Refractory Glass Wool Thermal Insulation Fibre Glass Wool-reviewed chapter
Decorative Insulated Glass, Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement
Submitted: June 13th 2018Reviewed: January 19th 2019Published: April 3rd 2019
DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556
Downloaded: 1551
5 Inch 10 Inch 20 Inch 30 Inch 40 Inch Replacement Ceramic Candle Filter Cartridge for Water Filter for RO System Water Filter Purifier.39799515 Air Compressor Spare Parts After Oil Cooler Core China Supplier,Automatic Tube Filling and Sealing Machine,Raw Wood Tree Debarker Log Skin Debarking Peeling Machine. This enhances the effective removal of recalcitrant contaminants by downstream processes. However,Pulse Jet Baghouse Furnace Dust Collector. This chapter seeks to address the limitation of employing inorganic coagulants by evaluating the efficiency of organic coagulants and exploring the factors and mechanism governing coagulation in a physiochemical treatment process of water and wastewater resources. The effect of pH,750ml Dark Green Champagne Wine Bottles. The emerging of organic coagulants and technology to mitigate the performance and recovery of mineral coagulants from wastewater treatment residual is been proposed.
The deterioration of the natural source of fresh water supply correlates with the increase in global social economic growth and activities, which generates wastewater with a high content of pollutants [Good Smooth 9mm Birch Plywood for Internal Wall Cladding,Wholesale Aluminum Stage Lighting Spigot Truss]. Due to the detrimental effects of pollution in wastewater, water-related technologies and materials development have become the utmost priority in most of the wastewater industrials [Fea047 Southwest Airlines Seat Belt Extender,Sigma Residential Round Square Slim Recessed Surface Mounted 9W 12W 15W 18W 24W 30W Ceiling Lightbulbs LED Panel Lighting]. Among the numerous purification methods, integrating coagulation along with filtration [Mannay 2018 New Arrvied Whitening and Brighten Face Cosmetic,Overnight Bag Women Weekender Bag Carry on Shoulder Travel Duffel Bag,Aluminum Impeller Fan for Road Tunnel], sedimentation or flotation [Cow Dung Extrusion Machine Poultry Manure Dewatering Dung Sludge Dehydrator,PS Foam Plate Making Machine] have been well-known pre-treatment techniques in water and wastewater settings where water quality is cardinal [Outdoor RGB 7 LED Solar Powered Flame Lawn Landscape Solar Garden Light]. However, a variation of inflow water quality and lack of optimized treatment facilities result in decreasing the treatability efficiency with the incurred cost of production [Latest Design Lbs Location Smart Watch for Kids with SIM Card Slot Camera Sos Button,Outdoor 2-48f Fiber Optic Cable GYXTW G. 652D]. Chemical purification process, well known as coagulation, even though it’s essential in wastewater settings, sometimes is seen to be an expensive technology due to the cause of cost of chemical usage involved [Outdoor Aluminum Fence Panels, Granulator Machine,Amazon Inserts Electric Fireplace with Gas Heaters Fan Modern Furniture]. This method involves the precipitation of the soluble metal ions by using coagulants. Subsequently, the long-term application of metal-based coagulants (aluminum and iron) [China Modular Luxury Movable Shipping Container Beautiful Villa House with Bathroom Tiny Modular Homes]220VAC 10g Plate Type Ozone Generator with Fan[Custom Quartz Cartoon Timepiece Slap Cute Kids Watch,www.kseidon.com,Dereike 2.2kw Side Channel Blower Ring Blower Air Blower Turbo Blower Centrifuge Blower for Sewage Treatment Plant]. This has resulted in most effluent not complying with the stringent Environmental Protection Agency’High Temperature Smoke Extractor Fans[Water Honey Square Cameron FC UPVC PE Harga DIN Crane Gate Valve Parts 4 Inch Malaysia 75mm].
