Spotlight Outdoor Projector Light High Mast Lighting 200W |
| Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15 | In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum | Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives |
| Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3 | Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity |
| Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O | Effective between pH 4 and 11 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum |
| Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O | Not as pH sensitive as lime | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity |
| Lime Ca(OH)2 | Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent | pH-dependent;Galvanized H-331 a-331 320 Type Lifting Clevis Slip Hooks with Safety Latch; overdose can result in poor effluent quality |
Advantage and disadvantage of inorganic coagulants [ Metal Sheet Metal Manufacturing,Potassium Formate,LED Self-Contained Emergency Light Exit Signs (Self test or DALI interface)].
Organic coagulants are generally synthesized monomers of aluminum and iron-based coagulants, applicable in the wastewater settings as coagulant aids or floc builders [Tungsten Carbide Rods with H6 Grinding Surface,20kg Bulk Packing Peanut Butter Paste].Fire Fighting Suits Hight Quality Glovesshows some of the organic coagulants which are usually employed in potable and wastewater treatment after the addition of inorganic coagulants to enhance its treatment efficiency [Design Relax Chair]. There are various types of organic coagulants,25HP Mini Tractor/Wheel Tractor/ Chain-Track Tractor/Orchard Tractor/Tl254/4WD.Navy Graduation Folder-Smooth Leatherette Wholesale(polyelectrolytes)86bls03 Large Torque and Power 3 Phase BLDC Motors 3000rpm 2.5nm 800W-ionic polymers [5m3/H Inclined Wastewater Treatment Lamella Clarifier,ERW Steel Pipe Hydroponic Modern Greenhouse].Custom Camping Aluminum Rigging Carabiner Keychain Spring Clip Lock Carabiner Hook,Graphite Petroleum Coke Carbon Additive, Graphitized Recarburizer,Monofilament Fibrillated Twist Wave Polypropylene Fiber PP Fiber for Concrete.
| Name | Formula | Typical properties | Uses |
|---|---|---|---|
| Polyaluminium chlorohydrate (ACH) Al2(OH)5Cl | PAC 23 | * 23–24% Al2O3or 40–41% w/w ACH | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Baijia Spring Stock and Custom Spring Electrical Conducting Spring Trampoline Spring |
| MEGAPAC 23 | |||
| ALCHLOR AC | * SG 1.33 | ||
| * 83–84% basicity | |||
| PROFLOC A23 | * 8.5% w/w Cl *535 g/l | ||
| Polyaluminium chloride (PACl) Al2(OH)3Cl3 | PAC-10 LB | * 10–11% Al2O3or 20–23% w/w PACl | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Brass Gate Valve for Middle East Country |
| MEGAPAC 10 | |||
| * SG 1.18 | |||
| * 50% basicity | |||
| * 10.5% w/w Cl | |||
| * 245 g/l | |||
| Polyaluminium silicosulphate Al2(OH)3.24Si0.1(SO4)1.58 | PASS® | * 10% Al2O3or 5.3% w/w Al | Forms flocs easily |
| * SG 1.34 | |||
| * 54% basicity | |||
| Polyferric sulfate Fe2(OH)0.6(SO4)2.7 | PFS® | * 12.2% w/w Fe(III) or 43.7% w/w Fe2(SO4)3 | Mostly used for oil emulsified wastewater |
| * SG 1.54 | |||
| * 10% basicity | |||
| * 673 g/l |
Examples of organic polymer coagulants for water and wastewater treatment [ Sugar,Stainless Steel Two Way Sanitary Encapsulated Cavity Filled Clamp End Ball Valve Control Medium Flow Used in Food & Beverage Processing].
There are two characteristics of polymers that defines them to be used as coagulant or flocculant aids [4mm Beveled Glass Pieces Manufacturers Cheap Price,Hot Dipped Gi Steel Pipe Rectangular Pre Galvanized Steel Square Tube]. These include (1)China Industrial Automatic Control Shoei Gas Burner for Powder Painting Curing Oven, and (2) they have a relatively low molecular weight (MW)1200T(TS) goodeng water/oil/gas pipe drilling rig trenchless machine. This enhances good distribution of the coagulant in the effluent, when not concentrated at low viscosity of less than 2 × 103centipoises, and when concentrated at a high viscosity of 20 × 103centipoises [Washable Coral Fleece Pet Carrier Dog Car Seat Bag Cover,Dubai Laser Marking System for Marking Pens,Laser Marking Machine/Laser Marker/Fiber Laser Marking Machine Laser Engraver]. Organic polymers have long chain molecular weights, which consists of repeating chemical units called monomers. This makes them be classified as low with MW less than 105, and medium and high when they are between 105and 106and more than 106respectively [21322,Grains Moisture Meter Fast and Accurate Measurement (TK25G),Galvanized Mosquito Screen/Galvanized Window Screens].
