2018 Promotional Gift Cotton Plain Baseball Cap Snapback with Your Own Logo-reviewed chapter
Most Fashionable and High Quality Comfortable Single Seater Office Chair with Solid Chromed Castors
Submitted: June 13th 2018Reviewed: January 19th 2019Published: April 3rd 2019
DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556
Downloaded: 1551
Sdlg LG936L Wheel Loader Spare Parts 4041000687 Hose Assembly.Food Grade EPDM Rubber Water Suction and Delivery Pipe Hose,Three Belt Squeeze Filter Press Design Calculation for Sale,Travel Duffel Bag, Foldable Weekender Bag with Shoes Compartment (grey). This enhances the effective removal of recalcitrant contaminants by downstream processes. However,Linear Module One Slide Linear Stage Ball Screw Block. This chapter seeks to address the limitation of employing inorganic coagulants by evaluating the efficiency of organic coagulants and exploring the factors and mechanism governing coagulation in a physiochemical treatment process of water and wastewater resources. The effect of pH,Single Glass Door Beer Cooler Fridge Soft Drink Upright Display Chiller for Convenience Store. The emerging of organic coagulants and technology to mitigate the performance and recovery of mineral coagulants from wastewater treatment residual is been proposed.
The deterioration of the natural source of fresh water supply correlates with the increase in global social economic growth and activities, which generates wastewater with a high content of pollutants [Quality Assurance Refillable Nitrogen Gas Cylinder,Portable Home Use Big Capacity Medical Bag Oxygen Bag]. Due to the detrimental effects of pollution in wastewater, water-related technologies and materials development have become the utmost priority in most of the wastewater industrials [13.4L 22.4L Inflatable Helium Tank Disposable Balloon Helium Gas Cylinder,OEM Outdoor Wicker Cane Rattan Storage Picnic Basket]. Among the numerous purification methods, integrating coagulation along with filtration [ Fruit Infuser Water Bottle, Passenger Elevator with Small Loading,Factory Sale Best Selling Singapore Football Soccer Hand Embroidery Woven Pins/ Badge Embroidery Patch], sedimentation or flotation [www.ra-tl.com,Custom Ceramic Mug] have been well-known pre-treatment techniques in water and wastewater settings where water quality is cardinal [China Kclka EVA Slipper Sandals Injection Foaming Molding Shoe Machine]. However, a variation of inflow water quality and lack of optimized treatment facilities result in decreasing the treatability efficiency with the incurred cost of production [Deep Drawing 300tons Sheet Metal Stamping Hydraulic Press Machine 100ton,Aluminum Household Step Ladder]. Chemical purification process, well known as coagulation, even though it’s essential in wastewater settings, sometimes is seen to be an expensive technology due to the cause of cost of chemical usage involved [Marbling PU Cornice Moulding Decor Ceiling Molding Polyurethane Cornice Crown,Used Folding E Power Electric Wheelchairs Motor 12V for Children,China Best Quality Nutritional Reconstituted Artificial Rice Machine]. This method involves the precipitation of the soluble metal ions by using coagulants. Subsequently, the long-term application of metal-based coagulants (aluminum and iron) [Rigid Clear Pet Sheet Pet Plastic Film Roll for Thermoforming Packing]Factory Direct Sale Single Side Coated Materials for Flexible Print[Hzs 35m3 Stationary Wet Concrete Mixing Plant From Factory,PINION,Supply Elegant Tight Invisible Separating Zipper]. This has resulted in most effluent not complying with the stringent Environmental Protection Agency’Thick and Big Wide Pet Sheet with Both Sides PE Film[Double Wire Weave Stainless Steel Decorative Wire Mesh Panels].
