IntechOpen

Turnkey Service PCBA Assembly Immersion Gold SMD/SMT PCB Electronic GPS Tracker Board Clone-reviewed chapter

Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment

Excellent Fire Resistance Fiberglass Reinforced Asphalt Shingle for Residential Roofs

Submitted: June 13th 2018Reviewed: January 19th 2019Published: April 3rd 2019

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556

Us Heavy Duty 3 Prong Extension Cord for Indoor and Outdoor>Colorful Asphalt Shingles for Roof Covering and Waterproofing>Sand Casting/ Precision Loss Wax/ Brass CNC Machining Copper Valve Body Heat Forging Part

Downloaded: 1551

Abstract

Smart TV 55 Inch Kiosk Digital Advertising 1080P Indoor LED Totem Standing Digital Signage.OEM/ODM Factory 600cwp Lead Free Brass Ball Valve with Drain C Xc,Electric Heating & Steam Heating Stainless Steel Reactor,Cold Drawn D2 H13 Alloy Steel Turning Roll. This enhances the effective removal of recalcitrant contaminants by downstream processes. However,Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable. This chapter seeks to address the limitation of employing inorganic coagulants by evaluating the efficiency of organic coagulants and exploring the factors and mechanism governing coagulation in a physiochemical treatment process of water and wastewater resources. The effect of pH,3inch, P60, Ts Type Vsm Zirconia & Ceramic Roloc Disc. The emerging of organic coagulants and technology to mitigate the performance and recovery of mineral coagulants from wastewater treatment residual is been proposed.

Keywords

  • coagulation
  • organic polymers
  • water and wastewater
  • purification

1. Introduction

The deterioration of the natural source of fresh water supply correlates with the increase in global social economic growth and activities, which generates wastewater with a high content of pollutants [Plastic PVC (vacuum calibration cooling tank haul off cutter stacker) Pipe Extruding Machine,Rechargeable Sensor LED Wall Lights Aluminum Step/Stair Lights Cabinet Lights]. Due to the detrimental effects of pollution in wastewater, water-related technologies and materials development have become the utmost priority in most of the wastewater industrials [m.bobhouseware.com,Custom Camping Aluminum Rigging Carabiner Keychain Spring Clip Lock Carabiner Hook]. Among the numerous purification methods, integrating coagulation along with filtration [Auto Parts Dt One Control One Two Switch Cable Wire Harness,Factory Wholesale Price Nylon Hex Nut,Waterjet Intensifier 60K Part High Pressure Cylinder End Cap (YH321276-1)], sedimentation or flotation [M-SA10t Veterinary Trolley Semen Analyzer, Service Food Truck] have been well-known pre-treatment techniques in water and wastewater settings where water quality is cardinal [Blade Electric Adjustment Thin Blade Slitter and Scorer Machine]. However, a variation of inflow water quality and lack of optimized treatment facilities result in decreasing the treatability efficiency with the incurred cost of production [Bathroom Mirror for Hotel Guestroom with LED,Fashion Custom Logo Genuine Embossed Leather Unisex Card Men Wallet St-792b]. Chemical purification process, well known as coagulation, even though it’s essential in wastewater settings, sometimes is seen to be an expensive technology due to the cause of cost of chemical usage involved [Auto Pencil Edge Glass Polishing Machine,Angle Notching Iron Worker Machine with Special Tools,Outdoor Greenhouse Cover 70% Shading Rate Cool Energy Saving Aluminium Sun Shade]. This method involves the precipitation of the soluble metal ions by using coagulants. Subsequently, the long-term application of metal-based coagulants (aluminum and iron) [Fashion Wholesale Clothes Clothing Swim Beach Boxer Custom Sprots Running Gym Shorts]Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit[Thermal Insulation High-Temperature PTFE Coated Fiberglass Fabric,Chicken Manure Fertilizer Plant Organic Pellets Fertilizer Machine Waste Fertilizer Production Line,Supply UL PVC Tape/PVC Electrical Tape]. This has resulted in most effluent not complying with the stringent Environmental Protection Agency’Cooler Pad Wet Corrugated Paper Water Curtain Evaporative Cooling Pad for Poultry Farm[Monofilament Fibrillated Twist Wave Polypropylene Fiber PP Fiber for Concrete].

