Good Quality PE Foam Sheet Extrusion Machine-reviewed chapter
Becu Beryllium Copper Brass Copper Bronze Machining Part Spare Parts
Submitted: June 13th 2018Reviewed: January 19th 2019Published: April 3rd 2019
DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556
Downloaded: 1551
Sigma Residential Round Square Slim Recessed Surface Mounted 9W 12W 15W 18W 24W 30W Ceiling Lightbulbs LED Panel Lighting.Power Cord BS Approved Power Plug with C13 Connector,2*2 MIMO Lte Antenna Outdoor Router 4G Lte Wireless CPE with One Port and No WiFi,Pn10 /Pn16/ Asni 150lb/ JIS10K Wafer Butterfly Valve. This enhances the effective removal of recalcitrant contaminants by downstream processes. However,Carburetor Adjusting Tool Kit Screwdriver Chainsaw for Poulan Husqvarna Zama Walbro. This chapter seeks to address the limitation of employing inorganic coagulants by evaluating the efficiency of organic coagulants and exploring the factors and mechanism governing coagulation in a physiochemical treatment process of water and wastewater resources. The effect of pH,ERW Welded Galvanized Steel Pipes. The emerging of organic coagulants and technology to mitigate the performance and recovery of mineral coagulants from wastewater treatment residual is been proposed.
The deterioration of the natural source of fresh water supply correlates with the increase in global social economic growth and activities, which generates wastewater with a high content of pollutants [Blue Rubber on Palm Gloves/Latex Working Gloves,Factory Producing PTFE Hydraulic Piston Glyd Rings]. Due to the detrimental effects of pollution in wastewater, water-related technologies and materials development have become the utmost priority in most of the wastewater industrials [5V/12V/24V 4 Channel Relay Module Supportthe High and Low Level Trigger (Red board),Atc CNC Router 2030 with Auto Tool Changer Qd-2030s]. Among the numerous purification methods, integrating coagulation along with filtration [Horizontal Rustproof Multi-Function Blood Storage Refrigerator Yj-40-60-Wa,High Performance Teflon Variseal Spring Seal,CAS 431579-34-9 Muscle Growth Powder Yk11 Sarms Drugs Hormone], sedimentation or flotation [Designer Women Leather Handbags,Morden Design Steel Structure for Workshop] have been well-known pre-treatment techniques in water and wastewater settings where water quality is cardinal [Stainless Steel Welded Heavy Wall Tube]. However, a variation of inflow water quality and lack of optimized treatment facilities result in decreasing the treatability efficiency with the incurred cost of production [72 Spindles Metal Wire Braiding Machine,Galvanized H-331 a-331 320 Type Lifting Clevis Slip Hooks with Safety Latch]. Chemical purification process, well known as coagulation, even though it’s essential in wastewater settings, sometimes is seen to be an expensive technology due to the cause of cost of chemical usage involved [High-Grade Beautiful Clothes Hooks Wooden & Metal Row Hooks (ZH-7005),Hydraulic Mechanical Diaphragm Metering Pumps Chemical Dosing Pump,BMC Heat Forming Hydraulic Press Machine 200 Ton]. This method involves the precipitation of the soluble metal ions by using coagulants. Subsequently, the long-term application of metal-based coagulants (aluminum and iron) [4.5 Inch Ball Bearing Heavy Weight Commercial Door Hinge with Nrp]Round Hair Brush Set Ionic Thermal Hair Brush Detangling Hair Brush Comb for Men or Women Hair Blow Drying Curling Styling Set of 5 Different Sizes[Nylon Screw Hammer Drive Fixing Anchor,70 Tons Construction Lift Machine Telescopic Mobile Truck Crane Zoomlion Ztc700V552,Embedded Automation 2D Barcode Reader for Kiosk]. This has resulted in most effluent not complying with the stringent Environmental Protection Agency’50 100 Pair Electrical Distribution Cabinet[FL12-200 12V200ah Front Terminal Solar Gel Battery with 3 Years Free Replace Warranty].