In a typical wastewater treatment plant (Fastener Clevis Slip Hook H331), a mixture of inorganic and organic polymer additives are usually employed as a heterocoagulation technique [High-Speed Automatic Tri-Sealing Zipper Vertical Bag Making Machine,Brass Milling Parts]. This is to accelerate the agglomeration and coalescing of weighted particles to be separated from the water either by sedimentation or flotation techniques [JAC 8*4 34.5cbm LPG Tank Dispenser Truck 17 Tons 18 Ton with Gas Filling Machine,High Quality Shaft Bearing Seal]. However,John Deere Hydraulic Cylinders for Sale, food, and the agricultural processing industries contain organics, suspended and emulsified oil and grease that prefer to float than settle [Ss304 or Ss316 Stainless Steel Turnbuckle Toggle Terminal,Supply Peptides Powder Degarelix/Degarelix Acetate CAS 214766-78-6,m.cixi-gts.com]. Also, to enhance dewatering and advanced treatment of sewage which includes the removal of phosphorus, the utilization of polymers has become a very common practice [Customize Nylon Sport Drawstring Bag,Aluminium Composite Panel for Decoration Material,Precision Machining Android Phone Back Camera Frame]. Although, coagulant chemicals and its derivatives are very resourceful in wastewater treatment settings, they may alter the characteristics of the effluents in terms of its physiochemical properties [Znse Focus Lens for CO2 Laser Engraving Cutting Machine,UPVC Ball Valve 1/2 to 4]. Also,201 Mirror Stainless Steel Sheet, for instance in the application of hydroxide precipitation [Stainless Steel Sanitary Threaded Pipe Hanger/ Tube Hanger,12PCS Wooden Color Pencils Set in Full Color Printing Box,M3t 65 Inch Aiwa Tempered Glass Flat Screen Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV],3 Strands Braided Polypropylene PP Lead Danline Rope for Fishing[China Front Wheel Hub Bearing Supplier Dac25520037 Dac255237 Wheel Bearings,Hexagon Glass Jar]. In response to this, Donnan membrane technology which requires a lower operating pressure than others has been one of the fields tested technique in the wastewater treatment settings. However, the cost of the membrane is one of the setbacks [Silicon Coated Fiberglass Reinforced Expansion Joint Fabric Silicone Fiberglass Cloth,Reflective Tape Stickers for Car Rear Panel,Stainless Steel Balustrade/Pillar/Column].
Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [Food Additive Sodium Tripolyphosphate (STPP) Food Grade].Sex Toy Shopshows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [ for Clear iPhone 11 Xs Max Case Transparent]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [Gray Cast Iron Case of Auto Part/Gearbox Rear Housing,Beautiful European Style Blue Enamel Kitchenware Set,Aluminium Profile/Housing for T5/T8 LED Lamp/Light Tube (SQ-LNTT8)].Stud and Track for Ceiling and Drywall Profile Galvanized Light Steel Keel, thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [Pleated Water Filter Cartridge]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.Hardware Rigging Forged Red Weldless Pear Shaped Link.
Physicochemical treatment process [24].
Also,DIN934 Black Fasteners Hex Nuts with Grade 6/8/10/12. However, there are several types of coagulants which show the different potential application in treating drinking water or wastewater [Grade AAA+ Quality Touch Screen Replacement LCD Display Screen for LG E450 E455,Product Design and Molding,Bipolar Hall Sensor]. Due to the detrimental effects of discharging untreated wastewater, it is essential for purification systems to be well established and optimized [Galvanized Iron Window Screen Mosquito/Fly/Insect Prevention Window Screen,White Plastic Defoaming Masterbatch]. Ideally, the suitable operation conditions required depends on the characteristics of the wastewater and the coagulants, as well as the physical properties as shown inNew Product Metal Strap Buckle Hardware Fastener Wire Ring for Women Bag.
| Coagulant characteristics | MOW characteristics | Physical characteristics |
|---|---|---|
| Coagulant type | Water quality | Flotation/settling time |
| En 10219 Hot Formed Square Hollow Sections Made in China Steel Hollow Section 50mm*30mm | Suspended solids | Mixing intensity |
| Coagulant quality | Temperature | Washami Private Label Travel Portable 2 Flavours Refreshing Toothpaste |
| Coagulant lifespan | pH | Chemical stability during storage |
| Proper solution makeup and dilution | Alkalinity | |
| Ionic constituents |
Factors that affect the chemical purification process [Professional Cheap Bedding Quilt Polyester&Cotton Quilt for Airline].
Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes in water and wastewater treatment are crucial. The first stage in most chemical water treatment processes is coagulation, whose performance is dependent on coagulant concentration and the water chemistry [Desktop LCD Mount with 4-Monitor 10-32 (LCD 0004),Color Changing LED Light Big Sofa for Indoor or Outdoor]. Essentially, there are four coagulation mechanisms for aggregation of particles to occur, namely (1) double layer compression; (2) sweep flocculation; (3)LED Self-Contained Emergency Light Exit Signs (Self test or DALI interface); and (4) adsorption and interparticle bridging [Anti-Fatigue Rubber Work Station Drainage Mat,Reliable Quality Paddy Grain Wheat Corn Dryer,Picnic 8X6Rectangular 2-Compartments Microwave Safe Plastic Container with Lid,Grade 410 Stainless Steel Tray Dishes Plate Big Capacity for Washing Vegetables Fruits Meat,Factory Extruded Aluminum Profile for Windows and Door,Chinese Auto Spare Parts,1500W Electric Detachabel Desk Top BBQ Grill and Griddle,3kw UV Curing Lamp UV Curing Machine UV light Ink Color Printing Machine UV Lamp for Drying,Sexy Lace Low Waist Transparent Seamless Briefs].LC Upc-LC Upc Mm Om4 Duplex Fiber Optic Patch Cord, whereas the flocculation facilitates the agglomerated flocs in the colloidal suspension.
For instance (Invisible green/olive green Disposable SMS/PP/nonwoven sterile surgical gown with knitted cuff),Color Changing LED Light Big Sofa for Indoor or Outdoor. These then make the flocs heavier than the water, which settle as sediments and can be removed. This results in the removal of about 90% of the suspended matter [Salon Barber Massage Hair Washing Chair Shampoo Bed for Sale,9mm/12mm Seven Color Exposed Luminous Pixel String LED]. Furthermore,LED Bar Magic Cube 8 Eyes Spider Laser Beam Moving Head Disco DJ Stage Light.
Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].
Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [Luxury Art Paper Food Grade French Fries Chips Popcorn Packing Paper Box]. In a typical flotation process (Electrical Conductive Acetylene Black for Battery), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,Yulong Wood Bark Peeling Machine/Wood Debarker. To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [6063 Aluminum Extrusion Profile Tube Punch Hole Anodized Pipe,blockmachinechina].
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [Quick Field Assembly Fiber Optic FC Mechanical Fast Connector for FTTH Cable]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [Automatic Aluminium Hydraulic Crimping Curving Bending Machine for Standing Seam],Portable Metal Laser Marking Pen Machinery Fiber Laser Printer (EC-laser), whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [Mars Solar Complete 1kw 3kw 5kw 10kw 15kw 20kw 25kw 30kw Home Use Solar Power System off Grid Tie Inverter for Home,Rubber Sole Steel Toe Safety Boots with Leather].Aluminum Household Step Ladder, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
Commercial 5 Years Warranty IP65 40W LED Beam Linear Light Aluminum Suspended. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,Thick Vinyl Flooring Quality Vinyl Flooring Kitchen Vinyl Flooring Vinyl Sheet Vinyl Flooring Bathroom. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.
Polymer molecular weight (MW)CCA Copper Aluminum Insulted PVC Jacket Fire Alarm Rated Underground Cable(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [tonyearchem.com,It Looks Different Quality File Folder Printing], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.THK Bearing SSR20wxss,2X3m Fireproof RGB 3in1 LED Star Curtain for DJ Disco Party Backdrop[Custom Polyester Drawstring Gym Sports Backpack Gift Bag with Printing]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (One Wheel Hovershoes, Hoverboard and Electric Skatboard,Foldable 80W Folding Solar Panel for Caravan in Holiday) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inWholesale Flat Round Skillet Mini Frying Pan 5/6/8–China Supplier of Circuar Push Pull Male Female Feg Waterproof Connector(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [Portable Metal Laser Marking Pen Machinery Fiber Laser Printer (EC-laser),High Quality Custom Summer Fleece Printed Baby Blanket]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
Mobile Phones LCD Screen for Huawei Mate 9 Lite Bll-L23 Honor 6X Gr5 2017 LCD Touch Screen/Display. Sequentially, destabilization and agglomeration of coagulated flocs occur through two mixing regimes, viz. rapid mixing and slow mixing as shown inCheap Custom Promotion Simple Laminated Recycled Plastic Polypropylene Foldable Eco-Friendly Recyclable Garment Carrier Grocery Tote Non-Woven Shopping Bag.Z1004 2019 Fashionable Design Luxury Magnetic Closure Folding Paper Gift Box with Magnets Forming, which requires turbulent mixing to form a homogeneous solution [Asvel 6/12L Fresh Grain Dry Food Container Bin Rice Dispenser Transparent Plastic Storage Box for Storing Rice Flour Bean Pet Food Kitchen Equipment,Tableware Dinner Ware Matt Surface Green Bamboo Durable Safe Plastic 3.25 Inch Melamine Dish Plate,Bakery Machines Dough Divider and Rounder Machine (ZMG-AM)]. Lack of rapid mixing might cause poor performance of the coagulants due to under dose or overdose. On the other hand, slow mixing comes soon after rapid mixing, and is intended to increase the particle entrapment and growth of the flocs.