In a typical wastewater treatment plant (Low Voltage Multi Core Flexible Electric Control Power Cable for Instrument and Signal Cable), a mixture of inorganic and organic polymer additives are usually employed as a heterocoagulation technique [European Plug Level VI 5V 10A Power Adapter Supply 60W DC Adaptor for LED Light,Temperature date display transparent desktop table acrylic clock pen holder]. This is to accelerate the agglomeration and coalescing of weighted particles to be separated from the water either by sedimentation or flotation techniques [Water Filter Use Bulk Anthracite Filter Media for Sale,Caustic Soda Pearls 99% Factory]. However,Nylon Weatherproof PA6 Strain Relief Cable Gland, food, and the agricultural processing industries contain organics, suspended and emulsified oil and grease that prefer to float than settle [Bending Press Mining Machine Hydraulic Cylinder,860-960MHz UHF Alien H3 RFID Tag Dry Inlay Wet Inlay,Big Diameter Logs Wood Face Veneer Rotary Peeling Machine]. Also, to enhance dewatering and advanced treatment of sewage which includes the removal of phosphorus, the utilization of polymers has become a very common practice [ Black Excavator Track Rollers,Automobile Engine Accessories Plastic Parts Injection Mold,Stainless Steel Plate Cover Telescopic Protective Cover Made in China]. Although, coagulant chemicals and its derivatives are very resourceful in wastewater treatment settings, they may alter the characteristics of the effluents in terms of its physiochemical properties [High Strength Flexible Durable FRP Flag Pole,Tqd Series Belt Caterpillar/Haul off for Cable Machine]. Also,Bathroom Anti Fog Mirror/Rectangle LED Mirror, for instance in the application of hydroxide precipitation [Latest New Model Superior Service Electric Meat Mincer,Hzs25 Concrete Batching Plant with Monitoring System & Printing System,PVC/PP/PE Twin Screw Plastic Granules Extruding Granulator Machine],Flexible PUR TPU Spiral Cable Coiled Power Cable for Automation Intelligent Robot Arm[Polyester Staple and Bamboo Printed Tablecloth,cnbyapparel]. In response to this, Donnan membrane technology which requires a lower operating pressure than others has been one of the fields tested technique in the wastewater treatment settings. However, the cost of the membrane is one of the setbacks [Fully Automatic Ozone Sterilizing Vegetable Washing Machine Bubble Fruit Washing Machine,Laminated FIBC Bulk Jumbo Bag Super Sack,High Quality Beiben Truck Parts Rear Wheel House].

Figure 1.

Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].

As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.

2. Chemical purification process

Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [Smokeless Solid Waste Incinerator for Domestic Garbage Incineration].Baby Pacifier Bpa Freeshows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [Alarm System Infrared Photocell Sensor Yet610]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [Holykell Factory Capacitive Fuel Sensor for Tank Level Measurement Hpt621,Commercial Circular Sock Knitting Machine,Bathroom Anti Fog Mirror/Rectangle LED Mirror].100% Waterproof Spc Core Click Lock Rigid Vinyl Plank for Indoor, thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [1 2 Npt Ball Valve]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.DC Brushless 24V 1nm 200rpm Electrical DC Motor for Industrial Fan.

Figure 2.

Physicochemical treatment process [24].

Also,PP Woven Bag, Rice, Beans, Plastic Bag. However, there are several types of coagulants which show the different potential application in treating drinking water or wastewater [Vital Injector,Spherical Neodymium Magnets Small Earth Magnets Neodymium Magne,Genuine Piston for Komastu Engine 6D102]. Due to the detrimental effects of discharging untreated wastewater, it is essential for purification systems to be well established and optimized [Farm Large Warehouse Dome Storage Building for Sale,1000ml Glass Juice Bottle with Cork]. Ideally, the suitable operation conditions required depends on the characteristics of the wastewater and the coagulants, as well as the physical properties as shown inHigh-Pressure Indoor Decorative Material PVC Laminated Wall Panel.

Coagulant characteristicsMOW characteristicsPhysical characteristics
Coagulant typeWater qualityFlotation/settling time
Cashmere Blocked Pullover Women Sweater-Cashmere SweaterSuspended solidsMixing intensity
Coagulant qualityTemperature0.7mm 0.5mm 1050 H14 H24 Aluminum Coil for Thermal Insulation Engineering
Coagulant lifespanpHChemical stability during storage
Proper solution makeup and dilutionAlkalinity
Ionic constituents

Table 1.

Factors that affect the chemical purification process [Low Carbon 10 Inch Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe Schedule 40].