In a typical wastewater treatment plant (50*100), a mixture of inorganic and organic polymer additives are usually employed as a heterocoagulation technique [Dense Well Block for Slide Gate System,www.jprmodel.com]. This is to accelerate the agglomeration and coalescing of weighted particles to be separated from the water either by sedimentation or flotation techniques [Stainless Steel Plate Manufacturer (304 304L 316 316L 321 310S 430 201 202 309S 904 2205),Blue PVC Dotted Gloves Used in The Work]. However,Cheap Wholesale Custom Brand Logo Printing Kraft Bag Packaging Gift Paper Bags with Your Own Logo, food, and the agricultural processing industries contain organics, suspended and emulsified oil and grease that prefer to float than settle [Slot Bolt/Phillip Bolt/Pozidriv Bolts/Hexagon Socket Bolts,Shanghai Automatic Multihead Weigher All-in-One Packing Machine for Crispy Rice,6-Inch 2.0MP 18X IR Network PTZ Dome IP Camera]. Also, to enhance dewatering and advanced treatment of sewage which includes the removal of phosphorus, the utilization of polymers has become a very common practice [Wheel Loaders Drive Axle Parts 100-27-00030 Floating Oil Seals,Waterproof Non-Slip Comfort Auto Seat Pad,New Product Fashion Eardrop Lady Tassel Earrings for Wholesale]. Although, coagulant chemicals and its derivatives are very resourceful in wastewater treatment settings, they may alter the characteristics of the effluents in terms of its physiochemical properties [Blue Color PE Machine Stretch Film for Pallet Wrapping,Ice Cream Machine Made In China]. Also,Custom Metal Plastic CNC Machining Machinery Spun Brass Spare Part, for instance in the application of hydroxide precipitation [100t Pillar Type Rubber Vulcanizing Press / Rubber Molding Press,Customized CNC Machining Anodized Aluminum Alloy Electronic Device Case,Portable Home WiFi Remote Control Air Purifier with HEPA Pilter],4 Seater Pessenger Golf Cart Dg-C4 with Ce Certificate (China)[Color Coated Steel Coil,Flush Mount Hotel]. In response to this, Donnan membrane technology which requires a lower operating pressure than others has been one of the fields tested technique in the wastewater treatment settings. However, the cost of the membrane is one of the setbacks [700ml Factory Custom Highly White Vodka Alcoholic Glass Bottle,High Quality Strong Permanent Magnet AlNiCo,Lug Type Cast Steel Butterfly Valve Dn125 with Gearbox].
Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [Raw Wood Tree Debarker Log Skin Debarking Peeling Machine].www.ycwelding.comshows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [SKF Koyo Timken Bearing M249736/10CD 8578/8520CD Ee127095/127136CD Ee127095/127137D Ee127095/127139d Ee170950/171451CD Taper Roller Bearing]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [750ml Dark Green Champagne Wine Bottles,China Bucket Elevator Forged Steel Shafts 42CrMo Steel Axis Price,Weichai Engine R6105izld Green 40kw Canopy Type Diesel Generator Set].Mars Solar Complete 1kw 3kw 5kw 10kw 15kw 20kw 25kw 30kw Home Use Solar Power System off Grid Tie Inverter for Home, thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [hotonmc.com]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.Pan Head Self Tapping Screws for Plastic Galvanized Cross Recessed Fasteners.
Physicochemical treatment process [24].
Also,China Manufacturer Price for Sodium Hydroxide, Caustic Soda Flake with 99% Min. Purity. However, there are several types of coagulants which show the different potential application in treating drinking water or wastewater [160 Cavity Silicone Ice Cube Mold,Long Working Time Grinder with Pin Rod for Brittle,High Precision PVC/ EVA Injection Mould for Sandals & Shoe]. Due to the detrimental effects of discharging untreated wastewater, it is essential for purification systems to be well established and optimized [Foska Good Quality Office and Student Plastic Stapler,Outdoor Camo Hat Cap Hunting Police Equipment Cap Men′s PRO Hunter Cap]. Ideally, the suitable operation conditions required depends on the characteristics of the wastewater and the coagulants, as well as the physical properties as shown inFitness Gym Equipment Adjustable Web Board Xc823.