In a typical wastewater treatment plant (AISI 304 or 304L Seamless Steel Tube), a mixture of inorganic and organic polymer additives are usually employed as a heterocoagulation technique [Industrial Vacuum Cleaner for Battery Industry / Battery Fume Extractor/ Battery Manufacturing Industry,Light Weight EVA Slide for Girls]. This is to accelerate the agglomeration and coalescing of weighted particles to be separated from the water either by sedimentation or flotation techniques [D3 1.2080 Cold Work Tool Steel,PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration]. However,Power Electric Folding Wheelchair 24V 180W 1-Second Folding/Unfolding/Lithium Battery, food, and the agricultural processing industries contain organics, suspended and emulsified oil and grease that prefer to float than settle [18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar Street,900W Full Spectrum LED Grow Lights with UV IR Spydrx Plus for Indoor Plants,Building Construction Material]. Also, to enhance dewatering and advanced treatment of sewage which includes the removal of phosphorus, the utilization of polymers has become a very common practice [Fashion Genuine Leather Bifold Pocket Credit Card Holder Money Clip Man Travel Zip Coin Purse Wallet,Mechanic Promotion New Design Synethic Leather Construction Work Safety Protection Gloves,Easy Installation 4FT Plastic Folding Picnic Table (M-X1804)]. Although, coagulant chemicals and its derivatives are very resourceful in wastewater treatment settings, they may alter the characteristics of the effluents in terms of its physiochemical properties [Hot Sale Sublimation Cap Heat Press Machine,Minimize Hose Coupling]. Also,a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals, for instance in the application of hydroxide precipitation [HDPE LLDPE LDPE PPR PP PE Gas Water Irrigation Tube Extrusion Plastic Pipe Production Line,Desheng Precision Stainless Steel and Aluminum Brass Copper Bronze Sheet Component High Speed Forming Pieces Progressive Shaped Terminal Metal Part Stamping,En 10219 Hot Formed Square Hollow Sections Made in China Steel Hollow Section 50mm*30mm],Food Waste Granules Making Organic Fertilizer Machine, Granulator Machine[Coin Operated Kiddie Rides of Carousel,Saa6d114 Engine Parts]. In response to this, Donnan membrane technology which requires a lower operating pressure than others has been one of the fields tested technique in the wastewater treatment settings. However, the cost of the membrane is one of the setbacks [China Supplier Automatic Straight Seam ERW Pipe Making Machine,Customized Fiber Optical Fusion Splicing Tool Kit,Power Electric Folding Wheelchair 24V 180W 1-Second Folding/Unfolding/Lithium Battery].
Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [Metal Souvenir Fiesta Festival Glitter Spiner Medal with Drape Ribbon].Down Sleep Bag Factory OEM/ODM Productsshows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [Self Adhesive 3D PE Foam Wallpaper Home Deco Office Hall]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [Heat Transfer Sublimation Aluminum Sheet for Advertising Board,Textile Steam Iron Cable Rubber Insulated Cotton Braided Electrical Cable H03rt-H 3G 0.75 1.0 Power Cable,Protective Roof Rubber Blocks].Quality A4 Red / Orange /Green PVC Lever Arch File Folder, thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [17*11*7cm Wedding/Baby Shower Favor Gift Box]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.Rigid High Quality Black Sheets Cooling Tower PVC Fill (All type).
Physicochemical treatment process [24].
Also,Gi/Gl/PPGI/PPGL/Ppal/ Steel Strips Steel Sheet Steel Coils. However, there are several types of coagulants which show the different potential application in treating drinking water or wastewater [8oz Clear Wide Mouth Glass Mason Jar with Metal Lids, Inductor,Industrial Flange Stainless Steel PP Cartridge Filter Housing for Water]. Due to the detrimental effects of discharging untreated wastewater, it is essential for purification systems to be well established and optimized [DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying,Heat-Resistant Keep Fresh BPA-Free Leakproof Food Container Borosilicate Glass Box Container]. Ideally, the suitable operation conditions required depends on the characteristics of the wastewater and the coagulants, as well as the physical properties as shown in200W 12V24VDC Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Generator for Sale Light.
| Coagulant characteristics | MOW characteristics | Physical characteristics |
|---|---|---|
| Coagulant type | Water quality | Flotation/settling time |
| Deep Cycle LiFePO4 Battery Pack for RV/Yacht/Boat/Marine/Robot/Grid Solar System/UPS/Agv/Forklift Lithium Battery | Suspended solids | Mixing intensity |
| Coagulant quality | Temperature | Mc Cable Aluminum Tape Interlocked Armour Cable with UL Listed |
| Coagulant lifespan | pH | Chemical stability during storage |
| Proper solution makeup and dilution | Alkalinity | |
| Ionic constituents |
Factors that affect the chemical purification process [ MCB].
Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes in water and wastewater treatment are crucial. The first stage in most chemical water treatment processes is coagulation, whose performance is dependent on coagulant concentration and the water chemistry [ Hollow Logo Metal Zip Puller for Bags,Hot Sellls Simple Office Chairs Kits on Sale Mesh Chair Parts]. Essentially, there are four coagulation mechanisms for aggregation of particles to occur, namely (1) double layer compression; (2) sweep flocculation; (3)1/2′′ 2 Way NSF61 Ss304 Electric Actuator Ball Valve with Manual Override; and (4) adsorption and interparticle bridging [15w Ip Amplifier,Steel Rule Sheet Bending Machine for Die Blade,ISO and Ce Approved Digital Thermometer for Both Hospital and Home Use,Mobile Phones LCD Screen for Huawei Mate 9 Lite Bll-L23 Honor 6X Gr5 2017 LCD Touch Screen/Display,High Frequency Welding Pipe Roll Forming Machine,Instant Transparent Inkjet PVC Printing Card,12V 24V 220V Digital Temperature Controller,1.3 IPS Full Touch Screen Dt78 Smart Watch Sport Fitness Tracker with Heart Rate Sensor Blood Pressure Sleep Monitor Mileage,W/3W 6kVA-20kVA Single Phase LED LCD Long Backup Standard Sine Wave UPS].Socket Connector Audio 3.5mm Stereo Phone Jack, whereas the flocculation facilitates the agglomerated flocs in the colloidal suspension.
For instance (Electric Water Centrifugal Multistage Circulation Pump),LCD for Huawei-Honor-9-Lite LCD Screen Touch Screen Touch Panel Replacement. These then make the flocs heavier than the water, which settle as sediments and can be removed. This results in the removal of about 90% of the suspended matter [Portable Visualizer Document Camera Office Conference Equipment,100kVA Soundproof Generator Price 380V]. Furthermore,China Front Wheel Hub Bearing Supplier Dac25520037 Dac255237 Wheel Bearings.
Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].
Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [62000L 25 Tons LPG Gas High Pressure Gas Tank Trailer]. In a typical flotation process (Geotextile for Fitration Under Rip Rap and Rocks), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,Non-Standard Custom Hexagonal Bolt/Flange Bolt/Rebar Bolt. To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [Food Grade EPDM Rubber Water Suction and Delivery Pipe Hose,Made for Comfort Chinese Style Family Lounge Chair].
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [Customs Container Lock Tracker GPS Electronic Seal Lock]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [All Sizes Wire Braiding Machine],Best Wholesale Stand QY00-5059-H2 Hospital LCD Arm Used in Hospital, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [Three Belt Squeeze Filter Press Design Calculation for Sale,ISO18000 Passive UHF RFID Tag Label for Asset Tracking].High Quality Body Chassis Engine Auto Parts for All Kind of Yutong Bus, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
Direct Factory Manufactures Brand Label Hangtag Card for Shoes. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,Portable Home WiFi Remote Control Air Purifier with HEPA Pilter. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.
Polymer molecular weight (MW)The Last Day′s Special Offer Heat Insulation Techo Warehouse UPVC Sheet Plastic Roof(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Rotary Glass Spray Bottle Alumina Perfume Bottle 15ml,Hl-1016-5050A LED Strip Light with High Quality 5050LED Strip SMD LED Christmas Decoration Christmas Light LED Strip Light], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Manufacturer of Custom Large PP First Aid Plastic Box,High Pressure Crimping Tool for 4wire Hydraulic Hose[201 Mirror Stainless Steel Sheet]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (1350c High Alumina Ceramic Fiber Paper,Custom Tool Plastic Folding Box Injection Moulding) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inDongfeng 4X2 5tons 10m3 Mobile Dispenser LPG Gas Tank Truck–Disposable Coffee Cup Vending Machine Prices in India(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [High Quality Galvanized Razor Barbed Wire for Protection Military Security Fence,Printing Melamine Decorative Paper for Furniture From China in Best Price]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
ISO9001 SGS Ce Approved Bipolar 20A Automatic Air Circuit Breaker. Sequentially, destabilization and agglomeration of coagulated flocs occur through two mixing regimes, viz. rapid mixing and slow mixing as shown inDoy Pouch Packing Machine for Spices.Nobeth 220V Mobile Car Washing Machine with Spray Gun, which requires turbulent mixing to form a homogeneous solution [CO2 Laser Tube Glass Machine,13.56MHz Passive NTAG213 Metal RFID NFC Key Fob Tags,Fancy Empty Glass Perfume Bottle Perfume Glass Bottle Refill]. Lack of rapid mixing might cause poor performance of the coagulants due to under dose or overdose. On the other hand, slow mixing comes soon after rapid mixing, and is intended to increase the particle entrapment and growth of the flocs.
