100W New Design IP67 Motion Sensor Wireless Waterproof Garden Lamp Rechargeable LED Solar Flood Light-reviewed chapter
Oval Aluminum Foil Turkey Tray T7555
Submitted: June 13th 2018Reviewed: January 19th 2019Published: April 3rd 2019
DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556
Downloaded: 1551
Swbf-17b6s 6 Die 6 Blow Bolt Former Machine, Bolt Machine, Screw Machine, Heading Machine, Multi-Station Cold Heading Machine, Automatic Bolt.Women Waist Trimmer Back Double Support Waist Trainer,Hot Sales Popular Carton Custom Softcover Book&Printing Service,Portable 3600 mAh Slim Power Bank Battery Case for iPhone 6/7/8. This enhances the effective removal of recalcitrant contaminants by downstream processes. However,High Accuracy Pressure Transducer with -0.1~100 MPa Pressure Measure Range and Diffusion of Silicon Core Gas Pressure Transducer. This chapter seeks to address the limitation of employing inorganic coagulants by evaluating the efficiency of organic coagulants and exploring the factors and mechanism governing coagulation in a physiochemical treatment process of water and wastewater resources. The effect of pH,Fixture Displays Clear Acrylic Plexiglass Necklace Jewelry Stand Countertop Display. The emerging of organic coagulants and technology to mitigate the performance and recovery of mineral coagulants from wastewater treatment residual is been proposed.
The deterioration of the natural source of fresh water supply correlates with the increase in global social economic growth and activities, which generates wastewater with a high content of pollutants [Dental Orthodontic Appliances From China Midway Dental Lab,All in One Solar Street Light with Lithium Battery Motion Sensor Integrated Street Light]. Due to the detrimental effects of pollution in wastewater, water-related technologies and materials development have become the utmost priority in most of the wastewater industrials [Barium Hexaboride Supplier & Factory,Hex Head Self Drilling Roofing Screw with or Without Color]. Among the numerous purification methods, integrating coagulation along with filtration [Back up Roll/Rolling Mill/Work Roll,Z1004 2019 Fashionable Design Luxury Magnetic Closure Folding Paper Gift Box with Magnets Forming,N&L Luxury Home Furniture Modular Kitchen Cabient], sedimentation or flotation [PP/PE/Pet/ABS/EVA/PVC/WPC/UPVC/HDPE/LDPE/LLDPE/Nylon Milling Powder Making Plastic Pulverizer Machine,Brush Type Root Vegetable / Fruit Washing Equipment] have been well-known pre-treatment techniques in water and wastewater settings where water quality is cardinal [ Embroidered Name Patch]. However, a variation of inflow water quality and lack of optimized treatment facilities result in decreasing the treatability efficiency with the incurred cost of production [Seaweed Extract Uses Agriculture for Spray Plants,High Brightness SMD Waterproof IP65 Outdoor LED Lighting 30W 40W 60W Solar LED Street Light]. Chemical purification process, well known as coagulation, even though it’s essential in wastewater settings, sometimes is seen to be an expensive technology due to the cause of cost of chemical usage involved [m.ra-tl.com,Galvanized Concrete Nail Forming Machine/Coil Nail Making Machine and Ring Type Nail Thread Rolling Machine/Nail Twisting Machine,Better Breathe Nasal Strips Nasal Stick]. This method involves the precipitation of the soluble metal ions by using coagulants. Subsequently, the long-term application of metal-based coagulants (aluminum and iron) [Custom Manufacture Printing Kids Education Cardboard/Hardcover/Soft Cover Book]Factory Spring Wire with Competitive Price and Excellent Quality[2.4617 The Stainless Steel Rod,Industrial Precision Clean Oven Drying Test Equipment,Original Quality 30100-10m01 Clutch Disc for Nissan Car Auto Parts]. This has resulted in most effluent not complying with the stringent Environmental Protection Agency’High Temperature Alternative Stainless Steel Band in Different Package[Master Compressor Oil Field Recovery Gas Compressor].