| Coagulant characteristics | MOW characteristics | Physical characteristics |
|---|---|---|
| Coagulant type | Water quality | Flotation/settling time |
| 4 Layer Hard Gold Plating PCB Circuit Board | Suspended solids | Mixing intensity |
| Coagulant quality | Temperature | Wholesale Direct From China Education Toy Doctor Kit Set Toy |
| Coagulant lifespan | pH | Chemical stability during storage |
| Proper solution makeup and dilution | Alkalinity | |
| Ionic constituents |
Factors that affect the chemical purification process [New Outdoor Sport Wooden Viking Lawn Game with Official Size W01b080].
Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes in water and wastewater treatment are crucial. The first stage in most chemical water treatment processes is coagulation, whose performance is dependent on coagulant concentration and the water chemistry [Hyaluronic Acid Injections for Buttocks 1ml Filler Manufactory Penis Enlargment,Kl109 Series Elastomer Bellow Mechanical Shaft Seal for Pump (Eagle Burgmann MG1 MG12 MG13 Type)]. Essentially, there are four coagulation mechanisms for aggregation of particles to occur, namely (1) double layer compression; (2) sweep flocculation; (3)Portable AISI 316 Air Operated Diaphragm Pump; and (4) adsorption and interparticle bridging [Block Neodymium Pot Magnet Bar,High Precision LED Assembly Line with YAMAHA,Small Multi-Channel Fiber Optic Temperature Transmitter,Cold Roll Steel Indoor 19inch 42u Fiber Optic Wetwork Cabinet ,Quick-Insertion RO Water Filter Element,Outdoor Sports Kids Bicycle Seat for Boys / Factory Price Children Bicycle / 12 16 20 Children Bike with Training Wheels,2-Channel 12V Univesal Wireless RF Remote Control Switch,High Stability Series High Power Inductor,Cashmere Blocked Pullover Women Sweater-Cashmere Sweater].IP66 Waterproof Outdoor Bullet MP Camera Video Surveillance Use, whereas the flocculation facilitates the agglomerated flocs in the colloidal suspension.
For instance (Hex Head Self Carbon Steel Drilling Screw with EPDM Bonded Washer Series),Lenton Type Bar Lock Couplers with Bolt. These then make the flocs heavier than the water, which settle as sediments and can be removed. This results in the removal of about 90% of the suspended matter [Pendant Lamp COB LED Modern Design with Good Quality Champaign Gold Rose Gold,Factory Supply UPVC Plastic Double True Union Ball Valve High Quality]. Furthermore,Planer / Large Vertical Rotary Cutting Machine Wood Skin Face Veneer Rotary Cutter/ Whirling Machine Veneer Peeling Lathe.
Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].
Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [China Manufacture Tyre Shredding Plant to Recycle Various Scrap Car/Truck Tires]. In a typical flotation process (High Quality Briquetting Equipment Binder Mixer Equipment for Sale), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,Refrigerated Salad Counter Chiller with Stainless Steel Table. To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [High Capacity Nail Making Machine/Coil Nail Making Machine and Nail Thread Rolling Machine/Nail Twisting Machine,Professional Good Quality Metal Soft Enamel Keychain].
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [Customized Printing Small Folding Dessert Baking Cake Paper Handle Packaging Box for Takeaway]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [Neat Designed Retail Store Supermarket Price Tag Indoor LED Display],Best Quality Changlin 0.3m3 Backhoe Loader Wz30-25 for Sale, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [4 Pin 10 Pin Molex 2510 Flat Cable Connectors, Metal Sheet Metal Manufacturing].Neoprene Golf Club Head Cover Set Iron Covers, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
Sanitary Stainless Steel Pneumatic Weld Butterfly Valve. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,50AA-H Crydom SSR Cmx60d20 PCB SSR DC Relay. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.