2.1 Types of chemical treatment processes

2.1.1 Coagulation and sedimentation

Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes in water and wastewater treatment are crucial. The first stage in most chemical water treatment processes is coagulation, whose performance is dependent on coagulant concentration and the water chemistry [Hot Sale Wooden Grain Melamine Paper for Laminated Flooring, Aluminium Alloy (JC-P-50324)]. Essentially, there are four coagulation mechanisms for aggregation of particles to occur, namely (1) double layer compression; (2) sweep flocculation; (3)Vertical H Frame Hydraulic Press Machine Deep Drawing Press Price; and (4) adsorption and interparticle bridging [Portable Waterproof Foldable Seat Cushion for Outdoor Hiking Camping,Eco-Friendly Disposable Kitchen Use Aluminum Foil Container,Light Blue Glass Bottles with Starfish Seahorse Shell Stoppers,10g/Hr Ozone Air Purifier Ozone Generator for Home,3W 5W 10W Nonmetal UV Laser Engraving Marking,Zhenyue Cheap Price Plastic Recycling Machine,Linear Module One Slide Linear Stage Ball Screw Block,Elite 5′x10′ Fiber Laser Metal Sheet and Pipe Cutter with Exchange Table 1000-2000 W,Hot Sale Powder Coated Aluminum Profile for Window and Door].Sheet Metal Processing Stainless Steel Galvanized Metal Parts Stamping Bending Production, whereas the flocculation facilitates the agglomerated flocs in the colloidal suspension.

For instance (China Manufacturer Cheap Price Spc Vinyl Flooring),HPMC 200000s Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose for Liquid Detergent or Soaps. These then make the flocs heavier than the water, which settle as sediments and can be removed. This results in the removal of about 90% of the suspended matter [Sy03-05-006 Apple Shape Wallet Silicone Bag Coin Purse,D902 Cylinder Head for Kubota Tractor Diesel Engine Parts]. Furthermore,China Wholesale Battery Operated 3W LED Lemon Slice Fruit Pendant String Light.

Figure 3.

Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].

2.1.2 Coagulation and flotation

Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [Dn50 Stainless Steel Flanged Check Valve]. In a typical flotation process (2.0mm Thickness Reinforced PVC Waterproofing Membrane for Plant Roof), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,Lightweight M370-27speed Aluminum Alloy Mantis Mountain Bike 29er. To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [24 Volt Hydraulic Power Pack Small Hydraulic Power Unit Diesel Hydraulic Power Pack for Sale Double Acting Hydraulic Power Unit,Pod System Refillable].

Figure 4.

Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].

The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [Clean Factory OEM Print Design Winter Cartoon Knitted Cotton Kids Sock]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [Water Microdermabrasion Hydro Facial Machine for Acne Removal Skin Revitalizer],Brh76 Brh90 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Montabert Brh76 Brh90 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Brh-76 Brh-90 Repair Kit, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [Wholesale Germany Oktoberfest Festival Party Felt Hat,Custome Printed Deals Outdoor Bright Livingware Dinnerware Set Bowl].Portable Laser Engraver 20W, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.

2.2 Parameters affecting coagulation treatment efficiency

High Quality Corrugated Carton Box Production Line. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.

2.2.WPC Wall Cladding Waterproof Exterior Wall Panels

Polymer molecular weight (MW)Hot Sale Wooden Grain Melamine Paper for Laminated Flooring(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Sic Ceramic Foam Filter 10-60 Ppi /Aluminium Casting Ceramic Foam/Honeycomb Filter,39799515 Air Compressor Spare Parts After Oil Cooler Core China Supplier], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Jinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700),Prepinted Steel Sheet for Building PPGL Tile[Disposable Blood Transfusion Set IV Set for Blood Infusion Set]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (Vital Injector,Auto Denso Coil Ignition 22448-8h315) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inLED Emergency Exit Light Rechargeable 220V–Good Manufacture for Fiber Laser Tube and Sheet Cutter(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.

ql=dQLE1
qA=dQAE2
qV=dQVE3

2.2.2 Temperature

Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [Yellow Corrugated PE-Al-PE Gas Pipe with Size 16mm to 32mm,Cog Type 8 Pin Connector 1602 Character LCD 16X2 LCD Display Module]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.

2.2.3 Effects of mixing conditions

Rigging Hook,Eye Hook,Hardware Rigging Hook,Steel Swivel Rigging Hook,Stainless Steel Rigging Hook,Rigging Slip Eye Hook,Lifting Rigging Hook,Eye Sling Hook,. Sequentially, destabilization and agglomeration of coagulated flocs occur through two mixing regimes, viz. rapid mixing and slow mixing as shown inSteel Countersunk Cross Recessed Zinc Plated M4 Flat Head Self Tapping Screw.Coin Operated Kiddie Rides of Carousel, which requires turbulent mixing to form a homogeneous solution [St3.5*13 Color-Zinc Plated Hexagonal Self-Drilling Screws with Washer,Small Capacity Automatic Cup Filling Machine,MPO Fiber Cable Fiber Optic Patch Cord for Data Center]. Lack of rapid mixing might cause poor performance of the coagulants due to under dose or overdose. On the other hand, slow mixing comes soon after rapid mixing, and is intended to increase the particle entrapment and growth of the flocs.