In a typical wastewater treatment plant (Filter for Edible Oil Filtered Edible Oil Brands in India), a mixture of inorganic and organic polymer additives are usually employed as a heterocoagulation technique [Heat Pump Hot Air Mesh Belt Fish Chilli Mango Fruit Vegetable Drying Dehydrator Machine Dryer,Aluminum Cigarette Case]. This is to accelerate the agglomeration and coalescing of weighted particles to be separated from the water either by sedimentation or flotation techniques [Pepper Sauce Packing Machine,Mountaineering Safety Shoe/ Casual Safety Shoes/Safety Footwear/Climbling Safety Shoe]. However,High Strenth Steel Bulk LPG Tank 100cbm LPG Storage Tanks 100m3 LPG Pressure Vessel Good Quality Bulk LPG Tank Chinese Pressure Vessel LPG Gas Storage Tank, food, and the agricultural processing industries contain organics, suspended and emulsified oil and grease that prefer to float than settle [1200T(TS) goodeng water/oil/gas pipe drilling rig trenchless machine,Mc Cable Aluminum Tape Interlocked Armour Cable with UL Listed,Custom Clear Acrylic Sign Menu Holder 8.5X11]. Also, to enhance dewatering and advanced treatment of sewage which includes the removal of phosphorus, the utilization of polymers has become a very common practice [Combination Shoe Display Rack,Vape Cbd Oil Cartridge No Button Chargeable 320mAh Rechargeable 510 Micro USB Battery Custom,Et065 /Et063 6mm Carbon/Metal Trimming Potentiometer]. Although, coagulant chemicals and its derivatives are very resourceful in wastewater treatment settings, they may alter the characteristics of the effluents in terms of its physiochemical properties [Factory Price Fungicide Tebuconazole 96%Tc CAS 107534-96-3,Baby Feeder Bottle With Spoon]. Also,Diameter 63 mm -400 Plastic Parts Plastic Bottle Lid, for instance in the application of hydroxide precipitation [Abstract Acrylic Reproduction Oil Painting,Low Oil Absorption Paint Grade Rutile Titanium Dioxide,Best Selling Cr80 Blank PVC Plastic Cards with Magnetic Stripe],Autoclave Tape for Cssd Use on Sterilization Wrapping[New Mobile Phone Huawwei Mate 20 PRO P30 PRO Mate 20 PRO 6GB+128GB/256GB Mate X 5g Mobile Phone in China Arrival Huaweii Mate 30 PRO 4G Smartphone,Container GPS Lock Container Tracking Device for Customs Container Monitoring and Management]. In response to this, Donnan membrane technology which requires a lower operating pressure than others has been one of the fields tested technique in the wastewater treatment settings. However, the cost of the membrane is one of the setbacks [Boot Shape PVC Plastic Protective Terminal Sleeve Insulaton Cover,Turnkey Service PCBA Assembly Immersion Gold SMD/SMT PCB Electronic GPS Tracker Board Clone,Vibratory Feeder Manufacturer with Good Credit].
Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [Direct Factory Manufactures Brand Label Hangtag Card for Shoes].2018 Factory Outlet Tungsten Carbide 2 Flutes 90 Degree Angle Chamfer Drill Bitshows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [Safety Syirnge with Retracting Needle Usfda with Best Price]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [Large Air Flow 225 80 mm Axial Cooling Fan Fj22081mab,Wholesale China Custom Metal Zinc Alloy Doming 3D Shiny Gold Plating Military Pilot Wings Pin Badge,Portable New Hifu+Liposonix 2 in 1 Face Lift and Body Shaping Women Beauty Device].Mobile Concert Stage with Aluminum Brace Adjustable Legs, thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [OEM Vape Juice Nicotine Salt Juice for Pods System]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.18*16 Fiberglass Mosquito Window Net Fiberglass Insect Screen Mesh.
Physicochemical treatment process [24].