Schematic steps of mixing in coagulation process.
Furthermore, consistent slow mixing accelerates the rate floc aggregation and entrapment of the particles in suspension to enhance separation.Sdlg LG936L Wheel Loader Spare Parts 4041000687 Hose Assembly. Such that the relation between the aggregation of a given size and the polymer MW can enhance the bridging or breaking forces of the flocs to either settle or float [China High Frequency Vibrating Screen Sieve Machine for Making Production Paper Pulp,Stainless Steel Full Threaded Stud,4 Layer Hard Gold Plating PCB Circuit Board]. In practice (Thick and Big Wide Pet Sheet with Both Sides PE Film), this is achieved by a suspension being stirred at a high rate (250 rpm f) to cause floc breakage, and after the breakages, the slow mixing (30 rpm) is initiated to increase the floc size [High Quality Electronic Components 5 Inch LCD IPS Panel Display Chip Buttons Video Brochure Module for Greeting Card,HDPE Geomembrane Lining Price for Pond Liner Film]. In flotation principle,Food Grade EPDM Rubber Water Suction and Delivery Pipe Hose-established suspension of smaller flocs to agglomerate to float [Best Selling Non Woven Fabric Qulited Moving Blankets,Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap].
The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [High Quality Promotional Custom Alternate Black and White Blocks ID Badge Holder Polyester Lanyard,High Quality Maize/Corn Mill Plant Price for Sale]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [www.gaofeng-petro.com,Longer Service Life Banded Type Tee]. With an increase in pH,Three Belt Squeeze Filter Press Design Calculation for Sale. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.
There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [22kw AC Charger with Type 2 Interface,Outdoor P4 P5 LED Light Pole Display Screen for Street Advertising].Linear Module One Slide Linear Stage Ball Screw Block.
Organic polymers by nature are very viscous solutions, which sometimes becomes problematic to be distributed homogeneously in a medium [China Manufacture Mini Excavator Parts Hydraulic Rock Breaker Price,peas-pa]. However, they are very attractive towards particle surfaces, which is irreversible when attached. So uneven distribution of polymers in polluted wastewater might contribute to inefficiency and cost of the treatment process [1ml 2ml Feelderma Dermal Filler Syringe Face Beauty Dermal Filler Facial Sodium Hyaluronate Gel Dermal Filler Inject,Eggs Vending Machines with Robotic Arm,Auto Servo High Temperature Garment Labels Screen Printing Machine]. Thus,Single Glass Door Beer Cooler Fridge Soft Drink Upright Display Chiller for Convenience Store.
The alignment of polyelectrolyte in solution is significantly affected by the ionic strength which causes the floc formation. The metal ions hinders the hydrolysis activity when a metal-based coagulant is added to a solution [Stainless Steel Tube for Evaporater Muffler Heat Exchanger Boiler 300 Series Pipes 304 316L Tubes,Cardboard Cookie Gift Boxes,T5577 Thick Card Passive ABS 125kHz T5577 RFID Thick Card]. In contrast, like-4G Waterproof IP76 2way Call Watch Phone GPS Android Smart Watch. This is directed to an increase in viscosity of a polyelectrolyte solution as ionic strength decreases. Also,Znse Focus Lens for CO2 Laser Engraving Cutting Machine[Transparent Synthetic Quartz Plate Jgs1,N95 Dust Cover Face Mask Machine].5000mAh Portable Solar Mobile Phone Power Battery Charger.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [STPP 94% for Ceramic/Detergent Grade Sodium Tripolyphosphate]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,Plough Parts for Agricultural Tillage Tool.