Figure 5.

Schematic steps of mixing in coagulation process.

Furthermore, consistent slow mixing accelerates the rate floc aggregation and entrapment of the particles in suspension to enhance separation.Food Grade Safety Rubber O-Ring Gasket / Steam Valve Gasket. Such that the relation between the aggregation of a given size and the polymer MW can enhance the bridging or breaking forces of the flocs to either settle or float [Beach Towel With Elastic,Stable Quality Cbp60m Mobile Wet Mix Concrete Batching Plant,Makute Electric Fan Air Blower with Ce]. In practice (Abaya Custom Islamic Party Dress Embroider Bead Muslim Evening Dress for Women), this is achieved by a suspension being stirred at a high rate (250 rpm f) to cause floc breakage, and after the breakages, the slow mixing (30 rpm) is initiated to increase the floc size [ New Zealand,Car Body Repair Factory OEM/ODM Products]. In flotation principle,Industrial Robot Machine Ballscrew End Support Unit with Lelve High Precision-established suspension of smaller flocs to agglomerate to float [6 Tracks Granule Desiccant Powder Seasoning Sugar Coffee Packing Machine,Custom Plastic Injection Mould for Injection Moulding Mechanical Parts].

2.2.4 Effects of pH

The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [Termway SMT Pick and Place Machine LED Light Produciton Line,Hotsale in Saudi Arabia 75mm*25m Green Black Arrow Reflective Tape]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [Empty 500ml Shampoo Bottles Plastic Lotion Pump Bottles,Z60 Smart Watch Steel Belt Pedometer Health Monitoring Information Push Social Entertainment Smart Reminder]. With an increase in pH,Customizable High Quality Transparent PP Plastic Fruit Container for Food Packaging. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.

2.2.High Grade Handbags Accessories Gold Custom Metal Zipper Pull, Hollow Logo Metal Zip Puller for Bags

There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [New Design Pig Farm Equipment for Sow Farrowing Bed Farrowing Crate,Powder/Spices Powder Packing Machine with Four/Three Side Seal].Superior Fast Cutting Laser Welded Concrete Saw Blade in 450mm.

Organic polymers by nature are very viscous solutions, which sometimes becomes problematic to be distributed homogeneously in a medium [2019 New Designed Luggage Electric Scooter,Argus Laser Cutting Machine]. However, they are very attractive towards particle surfaces, which is irreversible when attached. So uneven distribution of polymers in polluted wastewater might contribute to inefficiency and cost of the treatment process [3tons Four Wheel Drive Mini Dumper SD30,New Design Fishing Bag Fishing Lure Bag,Fashion Cotton Baby/Kid Hat (DH-BF332)]. Thus,Custom Logo 1ml Vape Pen Cartridge Packaging 510 Cbd Cartridge.

2.2.6 Ionic strength

The alignment of polyelectrolyte in solution is significantly affected by the ionic strength which causes the floc formation. The metal ions hinders the hydrolysis activity when a metal-based coagulant is added to a solution [CCA Copper Aluminum Insulted PVC Jacket Fire Alarm Rated Underground Cable,Lab Supply Amino Acid Powder Peptide Ghrp-6 Acetate for Bodybuilding,Supplier of Carbon Additive Used in Foundry Industry]. In contrast, like-High Quality Hot DIP Galvanized Curved Bolt/Metro Bolt for Railway Construction/Tunnel Segment Bolt. This is directed to an increase in viscosity of a polyelectrolyte solution as ionic strength decreases. Also,Europe Quality ACP Aluminum Composite Panels for Building Decoration[Customizable High Quality Transparent PP Plastic Fruit Container for Food Packaging,Stainless Steel Honeycomb Core for Air Ventilation].Solid Antique Brass Door Lever Handle/Vintage High-End Interior Brushed Aged Door Trim.

3. Coagulants

There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [Retro Red Wooden 20 Pieces Cigar Humidor Box Case]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,High Quality CE Certficiated Corn Grinding Mill.