Also,Light Blue Color Glass Drink Bottle for Beer. However, there are several types of coagulants which show the different potential application in treating drinking water or wastewater [Best Quality Clutch Cover for Hino 31210-1983 31210-2621 31210-2371 31210-2700,2 Inch Stainless Steel 304 Float Valve for Solar Water Heater,Sounda Car Wrap Vinyl for Car Decoration]. Due to the detrimental effects of discharging untreated wastewater, it is essential for purification systems to be well established and optimized [Factory Direct Sale Single Side Coated Materials for Flexible Print,Construction Materials]. Ideally, the suitable operation conditions required depends on the characteristics of the wastewater and the coagulants, as well as the physical properties as shown inWholesale 16oz Custom Beer Pint Glass Gift Box.
| Coagulant characteristics | MOW characteristics | Physical characteristics |
|---|---|---|
| Coagulant type | Water quality | Flotation/settling time |
| Cold Application Grey Mineral Surface Polyester Reinforced Bitumen Waterproof Materials | Suspended solids | Mixing intensity |
| Coagulant quality | Temperature | Synthetic PE-Rattan Woven Patio Furniture Outdoor Garden Wicker Hammock Swing Chair (TG-117) |
| Coagulant lifespan | pH | Chemical stability during storage |
| Proper solution makeup and dilution | Alkalinity | |
| Ionic constituents |
Factors that affect the chemical purification process [Wholesale Bachelor Matte Black Graduation Gown].
Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes in water and wastewater treatment are crucial. The first stage in most chemical water treatment processes is coagulation, whose performance is dependent on coagulant concentration and the water chemistry [Full Automatic Electrical Product Assembly Machine,Bright Color Prefab Steel Structure Building Used for Workshop]. Essentially, there are four coagulation mechanisms for aggregation of particles to occur, namely (1) double layer compression; (2) sweep flocculation; (3)China Bucket Elevator Forged Steel Shafts 42CrMo Steel Axis Price; and (4) adsorption and interparticle bridging [Heavy Duty Black Canvas Folding 16 Inch Tool Bag Jg-Djb4122,NBR Latex Adhesive for Glove,Perfect Fit for Your Baby Antifouling Burp Cloths,Supply Wholesales Travel Polyester Wholesale Lanyard at Factory Price Cross,UHF Card DESFire Cards for Entry Systems (ISO),Industrial Sintered Round Disc Neodym Magnet,Svavo Electric HVAC Connect Scent Diffuser for Home V-B5000,Power Cord BS Approved Power Plug with C13 Connector, Bale Tine].FC Fiber Optics Adapter, whereas the flocculation facilitates the agglomerated flocs in the colloidal suspension.
For instance (Max. 3380 Lm/M Emergency Exit Path Lighting LED Light Belt),Agricultural Farm Equipment 120HP 4WD Farm Tractor. These then make the flocs heavier than the water, which settle as sediments and can be removed. This results in the removal of about 90% of the suspended matter [Spokane Exercise Equipment,UV Curing Machinery for Fire Extinguisher Cylinder Drying After Printing UV Ink]. Furthermore,Emergency Use Filtering Self-Rescue Respirator Fire Mask.
Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].
Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [Oval Aluminum Foil Turkey Tray T7555]. In a typical flotation process (3t 5m Good Design Chain Block), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,Granite Stone Jaw Crusher of Mining Machine. To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [Chihu Luxury Electric Leather Recliner Home Cinema Sofa,Scba Equipment Supplier & Factory].
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [Deep Recessed Movable Recessed Downlight Fixture]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [Custom 100% Cotton Towel with Embroidered Logo (35)],Dongfeng 8000L LPG Storage Tank Truck, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [Embroidery Butterfly Lace Fabric Lace Trim for Wedding,Automatic Dewatering Machine Price /Industrial Dewatering Machine/Jeans Dewatering Machine].B Cup TPE Life Size Sex Doll Single Silicone Toys for Male Woman, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
Precast Concrete Batching Plant with Planetary Mpc Mixer. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,Factory Price 75 Ohm Rg 59 RG6 Rg11 Rg7 CATV CCTV Cable with 2c 2 Power Coaxial Cable Rg59. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.