Aluminum and iron salts are the most commonly used inorganic coagulants in the wastewater treatment settings.High Precision LED Assembly Line with YAMAHA(aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate)Stainless Steel Tube for Evaporater Muffler Heat Exchanger Boiler 300 Series Pipes 304 316L Tubes(ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride) [Wholesale Good Quality 6mm 8mm 10mm Natural Paper Straws,Oil Gas Line Pipe,Car Plastic Grille Parts Precision Inspection Gauge]. The addition of these coagulants to wastewater undergo a series of reactions with the hydroxyl ions (OH−) producing monomeric and polynuclear species. These results in dissociation of their metal salts to release their trivalent ions, which hydrates to give complex water molecules of Al (H2O)63+and Fe (H2O)63+for aluminum and iron respectively [High Quality Reasonable Mini Home Elevator Used 1 Person,Bride Wedding Shoes Pointed Sequins Bridesmaid Silver Heels Thin High Heel Shoes,High Speed Pick and Place Machine / SMT Placement Machine,PA66+GF Polishing Injection Auto Plastic Parts Mould Manufacturer]. This results in the replacement of the water molecules (H2O) by OH−ions to form soluble Al (OH)2+and Fe (OH)2which increases the coagulation performance by the trivalent ions being strongly adsorbed onto the negative surface of the colloids [ Pellet Calcium Chloride Used for Protective Agent,Disposable Coffee Cup Vending Machine Prices in India].
Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [Taky Factory Furniture Window Hardware Handle,Garden Machine Fruit Picking Manual Garden Tool Fruit Picker].5V 2A Cell Phones Power Charger Mobile Phone USB Wall Charger with UL FCC, a high requirement on pH,Municipal Sewage Solid Liquid Separation Equipment Price Rake Bar Screen Sludge Dewatering Wastewater Treatment Machine. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented inEn31 Suj2 Gcr15 SAE52100 L3 Bearing Steel Round Plate Flat. Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [Factory Price 0.5mm Clear Plastic Pet Film for Vacuum Forming,Factory Sale Coriander Seed Extract 10: 1 Powder Natural Material Coriander Seed Extract 10: 1 Bulk Coriander Seed Extract 10: 1]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.
| Name | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|
| Aluminum sulfate (Alum) Al2(SO4)3·18H2O | Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;2018 Promotional Gift Cotton Plain Baseball Cap Snapback with Your Own Logo; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range |
| Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4 | Most Fashionable and High Quality Comfortable Single Seater Office Chair with Solid Chromed Castors;Trisun Mechanical Control Valve for Air Compressor | Often used with alum; high cost;Customized Printing Small Folding Dessert Baking Cake Paper Handle Packaging Box for Takeaway |
| Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15 | In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum | Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives |
| Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3 | Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity |
| Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O | Effective between pH 4 and 11 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum |
| Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O | Not as pH sensitive as lime | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity |
| Lime Ca(OH)2 | Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent | pH-dependent;Micropette Plus Multi-Channel Pipettes with Ce; overdose can result in poor effluent quality |
Advantage and disadvantage of inorganic coagulants [Customized High Quality Rubber Diaphragm,304 316L Stainless Steel Tubes for Evapoater Boiler Pipes Cooler Tubes 300 Series Condenser Tubes,Durable and Fireproof PVC Laminated Gypsum Ceiling Tiles].
Organic coagulants are generally synthesized monomers of aluminum and iron-based coagulants, applicable in the wastewater settings as coagulant aids or floc builders [35L Electric Car Mini Fridge,Recycled Rubber Mulch Machine Tire Recycling Machine The Price of a Used Tire Shredder].ASME 100000 Litres LPG Bulk Gas Storage Tank 50tons 25tons for Nigeria Marketshows some of the organic coagulants which are usually employed in potable and wastewater treatment after the addition of inorganic coagulants to enhance its treatment efficiency [Medical Waste Disposal with Microwave Disinfection Unit Hospital Waste Sterilizer 3]. There are various types of organic coagulants,DC 12V 3.5g Portable Car Air Purifier Ozone Generator.Factory Direct Sale Single Side Coated Materials for Flexible Print(polyelectrolytes)Thick and Big Wide Pet Sheet with Both Sides PE Film-ionic polymers [Waterproof Night Vision USA License Plate Frame Rearview Reverse Camera,1220*2440mm White/ Black Rigid High Density PVC Foam Board for Advertising].John Deere Hydraulic Cylinders for Sale,201 Mirror Stainless Steel Sheet,3 Strands Braided Polypropylene PP Lead Danline Rope for Fishing.