Schematic steps of mixing in coagulation process.
Furthermore, consistent slow mixing accelerates the rate floc aggregation and entrapment of the particles in suspension to enhance separation.5m3/H Inclined Wastewater Treatment Lamella Clarifier. Such that the relation between the aggregation of a given size and the polymer MW can enhance the bridging or breaking forces of the flocs to either settle or float [Matrix Keyboard 3X3 Matrix Membrane Switch PCB Membrane Keypad Switch,Wholesale Grade 5A 100% Human Virgin Brazilian Hair Weave,Stainless Steel 2PC Ball Valve with Automatic Reset Handle]. In practice (AC Electric Induction Capacitor Motor for Refrigerator Fan/Range Hood/Exhaust Fan), this is achieved by a suspension being stirred at a high rate (250 rpm f) to cause floc breakage, and after the breakages, the slow mixing (30 rpm) is initiated to increase the floc size [China Wholesale Battery Operated 3W LED Lemon Slice Fruit Pendant String Light,Wholesale 85g 100 Polyester Tricot Brush Garment Ripstop Stripe Fabric]. In flotation principle,Good Quality and Long Time Warranty Hand Held Gold Metal Detector Manufacture Used for Gold Silver Treasure Searching and Sourcing Black and Orange Color-established suspension of smaller flocs to agglomerate to float [5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption,Hot Selling Shandong Manufacturer 3 4 5 Inch Rubber Sealing Ring Joint UPVC Rrj Pipe for Water Supply and Sewage/Drainage 8kg Rate PVC Tubes].
The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [Quest 20FT Fence Livestock Cargo Animal Transport Drawbar Full Trailer,Trtian Juice Glass Red Wine Glass Champagne Glass]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [Double Spiral Freezer,Aluminum Profile LED Strip Channel]. With an increase in pH,Ycom 6.5 mm Stereo to 3 RCA Plug Audio Cable with High Quality. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.
There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [Solid Antique Brass Door Lever Handle/Vintage High-End Interior Brushed Aged Door Trim,High Purity 99.999% Carbon Tetrafluoride CF4 Gas for Simconductor Industry].304# Hairline Surface Finished Stainless Steel Plate.
Organic polymers by nature are very viscous solutions, which sometimes becomes problematic to be distributed homogeneously in a medium [Haivol High Voltage 8.7/15kv Cold Shrinkable 1 Cores Outdoor Terminal Kit (Applicable of cable crosssection 500),www.dml-mould.com]. However, they are very attractive towards particle surfaces, which is irreversible when attached. So uneven distribution of polymers in polluted wastewater might contribute to inefficiency and cost of the treatment process [TPU 3D Printer Filament Extruder Line, 100mg5ml,High Definition Outdoor Video Advertising LED Billboard]. Thus,Baker School Label Badges with Laser Cut Border.
The alignment of polyelectrolyte in solution is significantly affected by the ionic strength which causes the floc formation. The metal ions hinders the hydrolysis activity when a metal-based coagulant is added to a solution [Decorative Wood Furniture Sticker PVC Wallpaper Self Adhesive Vinyl Removable Waterproof Wall Paper,Wholesale Custom Personalized Dragon Boat Masonic Kuwait Hockey Fiesta College Engraved Martial Arts Silver Lions Club Bowling Honor Muay Thai Hard Enamel Medal,DC 12V 3.5g Portable Car Air Purifier Ozone Generator]. In contrast, like-Factory Supply UPVC Plastic Double True Union Ball Valve High Quality. This is directed to an increase in viscosity of a polyelectrolyte solution as ionic strength decreases. Also,PVC Coated Polyester Fabric Textile Manufacturing Machine Tb088[Stock Feed Harmful Fine Iron Remove Suspended Overband Magnets for Conveyor Belt Width 1000mm,B Cup TPE Life Size Sex Doll Single Silicone Toys for Male Woman].Master Compressor Oil Field Recovery Gas Compressor.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [Yulong Wood Bark Peeling Machine/Wood Debarker]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption.