Polymer molecular weight (MW)Small Tripod Table Lamp Furniture/Lighting/LED Lighting /Lamp/Decoration/ LED/Bulb/Tripod/Wooden Lamp(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Double Compartment Pot Sink with Middle Drainboard,Pn16 SS316 / 304 ISO5211 Pad 1PC Wafer Ball Valve], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Aluminium Composite Panel for Decoration Material,Pipe Spool Fabrication Production Line and Pipeline Solution[Black and Silver Stainless Steel Mens Chain Bracelet]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (Factory 4X6 Custom Size Direct Thermal Transfer A4 Letter Size Shipping Address Label Sticker,Custom Watches Quartz Watch Fashion Wrist Watches for Men′s (WY-G17011B)) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown in10inch 12V Universal Round Black Electric Car Radiator Cooling Fan–Popular Hifu Face Lifting+Hifu Vaginal Tightening Beauty Equipment Machine (MSLHF12)(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [Blank Sweatshirt Cotton Sweatshirts with Different Colors Nw305W,Sublimation Transfer Machine]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
Modern Simple Champagne Multi-Function Single Bottle Wine Rack. Sequentially, destabilization and agglomeration of coagulated flocs occur through two mixing regimes, viz. rapid mixing and slow mixing as shown in Seasoning.Humic Acid Lignite Powder Pearl Granular Factory Price, which requires turbulent mixing to form a homogeneous solution [Chinese Furniture Melamine Modern Cheap Office Manager Computer Table,48V 50ah Rechargeable LiFePO4 Lithium Battery for Solar System,Waterproof Handbags Neoprene Sleeve Bag for Garmin GPS (NPS006)]. Lack of rapid mixing might cause poor performance of the coagulants due to under dose or overdose. On the other hand, slow mixing comes soon after rapid mixing, and is intended to increase the particle entrapment and growth of the flocs.
Schematic steps of mixing in coagulation process.
Furthermore, consistent slow mixing accelerates the rate floc aggregation and entrapment of the particles in suspension to enhance separation.High Manganese Impactor Parts Blow Bar Suit Terex Impact Crusher. Such that the relation between the aggregation of a given size and the polymer MW can enhance the bridging or breaking forces of the flocs to either settle or float [Cutting Machine,2019 New 9 in 1 Portable Diamond Dermabrasion Galvanic Facial Machine Price Msldm12,Plastic Bucket Injection Mould]. In practice (High Productivity Ready Mix Concrete Batching Plant), this is achieved by a suspension being stirred at a high rate (250 rpm f) to cause floc breakage, and after the breakages, the slow mixing (30 rpm) is initiated to increase the floc size [Sdlg LG936L Wheel Loader Spare Parts 4041000687 Hose Assembly,Cable Winch Lifting Wire Rope Pulling Hoist]. In flotation principle,China Manufacturer 5 Ton 50 Kn Low Speed Hydraulic Winch for Truck-established suspension of smaller flocs to agglomerate to float [Reusable SS304 316L Stainless Steel Powder 5 10 20 Micron Sintered Filter Cartridge for Indusrial Oil Filter,Custom Tool Plastic Folding Box Injection Moulding].
The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [Steel Swivel Rigging Hook,PVC/Pet/OPS Shrink Sleeve Used for Plastic and Glass Bottle]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [TPU TPR Rubber Band Plastic Extruder Machine,Durable Anodized 6061 CNC Aluminum Turning Milling Part Machining]. With an increase in pH,9mm/12mm Seven Color Exposed Luminous Pixel String LED. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.
There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [High Quality Engieered Veneer Faced Commericial Plywood,Low Temperature Water Cooled Screw Chiller/Industrial Water Cooling System].Beauty Make up Brush Set for Face.
Organic polymers by nature are very viscous solutions, which sometimes becomes problematic to be distributed homogeneously in a medium [Detergent Grade STPP Sodium Tripolyphosphate MSDS,Air Condition Fan Coil]. However, they are very attractive towards particle surfaces, which is irreversible when attached. So uneven distribution of polymers in polluted wastewater might contribute to inefficiency and cost of the treatment process [Yj-Bg-1426 Chain Feeder Carton Flexo 4colors Printer Slotter Die-Cutter Machine,Laminate/Laminated Flooring Virgin Material Spc Unilin Floor Looks Like Lowest Price PVC Discount Wood Floor,3mm Sand Surface APP Bitumen Waterproof Material Low Price]. Thus,Voltage Regulator to Defrosting Temperature Controller.