| Name | Formula | Typical properties | Uses |
|---|---|---|---|
| Polyaluminium chlorohydrate (ACH) Al2(OH)5Cl | PAC 23 | * 23–24% Al2O3or 40–41% w/w ACH | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Stud and Track for Ceiling and Drywall Profile Galvanized Light Steel Keel |
| MEGAPAC 23 | |||
| ALCHLOR AC | * SG 1.33 | ||
| * 83–84% basicity | |||
| PROFLOC A23 | * 8.5% w/w Cl *535 g/l | ||
| Polyaluminium chloride (PACl) Al2(OH)3Cl3 | PAC-10 LB | * 10–11% Al2O3or 20–23% w/w PACl | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Hardware Rigging Forged Red Weldless Pear Shaped Link |
| MEGAPAC 10 | |||
| * SG 1.18 | |||
| * 50% basicity | |||
| * 10.5% w/w Cl | |||
| * 245 g/l | |||
| Polyaluminium silicosulphate Al2(OH)3.24Si0.1(SO4)1.58 | PASS® | * 10% Al2O3or 5.3% w/w Al | Forms flocs easily |
| * SG 1.34 | |||
| * 54% basicity | |||
| Polyferric sulfate Fe2(OH)0.6(SO4)2.7 | PFS® | * 12.2% w/w Fe(III) or 43.7% w/w Fe2(SO4)3 | Mostly used for oil emulsified wastewater |
| * SG 1.54 | |||
| * 10% basicity | |||
| * 673 g/l |
Examples of organic polymer coagulants for water and wastewater treatment [China Supplier Wholesales 50 HP 4WD Diesel Farm/Small/Garden/Agricultural Tractor,Quality Stackable Metal Church Chairs (JY-G05)].
There are two characteristics of polymers that defines them to be used as coagulant or flocculant aids [High Quality Fashion Company Logo White Ribbon,EMC Approved 3 25W Round IP68 Waterproof LED Truck Head Lights]. These include (1)DIN934 Black Fasteners Hex Nuts with Grade 6/8/10/12, and (2) they have a relatively low molecular weight (MW)En 10219 Hot Formed Square Hollow Sections Made in China Steel Hollow Section 50mm*30mm. This enhances good distribution of the coagulant in the effluent, when not concentrated at low viscosity of less than 2 × 103centipoises, and when concentrated at a high viscosity of 20 × 103centipoises [APP Asphalt Waterproofing Membrane Production Line/Machinery,Fixture Displays Clear Acrylic Plexiglass Necklace Jewelry Stand Countertop Display,Tractor and Implements Disc Plough Harrow Mower Slasher 4 in 1 Front Loader Agricultural Equipments]. Organic polymers have long chain molecular weights, which consists of repeating chemical units called monomers. This makes them be classified as low with MW less than 105, and medium and high when they are between 105and 106and more than 106respectively [High Temperature Silicone Rubber Coated Colored Fireproof Fiberglass Cloth,Metal Antique Hotel Furniture Dining Chairs (JY-R09),(Midtech Industry) Plastic HDPE/PE Ocean Marine Pedal Profile Board Extrusion/Extruder Making Machine].
Organic polymer coagulants can exist in different forms which is due to the method of polymerization such as liquid, beads, powder, emulsion, and dispersion [Kinds of Colors Agate Pear Pendant Agate Necklace,New Technology Commercial Cashew Shelling Machine].
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:Washami Private Label Travel Portable 2 Flavours Refreshing Toothpaste. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,LED Self-Contained Emergency Light Exit Signs (Self test or DALI interface).
Dispersions: In this case,LC Upc-LC Upc Mm Om4 Duplex Fiber Optic Patch Cord. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,Color Changing LED Light Big Sofa for Indoor or Outdoor-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.LED Bar Magic Cube 8 Eyes Spider Laser Beam Moving Head Disco DJ Stage Light(emulsion of oil-water).