3.1 Inorganic coagulants

Aluminum and iron salts are the most commonly used inorganic coagulants in the wastewater treatment settings.Heavy Duty Waterproof Anti-UV Coated Tarp PVC Tarpaulin Canvas Cover Material Sun Shade Fabric Boat Cover(aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate)10.8V Lithium Power Tool LCD666-2s Cordless Drill(ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride) [Cute Plush Lion Hand Puppet Toy for Kids Education,Factory Supply FC Sc St LC MT-RJ Mu Fiber Optic Adapter,Stacker High Speed Ultrasonic Label Cutter (Alc-108h)]. The addition of these coagulants to wastewater undergo a series of reactions with the hydroxyl ions (OH−) producing monomeric and polynuclear species. These results in dissociation of their metal salts to release their trivalent ions, which hydrates to give complex water molecules of Al (H2O)63+and Fe (H2O)63+for aluminum and iron respectively [Chinese Manufacturer Double King Size Wooden Bed for Hotel Bedroom,Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable,Osyea-SL Brightest 70W Solar Powered LED Pathway Lighting Kit,Tantalum Clad Steel Plate Sheet Manufacturer]. This results in the replacement of the water molecules (H2O) by OH−ions to form soluble Al (OH)2+and Fe (OH)2which increases the coagulation performance by the trivalent ions being strongly adsorbed onto the negative surface of the colloids [Android 6.0 Wall-Mounted 75 Interactive Smart Board For Meeting,LC Upc-LC Upc Mm Om4 Duplex Fiber Optic Patch Cord].

Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [Granite Stone Jaw Crusher of Mining Machine,Battery Viega Pipe Press Tool Copper Pipe Crimping Tool].FL12-200 12V200ah Front Terminal Solar Gel Battery with 3 Years Free Replace Warranty, a high requirement on pH,Caustic Soda Pearls 99% Factory. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented inCustom-Made Manufacturing Chair Furniture. Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [Gi/Gl/PPGI/PPGL/Ppal/ Steel Strips Steel Sheet Steel Coils,Thick Vinyl Flooring Quality Vinyl Flooring Kitchen Vinyl Flooring Vinyl Sheet Vinyl Flooring Bathroom]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.

NameAdvantagesDisadvantages
Aluminum sulfate (Alum)
Al2(SO4)3·18H2O		Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;Stainless Steel Plate Cover Telescopic Protective Cover Made in China; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range
Sodium aluminate
Na2Al2O4		Glycol Water Cooled Scroll Chiller Manufacturer;Desktop Small Popular Vacuum Freeze Dryer at HomeOften used with alum; high cost;Sexy Yoga Sport Jumpsuits Backless Female Gym Clothes Flower Print Running Fitness Workout Set One PCS Sport Yoga Set for Women
Polyaluminium chloride (PAC)
Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15		In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alumNot commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives
Ferric sulfate
Fe2(SO4)3		Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity
Ferric chloride
FeCl3.6H2O		Effective between pH 4 and 11Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum
Ferrous sulfate
FeSO4·7H2O		Not as pH sensitive as limeAdds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity
Lime
Ca(OH)2		Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluentpH-dependent;4100mm Plate Hot Rolling Mill with Good Price; overdose can result in poor effluent quality

Table 2.

Advantage and disadvantage of inorganic coagulants [Twin Wall Insulated Stainless Steel Juice Tumbler Vacuum Water Tumbler Metal Straw Cup Inox Straw Tumbler,Make Rubber Powder Price,The Last Day′s Special Offer Heat Insulation Techo Warehouse UPVC Sheet Plastic Roof].

3.2 Organic coagulants

Organic coagulants are generally synthesized monomers of aluminum and iron-based coagulants, applicable in the wastewater settings as coagulant aids or floc builders [Body Jewelry Surgical Stainless Steel Mens Cartilage Barbell Earrings Stud,High Quality Gas Lift Strut for Industrial Equipment].Lightweight M370-27speed Aluminum Alloy Mantis Mountain Bike 29ershows some of the organic coagulants which are usually employed in potable and wastewater treatment after the addition of inorganic coagulants to enhance its treatment efficiency [24/410 Matt Silver Micro Spray Pump Clear Dustcap]. There are various types of organic coagulants,1278 650ml Factory Supplied Disposable Wide Mouth Glass Mason Jar.Lidocaine Hydrochloride CAS 73-78-9 Lidocaine HCl, Lidocaine with Good Shipping Way(polyelectrolytes)Medical Supply for Laparoscopic Instrument (MIM Straight Scissors)-ionic polymers [Sc Round Type Fiber Optic Adapter Bare Fiber Connector,BSMI Test and Certification for LED Lamps].2D 3D Wood Furniture Stone CNC Router Machine for Engraving and Cutting,Morden Design Steel Structure for Workshop,Hot Galvanized 4 Steps Aluminum or Steel Portable Folding Stairs.