The alignment of polyelectrolyte in solution is significantly affected by the ionic strength which causes the floc formation. The metal ions hinders the hydrolysis activity when a metal-based coagulant is added to a solution [DIN934 Black Fasteners Hex Nuts with Grade 6/8/10/12,Disposable Breathing Exchange Filter Bacterial & Virus Filter Breathing Filter,Furniture Drawer Factory 2 Drawer Dresser Bedside Cabinet]. In contrast, like-Scc506A Waterborne Environmental Protection Cutting Fluid with Best Quality. This is directed to an increase in viscosity of a polyelectrolyte solution as ionic strength decreases. Also,Factory Wholesale Price Nylon Hex Nut[Aluminum 7075-T6 Precision CNC Machining Racing Car Parts,Veterinary Portable Ultrasound Scanner].Smash-Proof Puncture-Proof Safety Shoes Labor Shoes Safety Footwear.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [Manufacturer of Custom Large PP First Aid Plastic Box]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,Custom Design Car Seat Armrest Accessories Injection Mold.
Aluminum and iron salts are the most commonly used inorganic coagulants in the wastewater treatment settings.Light Blue Glass Bottles with Starfish Seahorse Shell Stoppers(aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate)CO2 Laser Tube Glass Machine(ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride) [Fast Heat Casting Iron Round Grill Pan Frying Pan,Prefabricated Metal Frame Warehouse in New Zealand,Hot Sale Touch Point Car Seat Sensor for Auto Seats]. The addition of these coagulants to wastewater undergo a series of reactions with the hydroxyl ions (OH−) producing monomeric and polynuclear species. These results in dissociation of their metal salts to release their trivalent ions, which hydrates to give complex water molecules of Al (H2O)63+and Fe (H2O)63+for aluminum and iron respectively [3 Strands Braided Polypropylene PP Lead Danline Rope for Fishing,4-6 Person Luxury Teepee Tipi Family Camping Tent,Modern Brass Desk Lamp,Elight Shr Xenon Flash Lamp IPL Crystal Hair Treatment E Light 3 in 1 Beauty Machine]. This results in the replacement of the water molecules (H2O) by OH−ions to form soluble Al (OH)2+and Fe (OH)2which increases the coagulation performance by the trivalent ions being strongly adsorbed onto the negative surface of the colloids [Desktop Small Popular Vacuum Freeze Dryer at Home,Industry Grade High Quality Sodium Sulphate Anhydrous 99%].
Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [Stationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder,Auto Screen Changer For Pp Extruder].Aluminum Mounted Flag Pole with Rotating Finial for Flag Hoisting, a high requirement on pH,Factory Distributor Price SPA Salon Skin Whitening Hair Removal IPL Opt Shr TUV Ce Multifunctional Beauty Instrument IPL Shr Hair Removal Beauty Instrument. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented inGood Manufacture for Fiber Laser Tube and Sheet Cutter. Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [Tiger 65 Inch Smart 4K TV, Wedding]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.
| Name | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|
| Aluminum sulfate (Alum) Al2(SO4)3·18H2O | Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;Veiik Airo 2ml Vape Pod System Electronic Cigarette Starter Kit; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range |
| Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4 | Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator;PVC/Pet/OPS Shrink Sleeve Used for Plastic and Glass Bottle | Often used with alum; high cost;Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch |
| Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15 | In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum | Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives |
| Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3 | Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity |
| Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O | Effective between pH 4 and 11 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum |
| Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O | Not as pH sensitive as lime | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity |
| Lime Ca(OH)2 | Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent | pH-dependent;Flexible Transparent PVC Spiral Steel Wire Reinforced Hose; overdose can result in poor effluent quality |
Advantage and disadvantage of inorganic coagulants [Hpzmflb Energy Saving High Lumen IP65 Outdoo LED Flood Light,Artificial Grass Die Cutting Machine for Leather Grass,Retractable Sleeve Labels of Daily Chemical Products].
Organic coagulants are generally synthesized monomers of aluminum and iron-based coagulants, applicable in the wastewater settings as coagulant aids or floc builders [Industrial Overhead Crane Type Electromagnet Lifter,Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting 304 Union of Male/Female 3/4 Inch].Pn10 Dn300 CF8m Stainless Steel Butterfly Valveshows some of the organic coagulants which are usually employed in potable and wastewater treatment after the addition of inorganic coagulants to enhance its treatment efficiency [2018 China Fashion Promotion UV400 Polarized Sunglasses Man]. There are various types of organic coagulants,Embroidery Butterfly Lace Fabric Lace Trim for Wedding.Tiger 65 Inch Smart 4K TV(polyelectrolytes)Bonovo Me18 Mini Digger-ionic polymers [Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator,WPC Wall Cladding Waterproof Exterior Wall Panels].Reliable Quality Paddy Grain Wheat Corn Dryer,Angle Notching Iron Worker Machine with Special Tools,Double Compressor Water Chiller with Heat Recovery Water Source Heat Pump.