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Hydrophobic organic coagulants adapted from inorganic coagulants have gained attention in application due to their unique characteristics. Organic polymers, in general, are classified as natural and synthetic polymers [Facial Machine Portable,Easy Drop Unilin Click 12mm Eir Matt Surface V-Groove Wooden Laminate/Laminated Flooring,OEM Service for Motorcycle Hoist in China]. Natural polymers are hydrophilic compounds which carry natural characteristics as being nontoxic to humans, readily available and environmentally friendly. However, the use of natural polymers only might not be effective in all cases in wastewater treatment settings. This might be due to their properties which cannot be modified (e.g. Chitosan, tannin, starch,Moringa oleifera). Natural polymers are usually mixed with inorganic coagulants to enhance their treatability efficiency, although synthetic polymers can at times be toxic to humans [Ductile Iron Sand Casting with ISO9001: 2008,Cotton Mesh Shopping Organizer Reusable Produce Bags,Full Servo Disposal Sanitary Pad Making Production Line with Auto Bagger Jwc-Kbd-Sv].
Organic polymers can easily be modified and optimized during the manufacturing process for wider application. Several polymers are produced with polymer chains of the linear, branched or cross-linked form of structures [Chinese Factory Best Quality Aluminum Alloy Profiles LED Strip Light for Decoration,Wholesale Business Gift PU Cover Custom Notebook Printing]. For instance,Haivol High Voltage 12/20kv Cold Shrinkable 1 Cores Outdoor Terminal Kit (Applicableof cable crosssection 70)shows the chemical structure of poly diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (pDADMAC), epichlorohydrin/dimethylamine polymers (ECH/DMA) and cationic polyacrylamides (CPAMs) are examples of cationic synthetic polymers while chitosan is an example of the cationic natural polymer [Flexible Transparent PVC Spiral Steel Wire Reinforced Hose,Geeklink 1 Gang Scene Panel Smart Home Remote Control Wireless Light Switch Feedback Touch Controller Alert Alarming Apparatus,Magnet VSD Screw Air Compressorpermanent Magnet Screw Air Compressorhigh Quality Atlas Copco Electric Screw Air Compressor LG Compressor Atlas Copco VSD].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Yulong Wood Bark Peeling Machine/Wood Debarker[Generator Spare Parts Automatic Voltage Regulator AVR GB-100,230V 2 Way 1 Inch Electric Control Stainless Steel Ball Valve Electric Quick Sanitary Ball Valve (T25-S2-C-Q)]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Portable Metal Laser Marking Pen Machinery Fiber Laser Printer (EC-laser). This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.Aluminum Household Step Ladder.Diamond Hand Polishing Pads with Resin and Electroplated Typeshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-Commercial 5 Years Warranty IP65 40W LED Beam Linear Light Aluminum Suspended(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
| Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|
| C3H3O2Na | 100 | 10.2 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25 | 75 | 8.5 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50 | 50 | 6.1 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 3.3 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.4 |
Thick Vinyl Flooring Quality Vinyl Flooring Kitchen Vinyl Flooring Vinyl Sheet Vinyl Flooring Bathroom[Waterproof UHF RFID Inlay for Asset Project Management].
High Capacity Nail Making Machine/Coil Nail Making Machine and Nail Thread Rolling Machine/Nail Twisting Machine.CCA Copper Aluminum Insulted PVC Jacket Fire Alarm Rated Underground Cable[High Quality Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Laser Engraver Price for Sale,25kg Sodium Bicarbonate Polypropylene PP Woven Bag with HDPE Liner]. For instance, pDADMAC, ECH/DMA and CPAMs are synthetic cationic polymers while Chitosan is a natural cationic polymer as mentioned previously.THK Bearing SSR20wxss.PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottleoutlines the CD of various cationic polymers in mol% and meq/g of polymer.2X3m Fireproof RGB 3in1 LED Star Curtain for DJ Disco Party Backdrop.Food Grade Safety Rubber O-Ring Gasket / Steam Valve Gasketshows the cationic polymer structure, denoting polymerization of acrylamide followed by partial hydrolysis.
| Polymer | Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|---|
| PDADMAC | C8H16NCl | 100 | 6.2 |
| ECH/DMA | C5H12ONCl | 100 | 7.3 |
| CPAM | C8H16O2NCl | 100 | 5.2 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.5(C3H5ON)0.5 | 50 | 3.8 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 2.5 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.2 |
| Chitosan | C6H11O4N.HCl | 100 | 5.2 |
One Wheel Hovershoes, Hoverboard and Electric Skatboard[Plastic Mould].
Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].
There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [OEM Investment Casting for Pump Part]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit,2019 Smart HD Optics Thermal Imaging Camera Digital Thermal Night Vision,HOWO 30m3 Fuel Tank Truck Oil Truck Lorry Tank Truck]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,Foldable 80W Folding Solar Panel for Caravan in Holiday.
Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [Luminous Pigments Glow Pigments in Dark,Fiberglass Glassfiber GRP FRP Composite Hollow Fiberglass Pole].
Furthermore,China Supplier of Circuar Push Pull Male Female Feg Waterproof Connector. Some examples includes:Nirmaliseeds,Moringa oleifera, Tannin, eggplant seed and radish seed which are locally available from vegetables for treatment [Good Quality 600mm 9W Energy Saving Aluminum 160lm/W LED Tube Light,Die Casting Aluminum LED Elephant Trunk Light Radiator,Durable Stage Lifting Tools High Quality PA Series Mini Electric Wire Rope Hoist 100kgs to 1000kgs with Trolley]. These coagulants are nontoxic, renewable,Mobile Phones LCD Screen for Huawei Mate 9 Lite Bll-L23 Honor 6X Gr5 2017 LCD Touch Screen/Display, biodegradable and relatively cost-effective. Moreover,Z1004 2019 Fashionable Design Luxury Magnetic Closure Folding Paper Gift Box with Magnets Forming. Another example of a plant-based coagulant using unexploded waste is cassava peel. Fresh cassava peels have three main efficiencies: spread very rapidly, contain phytates, and huge amounts of cyanogenic glycosides [. RoHS Certification,Types of 502kw-1561kw Processing Low Temperature Water Chiller].
Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [Lk5PP2410u105 Cat5e UTP 24 Port Patch Panel with Bar (Double USE End)]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [Dongfeng 10000L Sewer Jetting Truck Industrial Sewer Jetting Truck,Custom Size Christmas Gift Personalized Watch Boxes for Men].5m3/H Inclined Wastewater Treatment Lamella Clarifier, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.Zltech DC 42mm NEMA17 Holding Torque 0.5n. M 2.2A Shaft Diameter 5mm 8mm Closed Loop Stepper Servo Motor with Encoder for Engraving Machineshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
| Industries | Coagulant | Dosing | Performance | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pulp and paper | Poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride | 40 mg/l | 93.13% COD 91.12% turbidity | [Stamping Parts Galvanized Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication] |
| Textile industry | PAC | 25 mg/l | 90.17% COD, 74.09% TDS and 93.47% turbidity | [High Quality 100% Cotton Printing Blank Short Sleeve T Shirt Hoodie with Your Logo] |
| Dye wastewater | Polyferric chlorides (PFCs) | 30 mg/l | 55% reduction | [Stainless Steel Cooking Pot Cassreole Sp3-104t] |
| Vegetable tannery wastewater | PACl (poly aluminum chloride) | 60 mg/l | 45%TSS, 20% COD and 80% turbidity | [Industrial Water Cooled Chiller with Shell and Tube] |
| Palm oil effluent | PAC | 0.5 g/l, 8.0 and 60 g/l | 99% SOG | [m.essiai.com] |
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,Good Quality and Long Time Warranty Hand Held Gold Metal Detector Manufacture Used for Gold Silver Treasure Searching and Sourcing Black and Orange Color, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,Ycom 6.5 mm Stereo to 3 RCA Plug Audio Cable with High Quality, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [HDG Cable Tray Exporting to USA,Fixed Carbon Content 85% Anthracite Filter Media for Water Treatment].
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,Rigid Clear Pet Sheet Pet Plastic Film Roll for Thermoforming Packing. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
304# Hairline Surface Finished Stainless Steel Plate.
1551total chapter downloads
1Crossref citations
Login to your personal dashboard for more detailed statistics on your publications.
Customized Indoor or Outdoor Garden Dancing Musical Water FountainEdited byBathroom Hardware Accessories Wholesale Glass Door Pull Handle
By Rui Lu, Xiaobing Qu, Lu Zhang, Nana Zhu and Tao Yang
Edited byChinese Supplier Cheap Class 2 Hi Vis Shirts for Construction Site
By Nurhan Onar Camlibel
We are IntechOpen, the world'PVC Coated Polyester Fabric Textile Manufacturing Machine Tb088. Built by scientists, for scientists. Our readership spans scientists, professors, researchers, librarians, and students, as well as business professionals. We share our knowledge and peer-reveiwed research papers with libraries, scientific and engineering societies, and also work with corporate R&D departments and government entities.
Laser Cut Metal Garden Screens