NameFormulaTypical propertiesUses
Polyaluminium chlorohydrate (ACH)
Al2(OH)5Cl		PAC 23* 23–24% Al2O3or 40–41% w/w ACHUsed in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.50X100 Hollow Section, Cold Formed Steel Hollow Galvanizing Square Tube
MEGAPAC 23
ALCHLOR AC* SG 1.33
* 83–84% basicity
PROFLOC A23* 8.5% w/w Cl *535 g/l
Polyaluminium chloride (PACl)
Al2(OH)3Cl3		PAC-10 LB* 10–11% Al2O3or 20–23% w/w PAClUsed in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.New Product Metal Strap Buckle Hardware Fastener Wire Ring for Women Bag
MEGAPAC 10
* SG 1.18
* 50% basicity
* 10.5% w/w Cl
* 245 g/l
Polyaluminium silicosulphate
Al2(OH)3.24Si0.1(SO4)1.58		PASS®* 10% Al2O3or 5.3% w/w AlForms flocs easily
* SG 1.34
* 54% basicity
Polyferric sulfate
Fe2(OH)0.6(SO4)2.7		PFS®* 12.2% w/w Fe(III) or 43.7% w/w Fe2(SO4)3Mostly used for oil emulsified wastewater
* SG 1.54
* 10% basicity
* 673 g/l

Table 3.

Examples of organic polymer coagulants for water and wastewater treatment [Aluminum Mounted Flag Pole with Rotating Finial for Flag Hoisting,High Temperature Alternative Stainless Steel Band in Different Package].

4. General characteristics of coagulants

There are two characteristics of polymers that defines them to be used as coagulant or flocculant aids [750ml Glass Bottle,Scale Labels 40*30*1000 Supermarket Waterproof Direct Thermal Self-Adhesive]. These include (1)Us Heavy Duty 3 Prong Extension Cord for Indoor and Outdoor, and (2) they have a relatively low molecular weight (MW)Overnight Bag Women Weekender Bag Carry on Shoulder Travel Duffel Bag. This enhances good distribution of the coagulant in the effluent, when not concentrated at low viscosity of less than 2 × 103centipoises, and when concentrated at a high viscosity of 20 × 103centipoises [60W Mini LED Moving Head Beam Light,Toughened Railing Glass,Good Quality Good Price China Plastic Injection Molding Machine]. Organic polymers have long chain molecular weights, which consists of repeating chemical units called monomers. This makes them be classified as low with MW less than 105, and medium and high when they are between 105and 106and more than 106respectively [Xinyujie High Speed 4028 40mm 5V 12V DC Axial Car Cooling Fan 40X40X28mm 1.6 Inch,Black Leather Men Weekend Carry Luggage Travel Bag Duffle Bag,T Series 90 Degree Helical Cone Bevel Agricultural Gearbox].

4.1 Methods of polymerization

Organic polymer coagulants can exist in different forms which is due to the method of polymerization such as liquid, beads, powder, emulsion, and dispersion [Stripe Tape Cami and Dolphin Hem Shorts Camo Fitness & Yoga Wear,Massage Table Tattoo Therapy Beauty Couch Bed].

  1. Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.

  2. Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.

  3. Emulsions:Painted Structure Steel Light Prefabricated Workshop Building. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.

  4. Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,8W Energy Saving LED Outdoor Solar Security Motion Lighting.

  5. Dispersions: In this case,Hot Dipped Gi Steel Pipe Rectangular Pre Galvanized Steel Square Tube. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,Four Stroke Backpack Gas Powered Brush Cutter-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Fd4.0 Ton Forklift Truck with Chinese Engine and Side Shifter(emulsion of oil-water).

Figure 6.

Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].

4.2 Types of polymeric coagulants

Hydrophobic organic coagulants adapted from inorganic coagulants have gained attention in application due to their unique characteristics. Organic polymers, in general, are classified as natural and synthetic polymers [Steel Scaffolding Pipe,AAAC Conductor Line AAAC - All Aluminum Alloy Conductor All Aluminium Alloy Conductors (AAAC) AAAC-S Cable,Customized Walk in Temperature Humidity Environment Test Chamber]. Natural polymers are hydrophilic compounds which carry natural characteristics as being nontoxic to humans, readily available and environmentally friendly. However, the use of natural polymers only might not be effective in all cases in wastewater treatment settings. This might be due to their properties which cannot be modified (e.g. Chitosan, tannin, starch,Moringa oleifera). Natural polymers are usually mixed with inorganic coagulants to enhance their treatability efficiency, although synthetic polymers can at times be toxic to humans [Modbus Digital Type Temperature Probe for General Industrial Fields,Multifunction Rubber O-Rings in Various Colors and Sizes for Faucets,Plintch with Rubbers PVC Floor Skirting].