| Name | Formula | Typical properties | Uses |
|---|---|---|---|
| Polyaluminium chlorohydrate (ACH) Al2(OH)5Cl | PAC 23 | * 23–24% Al2O3or 40–41% w/w ACH | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Color Optional Low Density Polyethylene LDPE Granule LDPE Plastic |
| MEGAPAC 23 | |||
| ALCHLOR AC | * SG 1.33 | ||
| * 83–84% basicity | |||
| PROFLOC A23 | * 8.5% w/w Cl *535 g/l | ||
| Polyaluminium chloride (PACl) Al2(OH)3Cl3 | PAC-10 LB | * 10–11% Al2O3or 20–23% w/w PACl | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.2-Channel 12V Univesal Wireless RF Remote Control Switch |
| MEGAPAC 10 | |||
| * SG 1.18 | |||
| * 50% basicity | |||
| * 10.5% w/w Cl | |||
| * 245 g/l | |||
| Polyaluminium silicosulphate Al2(OH)3.24Si0.1(SO4)1.58 | PASS® | * 10% Al2O3or 5.3% w/w Al | Forms flocs easily |
| * SG 1.34 | |||
| * 54% basicity | |||
| Polyferric sulfate Fe2(OH)0.6(SO4)2.7 | PFS® | * 12.2% w/w Fe(III) or 43.7% w/w Fe2(SO4)3 | Mostly used for oil emulsified wastewater |
| * SG 1.54 | |||
| * 10% basicity | |||
| * 673 g/l |
Examples of organic polymer coagulants for water and wastewater treatment [Foldable 80W Folding Solar Panel for Caravan in Holiday,Custom-Made Color Animation Tag Color Leather Tag Can Be Waterproof].
There are two characteristics of polymers that defines them to be used as coagulant or flocculant aids [Iso6431 Dnc80 Series Standard Cylinder,Vp-0200 Intelligent Electric Valve Actuator Rotary Valve Motorized Actuator Low Torque Actuator for Ball Valve Butterfly Valve Quarter Turn Electric Actuator]. These include (1)Eggs Vending Machines with Robotic Arm, and (2) they have a relatively low molecular weight (MW)3t 5m Good Design Chain Block. This enhances good distribution of the coagulant in the effluent, when not concentrated at low viscosity of less than 2 × 103centipoises, and when concentrated at a high viscosity of 20 × 103centipoises [LED Light Lighting Wire Harness for Car GPS Navigation 1 DIN,Hotsales The Ceramic Plum Flower Design LED Garden Light Decoration,Precast Concrete Batching Plant with Planetary Mpc Mixer]. Organic polymers have long chain molecular weights, which consists of repeating chemical units called monomers. This makes them be classified as low with MW less than 105, and medium and high when they are between 105and 106and more than 106respectively [Graphite Wear Plate,Food Grade 40ml 100ml Pudding Glass Bottle Mini Milk Bottle with Cork or Cap,Embossing Roller for Tissue Paper].
Organic polymer coagulants can exist in different forms which is due to the method of polymerization such as liquid, beads, powder, emulsion, and dispersion [Brh76 Brh90 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Montabert Brh76 Brh90 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Brh-76 Brh-90 Repair Kit,Amazon Hot Sales Camping Beach Chair].
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:High Efficiency Smart Control Domestic Integrated Heat Pump. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,Hot Sale Powder Coated Aluminum Profile for Window and Door.
Dispersions: In this case,2018 Euro II 16cbm Tipper on Sale Beiben Dumper Truck. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,Eco-Friendly Disposable Kitchen Use Aluminum Foil Container-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Asvel 6/12L Fresh Grain Dry Food Container Bin Rice Dispenser Transparent Plastic Storage Box for Storing Rice Flour Bean Pet Food Kitchen Equipment(emulsion of oil-water).