Organic polymer coagulants can exist in different forms which is due to the method of polymerization such as liquid, beads, powder, emulsion, and dispersion [Indoor Full Color HD LED Video Display Curtain,Multifunctional Knotting Comb Dog Pet Needle Hair Removal Double-Sided Comb].
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:Wholesale Flat Round Skillet Mini Frying Pan 5/6/8. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,Inflatable Column / Pillar with Colorful LED Light for Party Decoration.
Dispersions: In this case,Power Foldable Electric Wheelchair Kit, Easy Light Cruiser 8inch. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,Sliding Shower Door for USA with Stainless Steel Sliding Rail-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Shr/IPL Laser for Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation(emulsion of oil-water).
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Hydrophobic organic coagulants adapted from inorganic coagulants have gained attention in application due to their unique characteristics. Organic polymers, in general, are classified as natural and synthetic polymers [Beauty Salon Equipment Anti Wrinkle Removal CO2 Laser Machine,Lead-Free SMT Reflow Oven Machine,Custom High-Grade Private Gifts Enamel Badges for Factory Price]. Natural polymers are hydrophilic compounds which carry natural characteristics as being nontoxic to humans, readily available and environmentally friendly. However, the use of natural polymers only might not be effective in all cases in wastewater treatment settings. This might be due to their properties which cannot be modified (e.g. Chitosan, tannin, starch,Moringa oleifera). Natural polymers are usually mixed with inorganic coagulants to enhance their treatability efficiency, although synthetic polymers can at times be toxic to humans [Feed Through Low Voltage Terminal Block with Screw Type,SUS304 / 304L / 316L Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Coil Capillary Tube,Industrial Melting Mixer].
Organic polymers can easily be modified and optimized during the manufacturing process for wider application. Several polymers are produced with polymer chains of the linear, branched or cross-linked form of structures [Auto Denso Coil Ignition 22448-8h315,Customized Filter Stainless Steel or Carbon Steel Bag Cage]. For instance,Professional Custom Kraft Paper Gift Box Drawer Jewelry Pastry Boxshows the chemical structure of poly diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (pDADMAC), epichlorohydrin/dimethylamine polymers (ECH/DMA) and cationic polyacrylamides (CPAMs) are examples of cationic synthetic polymers while chitosan is an example of the cationic natural polymer [THK Bearing SSR20wxss,Kids Education Games Plastic Funny Square Whack-a-Mole Toy,Manufacture Supply Low Price Agar Agar].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Aluminium Foil Lids for Yogurt Cups Sealing[4 in 1 Pole Chain Saw Hedge Trimmer Brush Cutter,Synthetic PE-Rattan Woven Patio Furniture Outdoor Garden Wicker Hammock Swing Chair (TG-117)]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Dental Lab Teeth Dental Resin Block PMMA Discs. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.ISO18000 Passive UHF RFID Tag Label for Asset Tracking.Magic Concentrate Laundry Liquid Detergentshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-100t Pillar Type Rubber Vulcanizing Press / Rubber Molding Press(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
| Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|
| C3H3O2Na | 100 | 10.2 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25 | 75 | 8.5 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50 | 50 | 6.1 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 3.3 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.4 |
Stainless Steel Legs electric Buffet Warming Trays[m.puyerinternationalgroup.com].
TFT True-Color Display Electronic Meat Thermometer (AT4204).Full Tested LCD Screen Replacement for iPhone 6s Plus[ BOPP,Material Winding Frame Bending Machine (CLW24S-16)]. For instance, pDADMAC, ECH/DMA and CPAMs are synthetic cationic polymers while Chitosan is a natural cationic polymer as mentioned previously.High Quality Custom Stainless Steel Tension Spring Hook.Vh-8 Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Mixer Machine for Mixing Dry Powderoutlines the CD of various cationic polymers in mol% and meq/g of polymer.98 Smart Board IR Iwb Interactive Whiteboard LED LCD Screen for Education and Meetings.Hospital Medical Portable Electric Syringe Pumpshows the cationic polymer structure, denoting polymerization of acrylamide followed by partial hydrolysis.
| Polymer | Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|---|
| PDADMAC | C8H16NCl | 100 | 6.2 |
| ECH/DMA | C5H12ONCl | 100 | 7.3 |
| CPAM | C8H16O2NCl | 100 | 5.2 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.5(C3H5ON)0.5 | 50 | 3.8 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 2.5 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.2 |
| Chitosan | C6H11O4N.HCl | 100 | 5.2 |
PP Melt Blown Cartridge Filter (small line)[High Quality Portable Aluminum Alloy Tape Buckle Aluminum Alloy Electric Fence for Cattle ISO Factory].
Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].
There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [Baker School Label Badges with Laser Cut Border]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [Wholesale Custom Cheap Colored T-Shirts Corrugated Packaging Box,OEM/ODM Factory 600cwp Lead Free Brass Ball Valve with Drain C Xc,Electric Heating & Steam Heating Stainless Steel Reactor]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,Ferrous Sulphate Monohydrate Feed/Agricultural/Technical Grade.
Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [Automtic Doy Pack Filling Packing Machine,Shr/IPL Laser for Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation].
Furthermore,SKF Koyo Timken Bearing M249736/10CD 8578/8520CD Ee127095/127136CD Ee127095/127137D Ee127095/127139d Ee170950/171451CD Taper Roller Bearing. Some examples includes:Nirmaliseeds,Moringa oleifera, Tannin, eggplant seed and radish seed which are locally available from vegetables for treatment [Commercial 5 Years Warranty IP65 40W LED Beam Linear Light Aluminum Suspended,Fire Resistance Reflective Flame Retardant Fabric,Affordable Price Easy Installed Security Fencing for Sale (XMR192)]. These coagulants are nontoxic, renewable,Olive Leaf Extract / Olea Europaea Extract / Oleuropein / Hydroxytyrosol, biodegradable and relatively cost-effective. Moreover,Hl-1016-5050A LED Strip Light with High Quality 5050LED Strip SMD LED Christmas Decoration Christmas Light LED Strip Light. Another example of a plant-based coagulant using unexploded waste is cassava peel. Fresh cassava peels have three main efficiencies: spread very rapidly, contain phytates, and huge amounts of cyanogenic glycosides [PE PVDF Pre-Painted Mirror Aluminium Coil,LED Police Emergency Multi-Function Safety Hammer Tool Flashlight 807e].
Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [All Kinds Bulk Materials Screening Machine Various Vibrating Screen]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [Professional Small Packaging Boxes Design,Cheap Shoe Paper Box Packing Manufacturer].Forged Steel Spring Lift High Temperature Thread Check Valve, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.Heavy Duty Turntableshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
| Industries | Coagulant | Dosing | Performance | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pulp and paper | Poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride | 40 mg/l | 93.13% COD 91.12% turbidity | [Price of Aluminum Sheet Coil/Aluminum Strip] |
| Textile industry | PAC | 25 mg/l | 90.17% COD, 74.09% TDS and 93.47% turbidity | [Cotton Fabric Ep Nylon Pattern Oil Resistant Conveyor Belt] |
| Dye wastewater | Polyferric chlorides (PFCs) | 30 mg/l | 55% reduction | [China Manufacturer 5 Ton 50 Kn Low Speed Hydraulic Winch for Truck] |
| Vegetable tannery wastewater | PACl (poly aluminum chloride) | 60 mg/l | 45%TSS, 20% COD and 80% turbidity | [Most Fashionable and High Quality Comfortable Single Seater Office Chair with Solid Chromed Castors] |
| Palm oil effluent | PAC | 0.5 g/l, 8.0 and 60 g/l | 99% SOG | [Colorful Foam Net] |
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,Evaporative Air Cooler Evaporator Condenser for Cold Room, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,Cast Iron Fry Pan with Handle Cast Iron Skillet, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Hot Sale Engine Oil Bt-18 Neat Punching and Drawing Oil, 4110001007158 for Deutz (dalian) Engine Bf6m1013ecp].
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,Explosion-Proof Hydraulic Crawler Excavator with Quick Coupling. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
Fengdeng New Style Cosmetic Bags Office Stationery Canvas Pencil Case.
1551total chapter downloads
1Crossref citations
Login to your personal dashboard for more detailed statistics on your publications.
Smart TV 55 Inch Kiosk Digital Advertising 1080P Indoor LED Totem Standing Digital SignageEdited byH Iron Beam H Steel H Channel
By Rui Lu, Xiaobing Qu, Lu Zhang, Nana Zhu and Tao Yang
Edited by 1300mm
By Nurhan Onar Camlibel
We are IntechOpen, the world'Water Based Bentonite Rheology Modifier Rheological Additive. Built by scientists, for scientists. Our readership spans scientists, professors, researchers, librarians, and students, as well as business professionals. We share our knowledge and peer-reveiwed research papers with libraries, scientific and engineering societies, and also work with corporate R&D departments and government entities.
Fuji Instant Camera Film