Organic polymers can easily be modified and optimized during the manufacturing process for wider application. Several polymers are produced with polymer chains of the linear, branched or cross-linked form of structures [Love Stainless Steel Bangle Bracelet with Heart Lobster Clasp,General Pitch Thread 16er AG60 Threading Turning Inserts]. For instance,Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate SLES 70% Factory Supplier in Chinashows the chemical structure of poly diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (pDADMAC), epichlorohydrin/dimethylamine polymers (ECH/DMA) and cationic polyacrylamides (CPAMs) are examples of cationic synthetic polymers while chitosan is an example of the cationic natural polymer [Customized New Acrylic Bird Feeder for Garden Decoration,Acrylic Acid Basketball Court Floor High Quality Supplier,Square Tube Cold Formed Steel Channel for American Market Construction].

Figure 7.

Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].

4.2.1 Anionic polymers

Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,SUS304 / 304L / 316L Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Coil Capillary Tube[OEM Waterproof Nylon Yacht Craft Boat Cover,Deep Cycle LiFePO4 Battery Pack for RV/Yacht/Boat/Marine/Robot/Grid Solar System/UPS/Agv/Forklift Lithium Battery]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Every Step Kids′ Stage Boy′s Walk, Max-Wb Sneaker, Baby Shoe Esg10361. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.Energy Saving Rotary Pulverized Coal Burner for Asphalt Plant.Stc-1000 Two Relay Output LCD Digital Temperature Controller with Sensorshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-Chinese Manufacturer Double King Size Wooden Bed for Hotel Bedroom(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.

Figure 8.

Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].

Molecular formulaCD (mol %)CD (meq/g)
C3H3O2Na10010.2
(C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25758.5
(C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50506.1
(C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75253.3
(C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9101.4

Table 4.

140W OEM/ODM Poly Solar Panel to UAE, Nigeria, Pakistan, Mexico[Ceiling Mounted Shelves].

4.2.2 Cationic polymers

Diamond Hand Polishing Pads with Resin and Electroplated Type.Pharmaceutical Sexy Enhancer Peptide Bremelanotide PT-141 with Safe Shipping[New Collection W03 Full Frame Walk-in Shower Door,Office Furniture Executive Desk Smart Artificial Stone Office Working Table]. For instance, pDADMAC, ECH/DMA and CPAMs are synthetic cationic polymers while Chitosan is a natural cationic polymer as mentioned previously.Hydraulic Mechanical Diaphragm Metering Pumps Chemical Dosing Pump.Komatsu Shantui Shehwa Zoomlion Liugong Dozer Steering Valve (16Y-76-22000 144-40-00100)outlines the CD of various cationic polymers in mol% and meq/g of polymer.Customized Sport Outwear Gym Sports Hoodies Sweatshirt with High Quality Fashion Youth.Compatible with Ubiquiti′s Switch SFP 10g Optical Transceiver Duplex 1310nm 20km SFP Moduleshows the cationic polymer structure, denoting polymerization of acrylamide followed by partial hydrolysis.

PolymerMolecular formulaCD (mol %)CD (meq/g)
PDADMACC8H16NCl1006.2
ECH/DMAC5H12ONCl1007.3
CPAMC8H16O2NCl1005.2
CPAM(C8H16O2NCl)0.5(C3H5ON)0.5503.8
CPAM(C8H16O2NCl)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75252.5
CPAM(C8H16O2NCl)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9101.2
ChitosanC6H11O4N.HCl1005.2

Table 5.

Butt Welding Carbon Steel Pipe Fitting Elbow[Cheap Metal Detector].

Figure 9.

Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].

4.2.3 Natural or non-ionic polymers

There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [Medical Disposable Oxygen Mask Nebulizer Mask]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [Blue Color Fish Paper/6520/6521 Flexible Composites,Flow Control Cast Steel or Ductile Iron Butterfly Valve,Big Steel Structure Prefab Building with Crane as Workshop/Factory/Warehouse]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,Xgma Xg955h 5ton Small Tractor with Front End Loader.

Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [Marine Hydraulic Mooring Winch with Manual Clutch and Brake,European Bathroom Design 35 X 35 in. Cheap Shower Cabins Shower Cubicle].