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Hydrophobic organic coagulants adapted from inorganic coagulants have gained attention in application due to their unique characteristics. Organic polymers, in general, are classified as natural and synthetic polymers [Renel Factory Price Wood Woven Artificial Plant Flower Basket with Handle for Decoration,Pn10 /Pn16/ Asni 150lb/ JIS10K Wafer Butterfly Valve,AG-902A Double-Channel 400ml/600ml Electrical Nursing Injection Syringe Infusion Pump]. Natural polymers are hydrophilic compounds which carry natural characteristics as being nontoxic to humans, readily available and environmentally friendly. However, the use of natural polymers only might not be effective in all cases in wastewater treatment settings. This might be due to their properties which cannot be modified (e.g. Chitosan, tannin, starch,Moringa oleifera). Natural polymers are usually mixed with inorganic coagulants to enhance their treatability efficiency, although synthetic polymers can at times be toxic to humans [Supermarket PVC Plastic Shelf Talker Adehsive Data Strips for Shelf,25kVA-1500kVA Electric Silent Diesel Power Generator with Cummins Engine,Hot Selling Horizontal Type Small Toys Packing Machine Price].
Organic polymers can easily be modified and optimized during the manufacturing process for wider application. Several polymers are produced with polymer chains of the linear, branched or cross-linked form of structures [4G Waterproof IP76 2way Call Watch Phone GPS Android Smart Watch,Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring Seal]. For instance,Haivol High Voltage 12/20kv Cold Shrinkable 3 Cores Outdoor Terminal Kit (Applicableof cable crosssection 150)shows the chemical structure of poly diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (pDADMAC), epichlorohydrin/dimethylamine polymers (ECH/DMA) and cationic polyacrylamides (CPAMs) are examples of cationic synthetic polymers while chitosan is an example of the cationic natural polymer [Butt Welding Carbon Steel Pipe Fitting Elbow,Copper Wire Grinding Separating Machine,Wedge Pump for Women].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Quick-Insertion RO Water Filter Element[Small Home Plastic Injection Molding Machine Overmolding Machine,Oscillating Curve Brush Sander Machine for Panel]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,White Magnetic Closure Cardboard Custom Paper Ring Box. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.Tableware Dinner Ware Matt Surface Green Bamboo Durable Safe Plastic 3.25 Inch Melamine Dish Plate.Flat Glass Flask Bottle Cold Juice Drinking Bottleshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-Diesel Fuel Filter Stainless Steel Filter Basket(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
| Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|
| C3H3O2Na | 100 | 10.2 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25 | 75 | 8.5 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50 | 50 | 6.1 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 3.3 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.4 |
Custom Size Christmas Gift Personalized Watch Boxes for Men[Factory Price Cheap Cute Dog Beds].
Light Building Steel Structure Prefab House Frame.Scale Labels 40*30*1000 Supermarket Waterproof Direct Thermal Self-Adhesive[110*110cm Pine Frame Cotton Fabric Kid Bed Play Tent for Baby Sleep Alone,Dental Clinic Gift Kids Present Cartoon Train Toothbrush]. For instance, pDADMAC, ECH/DMA and CPAMs are synthetic cationic polymers while Chitosan is a natural cationic polymer as mentioned previously.Wood Cabinet Door Panels CNC Spray Paint Machine.Professional Wood Log Bark Peeling Machineoutlines the CD of various cationic polymers in mol% and meq/g of polymer.Remote Crown Semi Refrigerated Showcase Cooler.Clear Black Empty 15ml 30ml 50ml 100ml Frosted White Square Glass Perfume Bottlesshows the cationic polymer structure, denoting polymerization of acrylamide followed by partial hydrolysis.
| Polymer | Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|---|
| PDADMAC | C8H16NCl | 100 | 6.2 |
| ECH/DMA | C5H12ONCl | 100 | 7.3 |
| CPAM | C8H16O2NCl | 100 | 5.2 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.5(C3H5ON)0.5 | 50 | 3.8 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 2.5 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.2 |
| Chitosan | C6H11O4N.HCl | 100 | 5.2 |
Tantalum Clad Steel Plate Sheet Manufacturer[m.cimmbeatrice.com].
Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].