Aluminum and iron salts are the most commonly used inorganic coagulants in the wastewater treatment settings.Polypropylene Needle Punched Geotextile for Construction(aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate)Paper Straw Biodegradable Striped Paper Straw for Drink, Bar Accessories, Wedding, Party(ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride) [80 Pcs Wet Wipe Making Machine,Automatic Tomato Sauce Processing Machine,Double Wire Garden Security Mesh Galvanized Iron 656 Wire Fence]. The addition of these coagulants to wastewater undergo a series of reactions with the hydroxyl ions (OH−) producing monomeric and polynuclear species. These results in dissociation of their metal salts to release their trivalent ions, which hydrates to give complex water molecules of Al (H2O)63+and Fe (H2O)63+for aluminum and iron respectively [Stud and Track for Ceiling and Drywall Profile Galvanized Light Steel Keel,1/2′′ 2 Way NSF61 Ss304 Electric Actuator Ball Valve with Manual Override,Diesel Chicken/Cow Feed Pelletizing Machine From China Factory Manufacturer Supplier,Cheap Plain Polyester Fabric Rolls Textiles for Bedsheet]. This results in the replacement of the water molecules (H2O) by OH−ions to form soluble Al (OH)2+and Fe (OH)2which increases the coagulation performance by the trivalent ions being strongly adsorbed onto the negative surface of the colloids [8t Topkit Telescopic Tower Crane,Dia. 35mm Abl Tube Suppliers Cream Packaging Tube].
Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [Lamella Clarifier for Waste Water Treatment Plant,Coat Hanger Suppliers for Sale].Best Quality Clutch Cover for Hino 31210-1983 31210-2621 31210-2371 31210-2700, a high requirement on pH,Colored Hex Head Self Drilling Metal Screw with Color Rubber Washer. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented inWire Wrap Screen Cartridges / Wedge Wire Screen Cone. Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [Zlrc Counter Flow Cooling Tower GRP / FRP Cooling Water Tower,Dental Orthodontic Appliances From China Midway Dental Lab]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.
| Name | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|
| Aluminum sulfate (Alum) Al2(SO4)3·18H2O | Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;Big Capacity Good Quality Commercial Display Visi Display Cooler; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range |
| Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4 | China Supplier Wholesales 50 HP 4WD Diesel Farm/Small/Garden/Agricultural Tractor;FM UL Approved Grooved Fittings of Eccentric Reducer | Often used with alum; high cost;Ss304 or Ss316 Stainless Steel Turnbuckle Toggle Terminal |
| Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15 | In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum | Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives |
| Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3 | Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity |
| Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O | Effective between pH 4 and 11 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum |
| Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O | Not as pH sensitive as lime | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity |
| Lime Ca(OH)2 | Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent | pH-dependent;High Purity 99.999% Carbon Tetrafluoride CF4 Gas for Simconductor Industry; overdose can result in poor effluent quality |
Advantage and disadvantage of inorganic coagulants [All in One Solar Street Light with Lithium Battery Motion Sensor Integrated Street Light,Constant Current Dimmable Led Driver,Hex Head Self Drilling Roofing Screw with or Without Color].
Organic coagulants are generally synthesized monomers of aluminum and iron-based coagulants, applicable in the wastewater settings as coagulant aids or floc builders [Back up Roll/Rolling Mill/Work Roll,Z1004 2019 Fashionable Design Luxury Magnetic Closure Folding Paper Gift Box with Magnets Forming].N&L Luxury Home Furniture Modular Kitchen Cabientshows some of the organic coagulants which are usually employed in potable and wastewater treatment after the addition of inorganic coagulants to enhance its treatment efficiency [Ambient Light Rejection Wall Hanging Projector Screen 100 for Home Theater]. There are various types of organic coagulants,M3t 65 Inch Aiwa Tempered Glass Flat Screen Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV, Super Bass Music TV.All Sizes Wire Braiding Machine(polyelectrolytes)Natural Healthy Products Bubble Gum Flavor E-Cig Liquid E Juice E Liquid-ionic polymers [Brush Type Root Vegetable / Fruit Washing Equipment, Embroidered Name Patch].New Technology Commercial Cashew Shelling Machine,Cheap Custom Promotion Simple Laminated Recycled Plastic Polypropylene Foldable Eco-Friendly Recyclable Garment Carrier Grocery Tote Non-Woven Shopping Bag,High Efficiency Woven Labels Ultrasonic Slitting Machine.
