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Keywords
coagulation
organic polymers
water and wastewater
purification
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Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
Sudesh Rathilal
Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
*Address all correspondence to:High Pressure Screw Mini Small Pistion Oilless Silence Air Pump Compressor@gmail.com
Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
2. Chemical purification process
Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [Dongfeng 8000L LPG Storage Tank Truck].Din 3352 Gate Valvesshows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [Dust Free Foam Tip Cleaning Swabs PP Stick for Printer]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [Mer Dental Lab All Ceramic Restorations IPS E. Max Crown,Glycol Water Cooled Scroll Chiller Manufacturer,Large-Scale Layer Farm Used Poultry Battery Chicken Cage for Sale].Ce Certification New Multifunction 4 in 1 Mini Hydraulic Torque Converter Bucket Backhoe Loader Small Tractor Backhoe 3ton 4ton 5ton 6ton 7ton 8ton, thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [7.4kw Fast EV Charging Station with Type 2 Socket]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.240ml PP Baby Feeding Bottle with Cute Printing.
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Suspended solids
Mixing intensity
Coagulant quality
Temperature
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Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].
2.1.2 Coagulation and flotation
Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [High-Grade Beautiful Clothes Hooks Wooden & Metal Row Hooks (ZH-7005)]. In a typical flotation process (High Quality Body Chassis Engine Auto Parts for All Kind of Yutong Bus), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,Blue Color Fish Paper/6520/6521 Flexible Composites. To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [12.1 Inch Pcap Touch Monitor with Flat Screen,Automatic Milk Analyzer].
Figure 4.
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [3003 Grade Aluminum Coil Tube for Air Conditioner Condenser]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [2*2 MIMO Lte Antenna Outdoor Router 4G Lte Wireless CPE with One Port and No WiFi],Professional Small Packaging Boxes Design, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [High Sensitivity Archway Metal Detector (AT-IIID) Metal Detector,China Shantui SD20-5 200HP Mechanical Bulldozer].High Stability Series High Power Inductor, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
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Polymer molecular weight (MW)Grey 0.43mm Fire Resistant Blanket Insulation Fireproof Fiberglass Cloth(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Travel Express Suitcase,Powerful Output High Efficient Car Power Inverter 600W], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Compatible with Ubiquiti′s Switch SFP 10g Optical Transceiver Duplex 1310nm 20km SFP Module,High Quality Strong Permanent Magnet AlNiCo[275ml Frosted Wine Bottle Cocktail Wine Bottle Soda Water Bottle]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (Liyuan 4 Inch Stainless Steel Impeller Submersible Water Pumps,17/32-Inch Trailer Safety Chain S-Hook (with Latch)) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inHigh Precision Laser Cutting/Bending/Welding Sheet Metal Batch Fabrication–High Quality Gas Lift Strut for Industrial Equipment(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
ql=dQLE1
qA=dQAE2
qV=dQVE3
2.2.2 Temperature
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [Sleeveless OEM Cotton Breathable Boys Printed T Shirt,Pre-Seasoned Heavy Duty Cast Iron Round Crepe Pan with Handle]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
2.2.Colorful Paperback Softcover Children Book Printing Service
There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [IS Type Cast Iron Chemical Industrial Pump,Car Accessories Car Decoration Universal Purple Down Cotton Thick Warm Plush Auto Car Seat Cover].Geeklink Us 2 Gang Wall Touch Feedback Smart Switch Voice Remote Control Wireless Light WiFi Switch Work with Echo Google Home.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [Galvanized Steel Angle Bar with A36 Material]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,High Quality Promotional Custom Alternate Black and White Blocks ID Badge Holder Polyester Lanyard.
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Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range
Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4
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Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15
In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum
Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives
Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3
Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity
Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O
Effective between pH 4 and 11
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum
Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O
Not as pH sensitive as lime
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity
Lime Ca(OH)2
Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent
pH-dependent;Plastic Faucet and Mold Suppling, Injection Mould Maker in China; overdose can result in poor effluent quality
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:Customized Filter Stainless Steel or Carbon Steel Bag Cage. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,OEM Investment Casting for Pump Part.
Dispersions: In this case,600ml Plastic Denture Jewelry Ultrasonic Cleaner with Digital Timer. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,MPO Fiber Cable Fiber Optic Patch Cord for Data Center-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Boot Shape PVC Plastic Protective Terminal Sleeve Insulaton Cover(emulsion of oil-water).
Figure 6.
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
4.2.1 Anionic polymers
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Soya Vegetable Meat Making Machine[Vvvf Passenger Home Observationvilla Glass House Sightseeing Golden Elevator with Good Price,Sanitary Stainless Steel Pneumatic Weld Butterfly Valve]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Square Weld Nut Welding Nut High Strength DIN928. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.Isoflex Insulation Rubber Foam Pipe for Air Conditoners.Lightweight Concrete Panels Machineshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-Double Seats 3 Wheel Electric Mobility Scooter(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Figure 8.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
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Figure 9.
Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].
4.2.3 Natural or non-ionic polymers
There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [Stainless Steel Rotary Union for Hydraulic Oil]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [Wholesale Shutter Windows / Wholesale Roller Shutters/Electric Tubular Motor/Roller Blinds,Polypropylene Needle Punched Geotextile for Construction,ASTM Tp321 Capillary Tube Thin Wall 0.05mm]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,Molybdenum Lanthanum Alloy Plate for Vacuum Furnace.
Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [Cement Concrete Finishing Stone,Leisure Metal Frame Garden Patio Furniture Set Outdoor Hotel Aluminium PE Rattan Weaving Furniture Set].
Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [Dental Lab Teeth Dental Resin Block PMMA Discs]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [ Rice,4 Seater Pessenger Golf Cart Dg-C4 with Ce Certificate (China)].Factory Sale Coriander Seed Extract 10: 1 Powder Natural Material Coriander Seed Extract 10: 1 Bulk Coriander Seed Extract 10: 1, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.Q235 Jr Hollow Structual Section Steel Tubes with Good Quanlityshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,Single Stage Inline High Shear Homogenizer Pump, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,Food Grade Selenium Enriched Yeast Powder, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors,Peristaltic Pump with Connecting The High Speed Tubular Separator].
5. Conclusion
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,62000L 25 Tons LPG Gas High Pressure Gas Tank Trailer. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
Acknowledgments
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Supply Colored Viton NBR Silicone Auto Rubber O Ring(April 3rd 2019). Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment, Organic Polymers, Arpit Sand and Elsayed Zaki, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556. Available from:
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