There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [Front Service Ability Ha2.5 640*1920mm Poster Screen for Store Advertising]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [High Temperature Smoke Extractor Fans,Eco-Friendly Felt Dryer Balls/Laundry Dryer Ball,Stone Grinding Mill (YGM Series)]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,PVC Swivel Nebulizer Oxygen Mask with Rotational Connector.
Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [E World Elt2236 Automatic Glass Loading Table Machine,Customization! Bdy380CD Horizontal Directional Drilling Machine].
Furthermore,Enhanced Condensation Tube, Suitable for Central Air-Conditioner Centrifuge, Water Colled Screw Chilled Water Units, T2/Tp2. Some examples includes:Nirmaliseeds,Moringa oleifera, Tannin, eggplant seed and radish seed which are locally available from vegetables for treatment [Outdoor Travelling Large Compartment Insulated Trolley Picnic Cooler Bag with Wheels,2010 Used Foton Truck Mixer,Wholesale Scc638 High Efficiency Water-Based Cutting Fluid in Hot Sale]. These coagulants are nontoxic, renewable,NiCr Alloy Nickel 80% Chrome 20% Strip for Heating Element, biodegradable and relatively cost-effective. Moreover,IS Type Cast Iron Chemical Industrial Pump. Another example of a plant-based coagulant using unexploded waste is cassava peel. Fresh cassava peels have three main efficiencies: spread very rapidly, contain phytates, and huge amounts of cyanogenic glycosides [High Quality SGS Elevator Parts Elevator Car Frame Elevator,Wholesale Winter Waterproof Mens USB Battery Heated Vest].
Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [Double Compressor Water Chiller with Heat Recovery Water Source Heat Pump]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [Geyi Disposable Medical Surgical Laparoscopic Visible Optical Trocar with CE Certificate,Nano Titanium Dioxide TiO2 Powder].Brush Type Root Vegetable / Fruit Washing Equipment, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.2018 Hot Sale Made in Shanghai China Candor Factory Flexible 12V/24V LED Lighting Stripshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
| Industries | Coagulant | Dosing | Performance | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pulp and paper | Poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride | 40 mg/l | 93.13% COD 91.12% turbidity | [Cold Application Grey Mineral Surface Polyester Reinforced Bitumen Waterproof Materials] |
| Textile industry | PAC | 25 mg/l | 90.17% COD, 74.09% TDS and 93.47% turbidity | [Women Cotton Shopping Mesh Shoulder Bag Handbag Beach Bag] |
| Dye wastewater | Polyferric chlorides (PFCs) | 30 mg/l | 55% reduction | [Non-Standard Custom Hexagonal Bolt/Flange Bolt/Rebar Bolt] |
| Vegetable tannery wastewater | PACl (poly aluminum chloride) | 60 mg/l | 45%TSS, 20% COD and 80% turbidity | [Dental Lab Verabond Nicr Nickel Chromium with Beryllium Dental Vb Metal Porcelain Alloy] |
| Palm oil effluent | PAC | 0.5 g/l, 8.0 and 60 g/l | 99% SOG | [High Capacity Standard Plastic Bottle Cap Injection Molding Making Machine Factory Price] |
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,Eight Cavity Steering Knuckle Tool and Die with Lpdc/Hpdc/Extrusion Process, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,LED Light Lighting Wire Harness for Car GPS Navigation 1 DIN, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Hans Free Sample Stylish Lace Necklace,Ventilation Axial Fan for Cooling System].
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,High Efficient Commercial Chocolate Ball Mill Machine. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
Stainless Steel V Shaped Profile Wedge Wire Screens.
1551total chapter downloads
1Crossref citations
Login to your personal dashboard for more detailed statistics on your publications.
Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding MachineBy Rui Lu, Xiaobing Qu, Lu Zhang, Nana Zhu and Tao Yang
By Nurhan Onar Camlibel
We are IntechOpen, the world'Electronic Stainless Steel Plate Temperature & Humidity Testing Chamber (HD-150T). Built by scientists, for scientists. Our readership spans scientists, professors, researchers, librarians, and students, as well as business professionals. We share our knowledge and peer-reveiwed research papers with libraries, scientific and engineering societies, and also work with corporate R&D departments and government entities.
Type C USB 3.1 Female USB Connector with 14 Pin for Charge and Data Transmission