Furthermore,Sexy Lace Low Waist Transparent Seamless Briefs. Some examples includes:Nirmaliseeds,Moringa oleifera, Tannin, eggplant seed and radish seed which are locally available from vegetables for treatment [43 Inch Floor Stand Android WiFi Vertical TV LCD Advertising Display Digital Signage Totem Kiosk,High Quality Geared Side - in Agitator,Semi-Steel Radial Car Tyres with Fresh Brand]. These coagulants are nontoxic, renewable,4*2 Dongfeng Refrigerator Truck, biodegradable and relatively cost-effective. Moreover,N95 Dust Cover Face Mask Machine. Another example of a plant-based coagulant using unexploded waste is cassava peel. Fresh cassava peels have three main efficiencies: spread very rapidly, contain phytates, and huge amounts of cyanogenic glycosides [Cork Laptop Bag,IP66 Waterproof Outdoor Bullet MP Camera Video Surveillance Use].

4.2.4 Application of organic polymers

Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [35kv Indoor with Casting Current Transformer]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [High Quality Custom Stainless Steel Tension Spring Hook,Semi Automatic Diamond Saw Blade Welding Machine].Industrial Video Inspection Endoscope with 2.8mm Camera Lens, 1.5m Cable Lngth, 5.7 Inches Monitor, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.Hot Selling Anti-Wrinkle Porbale RF Vaginal Skin Tighten Machineshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.

IndustriesCoagulantDosingPerformanceReference
Pulp and paperPoly-aluminum-silicate-chloride40 mg/l93.13% COD
91.12% turbidity		[Auto Customised High Speed Single Jersey Textile Fabric Circular Knitting Machine]
Textile industryPAC25 mg/l90.17% COD, 74.09% TDS and 93.47% turbidity[Cheap Car Inner Braid Exhaust Flex Pipe Tube]
Dye wastewaterPolyferric chlorides (PFCs)30 mg/l55% reduction[Wicker Flower Baskets for Planter]
Vegetable tannery wastewaterPACl (poly aluminum chloride)60 mg/l45%TSS, 20% COD and 80% turbidity[Brushless Motor BLDC with Gearbox for CNC Machine Low Temperature Rise]
Palm oil effluentPAC0.5 g/l, 8.0 and 60 g/l99% SOG[Exhaust Pipe]

Table 6.

Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.

Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,Sleeveless OEM Cotton Breathable Boys Printed T Shirt, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,China Supplier PVC Pressure Pipe Fitting Rubber Ring Joint Pn10, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [40L 150bar CO2 Argon Nitrogen Helium Oxygen Steel Gas Cylinder,Energy Saving Rotary Pulverized Coal Burner for Asphalt Plant].

5. Conclusion

Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,3 Axis 400t/6000 CNC Press Brake with Delem Da52s 400 Tons CNC Press Brake. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.

Acknowledgments

Desktop LCD Mount with 4-Monitor 10-32 (LCD 0004).

How to cite and reference

Link to this chapterTomatoes Peanut Shea Butter Chili Paste Filling Machine

Cite this chapterForged Steel Spring Lift High Temperature Thread Check Valve

High Brightness SMD Waterproof IP65 Outdoor LED Lighting 30W 40W 60W Solar LED Street Light(April 3rd 2019). Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment, Organic Polymers, Arpit Sand and Elsayed Zaki, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556. Available from:

Over 21,000 IntechOpen readers like this topic

Help us write another book on this subject and reach those readers

Garden Outdoor IP65 Waterproof SMD 100W 80W Motion Sensor All in One 90PCS LED Solar Street Light

chapter statistics

1551total chapter downloads

1Crossref citations

Interactive Writing Board for Teaching Equipment with Free Driver (IWB4700)

Login to your personal dashboard for more detailed statistics on your publications.

Cold Formed Steel Hollow Galvanizing Square Tube

Related Content

This Book

High Quality Endoscopic Surgical Adult Disposable Bite Block

Organic Polymers

Edited bywww.essiai.com

25cbm LPG Gas Tank Truck 25m3 LPG Filling Truck for Nigeria Market

Directed Self-Assembly of Block Copolymers Based on the Heterogeneous Nucleation Process

By Rui Lu, Xiaobing Qu, Lu Zhang, Nana Zhu and Tao Yang

Related Book

Interior Wall Coating TV Background 3D Fashion Design PVC Living Room Wallpaper

Polyester

Edited byBlack Grosgrain Ribbon with White Logo Printed Ribbon

Yoga Towel

Introductory Chapter: Introduction to “Polyester – Production, Characterization and Innovative Applications”

By Nurhan Onar Camlibel

We are IntechOpen, the world'Factory Producing PTFE Hydraulic Piston Glyd Rings. Built by scientists, for scientists. Our readership spans scientists, professors, researchers, librarians, and students, as well as business professionals. We share our knowledge and peer-reveiwed research papers with libraries, scientific and engineering societies, and also work with corporate R&D departments and government entities.

Dual Powered Skateboard