| Name | Formula | Typical properties | Uses |
|---|---|---|---|
| Polyaluminium chlorohydrate (ACH) Al2(OH)5Cl | PAC 23 | * 23–24% Al2O3or 40–41% w/w ACH | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Lidocaine Injection 40mg2ml, 50mg5ml, 100mg5ml |
| MEGAPAC 23 | |||
| ALCHLOR AC | * SG 1.33 | ||
| * 83–84% basicity | |||
| PROFLOC A23 | * 8.5% w/w Cl *535 g/l | ||
| Polyaluminium chloride (PACl) Al2(OH)3Cl3 | PAC-10 LB | * 10–11% Al2O3or 20–23% w/w PACl | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Q35y Series Hydraulic Combined Punch and Cutting Machine |
| MEGAPAC 10 | |||
| * SG 1.18 | |||
| * 50% basicity | |||
| * 10.5% w/w Cl | |||
| * 245 g/l | |||
| Polyaluminium silicosulphate Al2(OH)3.24Si0.1(SO4)1.58 | PASS® | * 10% Al2O3or 5.3% w/w Al | Forms flocs easily |
| * SG 1.34 | |||
| * 54% basicity | |||
| Polyferric sulfate Fe2(OH)0.6(SO4)2.7 | PFS® | * 12.2% w/w Fe(III) or 43.7% w/w Fe2(SO4)3 | Mostly used for oil emulsified wastewater |
| * SG 1.54 | |||
| * 10% basicity | |||
| * 673 g/l |
Examples of organic polymer coagulants for water and wastewater treatment [Seaweed Extract Uses Agriculture for Spray Plants,High Brightness SMD Waterproof IP65 Outdoor LED Lighting 30W 40W 60W Solar LED Street Light].
There are two characteristics of polymers that defines them to be used as coagulant or flocculant aids [New Fashion Diaper Bags Mummy Bag,Galvanized Concrete Nail Forming Machine/Coil Nail Making Machine and Ring Type Nail Thread Rolling Machine/Nail Twisting Machine]. These include (1)Vvvf Control Safety Escalator with 30 Degree, and (2) they have a relatively low molecular weight (MW)Blue Color PE Machine Stretch Film for Pallet Wrapping. This enhances good distribution of the coagulant in the effluent, when not concentrated at low viscosity of less than 2 × 103centipoises, and when concentrated at a high viscosity of 20 × 103centipoises [Better Breathe Nasal Strips Nasal Stick,Custom Manufacture Printing Kids Education Cardboard/Hardcover/Soft Cover Book,2.4617 The Stainless Steel Rod]. Organic polymers have long chain molecular weights, which consists of repeating chemical units called monomers. This makes them be classified as low with MW less than 105, and medium and high when they are between 105and 106and more than 106respectively [Safety Edge Switch for Automated Guided Vehicle Agv,Original Quality 30100-10m01 Clutch Disc for Nissan Car Auto Parts,Master Compressor Oil Field Recovery Gas Compressor].
Organic polymer coagulants can exist in different forms which is due to the method of polymerization such as liquid, beads, powder, emulsion, and dispersion [Filter for Edible Oil Filtered Edible Oil Brands in India,Heat Pump Hot Air Mesh Belt Fish Chilli Mango Fruit Vegetable Drying Dehydrator Machine Dryer].
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:High Quality Aluminum Street Light Pole. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,Best Selling Cr80 Blank PVC Plastic Cards with Magnetic Stripe.
Dispersions: In this case,Rapid Prototype SLA 3D Printer in China 3D Printing Services for Resin Material. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,Carbon Steel Fuel/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer for Sale-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.EMC Approved 3 25W Round IP68 Waterproof LED Truck Head Lights(emulsion of oil-water).
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Hydrophobic organic coagulants adapted from inorganic coagulants have gained attention in application due to their unique characteristics. Organic polymers, in general, are classified as natural and synthetic polymers [Ball Mill Spare Parts For Sale High Quality Supplier,Pepper Sauce Packing Machine,Mountaineering Safety Shoe/ Casual Safety Shoes/Safety Footwear/Climbling Safety Shoe]. Natural polymers are hydrophilic compounds which carry natural characteristics as being nontoxic to humans, readily available and environmentally friendly. However, the use of natural polymers only might not be effective in all cases in wastewater treatment settings. This might be due to their properties which cannot be modified (e.g. Chitosan, tannin, starch,Moringa oleifera). Natural polymers are usually mixed with inorganic coagulants to enhance their treatability efficiency, although synthetic polymers can at times be toxic to humans [1200T(TS) goodeng water/oil/gas pipe drilling rig trenchless machine,Mc Cable Aluminum Tape Interlocked Armour Cable with UL Listed,Christmas Ceramic Mugs].
Organic polymers can easily be modified and optimized during the manufacturing process for wider application. Several polymers are produced with polymer chains of the linear, branched or cross-linked form of structures [Combination Shoe Display Rack,Vape Cbd Oil Cartridge No Button Chargeable 320mAh Rechargeable 510 Micro USB Battery Custom]. For instance,Et065 /Et063 6mm Carbon/Metal Trimming Potentiometershows the chemical structure of poly diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (pDADMAC), epichlorohydrin/dimethylamine polymers (ECH/DMA) and cationic polyacrylamides (CPAMs) are examples of cationic synthetic polymers while chitosan is an example of the cationic natural polymer [Factory Price Fungicide Tebuconazole 96%Tc CAS 107534-96-3,Hi Chipper Outdoor Purple Tempered Fire Pit Glass Granule,Abstract Acrylic Reproduction Oil Painting].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Chicken Seasoning Powder Mixing Equipment/CH Trough Shaped Mixer/Dry Powder Blending Machine[Low Oil Absorption Paint Grade Rutile Titanium Dioxide,Best Selling Cr80 Blank PVC Plastic Cards with Magnetic Stripe]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Wholesale Older Childrens/Boys/Girls Rain Jacket Cartoon Rain Suit Colorful Raincoat for Kids. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.2.5 Ton Battery Operate Forklift with Side Shiter for Sale.New Mobile Phone Huawwei Mate 20 PRO P30 PRO Mate 20 PRO 6GB+128GB/256GB Mate X 5g Mobile Phone in China Arrival Huaweii Mate 30 PRO 4G Smartphoneshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-Custom Printed Plastic Die Cut Handle Bag with Side Gusset(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
| Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|
| C3H3O2Na | 100 | 10.2 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25 | 75 | 8.5 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50 | 50 | 6.1 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 3.3 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.4 |
Generator Spare Parts Automatic Voltage Regulator AVR GB-100[Professional OEM Machining Part for CNC Milling Metal Machinery Parts].
Stainless Steel Honeycomb Core for Air Ventilation.Enhanced Waist Brace Waist Belt Waist Support[Boot Shape PVC Plastic Protective Terminal Sleeve Insulaton Cover,Turnkey Service PCBA Assembly Immersion Gold SMD/SMT PCB Electronic GPS Tracker Board Clone]. For instance, pDADMAC, ECH/DMA and CPAMs are synthetic cationic polymers while Chitosan is a natural cationic polymer as mentioned previously.Bright Color Prefab Steel Structure Building Used for Workshop.Vibratory Feeder Manufacturer with Good Creditoutlines the CD of various cationic polymers in mol% and meq/g of polymer.Shanghai Automatic Multihead Weigher All-in-One Packing Machine for Crispy Rice.Direct Factory Manufactures Brand Label Hangtag Card for Shoesshows the cationic polymer structure, denoting polymerization of acrylamide followed by partial hydrolysis.
| Polymer | Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|---|
| PDADMAC | C8H16NCl | 100 | 6.2 |
| ECH/DMA | C5H12ONCl | 100 | 7.3 |
| CPAM | C8H16O2NCl | 100 | 5.2 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.5(C3H5ON)0.5 | 50 | 3.8 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 2.5 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.2 |
| Chitosan | C6H11O4N.HCl | 100 | 5.2 |
Low Oil Absorption Paint Grade Rutile Titanium Dioxide[OEM Custom Sand Casting Supply Square and Round Ductile Cast Iron Manhole Cover and Drain Grating].
Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].
There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [Safety Syirnge with Retracting Needle Usfda with Best Price]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [Large Air Flow 225 80 mm Axial Cooling Fan Fj22081mab,Wholesale China Custom Metal Zinc Alloy Doming 3D Shiny Gold Plating Military Pilot Wings Pin Badge,Portable New Hifu+Liposonix 2 in 1 Face Lift and Body Shaping Women Beauty Device]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,Cbd Oil Cartridge Vape Pen Battery Mod 350mAh Preheating Box Mod Vaporizer Bud Touch Vape Pen Key Box Mod Battery Kit E Cigarette.
Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [Folding Baby Play Mat Reversible Play Mat,Best Quality Clutch Cover for Hino 31210-1983 31210-2621 31210-2371 31210-2700].
Furthermore,Microfiber Cooling Towel for Sports. Some examples includes:Nirmaliseeds,Moringa oleifera, Tannin, eggplant seed and radish seed which are locally available from vegetables for treatment [2 Inch Stainless Steel 304 Float Valve for Solar Water Heater,Sounda Car Wrap Vinyl for Car Decoration,Factory Direct Sale Single Side Coated Materials for Flexible Print]. These coagulants are nontoxic, renewable,ASTM D2846 Schedule 40 CPVC 4-Ways Fittings Cross, biodegradable and relatively cost-effective. Moreover,1.3 IPS Full Touch Screen Dt78 Smart Watch Sport Fitness Tracker with Heart Rate Sensor Blood Pressure Sleep Monitor Mileage. Another example of a plant-based coagulant using unexploded waste is cassava peel. Fresh cassava peels have three main efficiencies: spread very rapidly, contain phytates, and huge amounts of cyanogenic glycosides [50g Tomato Sauce Packing Machine,Wholesale 16oz Custom Beer Pint Glass Gift Box].
Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [Wholesale Bachelor Matte Black Graduation Gown]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [Full Automatic Electrical Product Assembly Machine,Bright Color Prefab Steel Structure Building Used for Workshop].5 Inch 10 Inch 20 Inch 30 Inch 40 Inch Replacement Ceramic Candle Filter Cartridge for Water Filter for RO System Water Filter Purifier, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.Electric Wire Rope Hoist Model CD1 MD 1shows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
| Industries | Coagulant | Dosing | Performance | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pulp and paper | Poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride | 40 mg/l | 93.13% COD 91.12% turbidity | [NBR Latex Adhesive for Glove] |
| Textile industry | PAC | 25 mg/l | 90.17% COD, 74.09% TDS and 93.47% turbidity | [Perfect Fit for Your Baby Antifouling Burp Cloths] |
| Dye wastewater | Polyferric chlorides (PFCs) | 30 mg/l | 55% reduction | [Supply Wholesales Travel Polyester Wholesale Lanyard at Factory Price Cross] |
| Vegetable tannery wastewater | PACl (poly aluminum chloride) | 60 mg/l | 45%TSS, 20% COD and 80% turbidity | [UHF Card DESFire Cards for Entry Systems (ISO)] |
| Palm oil effluent | PAC | 0.5 g/l, 8.0 and 60 g/l | 99% SOG | [Wholesale China Custom Metal Bronze Gold Plating Military Pilot Wings Pin Badge with Your Own Design] |
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,39799515 Air Compressor Spare Parts After Oil Cooler Core China Supplier, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,Automatic Tube Filling and Sealing Machine, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Svavo Electric HVAC Connect Scent Diffuser for Home V-B5000,Power Cord BS Approved Power Plug with C13 Connector].
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,Raw Wood Tree Debarker Log Skin Debarking Peeling Machine. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
Pulse Jet Baghouse Furnace Dust Collector.
1551total chapter downloads
1Crossref citations
Login to your personal dashboard for more detailed statistics on your publications.
Embroidery Butterfly Lace Fabric Lace Trim for WeddingEdited byGlucomannan (Konjac Flour)
By Rui Lu, Xiaobing Qu, Lu Zhang, Nana Zhu and Tao Yang
Edited by10inch 12V Universal Round Black Electric Car Radiator Cooling Fan
By Nurhan Onar Camlibel
We are IntechOpen, the world'Full Automatic Liquid Filling Machine. Built by scientists, for scientists. Our readership spans scientists, professors, researchers, librarians, and students, as well as business professionals. We share our knowledge and peer-reveiwed research papers with libraries, scientific and engineering societies, and also work with corporate R&D departments and government entities.
Water Treatment Salary