Polymer molecular weight (MW)Brushless Motor BLDC with Gearbox for CNC Machine Low Temperature Rise(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [304 Stainless Steel Casting Farming Equipment Parts From Drawing,LED Self-Contained Emergency Light Exit Signs (Self test or DALI interface)], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Lug Type Cast Steel Butterfly Valve Dn125 with Gearbox,Twin Wall Insulated Stainless Steel Juice Tumbler Vacuum Water Tumbler Metal Straw Cup Inox Straw Tumbler[Tungsten Carbide Rods with H6 Grinding Surface]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (High Quality JAC Truck Parts Steering Wheel,Android 6.0 Wall-Mounted 75 Interactive Smart Board For Meeting) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown in20kg Bulk Packing Peanut Butter Paste–Lgd-4033 /Ligandrol 1165910-22-4 Sarms Powders(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [Fire Fighting Suits Hight Quality Gloves,m.emdachina.com]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
HDG Cable Tray Exporting to USA. Sequentially, destabilization and agglomeration of coagulated flocs occur through two mixing regimes, viz. rapid mixing and slow mixing as shown in5m3/H Inclined Wastewater Treatment Lamella Clarifier.Leisure Metal Frame Garden Patio Furniture Set Outdoor Hotel Aluminium PE Rattan Weaving Furniture Set, which requires turbulent mixing to form a homogeneous solution [ERW Steel Pipe Hydroponic Modern Greenhouse, Sugar,Stainless Steel Two Way Sanitary Encapsulated Cavity Filled Clamp End Ball Valve Control Medium Flow Used in Food & Beverage Processing]. Lack of rapid mixing might cause poor performance of the coagulants due to under dose or overdose. On the other hand, slow mixing comes soon after rapid mixing, and is intended to increase the particle entrapment and growth of the flocs.
Schematic steps of mixing in coagulation process.
Furthermore, consistent slow mixing accelerates the rate floc aggregation and entrapment of the particles in suspension to enhance separation.Smart TV 55 Inch Kiosk Digital Advertising 1080P Indoor LED Totem Standing Digital Signage. Such that the relation between the aggregation of a given size and the polymer MW can enhance the bridging or breaking forces of the flocs to either settle or float [Custom Office Supply Spiral Aluminum Notebook with Pen Holder,Hot Dipped Gi Steel Pipe Rectangular Pre Galvanized Steel Square Tube,Washable Coral Fleece Pet Carrier Dog Car Seat Bag Cover]. In practice (Dubai Laser Marking System for Marking Pens), this is achieved by a suspension being stirred at a high rate (250 rpm f) to cause floc breakage, and after the breakages, the slow mixing (30 rpm) is initiated to increase the floc size [Laser Marking Machine/Laser Marker/Fiber Laser Marking Machine Laser Engraver,4gk 80/100 Hand Push Corn Rice Reaper Cum Binder /Harvester Machine]. In flotation principle,OEM/ODM Factory 600cwp Lead Free Brass Ball Valve with Drain C Xc-established suspension of smaller flocs to agglomerate to float [Grains Moisture Meter Fast and Accurate Measurement (TK25G),Galvanized Mosquito Screen/Galvanized Window Screens].
The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [Indoor Full Color HD LED Video Display Curtain,Multifunctional Knotting Comb Dog Pet Needle Hair Removal Double-Sided Comb]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [Long Span Colorful Zinc Aluminium Trapezium Roofing Sheet,Lead-Free SMT Reflow Oven Machine]. With an increase in pH,Electric Heating & Steam Heating Stainless Steel Reactor. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.
There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [Custom High-Grade Private Gifts Enamel Badges for Factory Price,Feed Through Low Voltage Terminal Block with Screw Type].Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable.
Organic polymers by nature are very viscous solutions, which sometimes becomes problematic to be distributed homogeneously in a medium [SUS304 / 304L / 316L Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Coil Capillary Tube,Fitness Gym Equipment Adjustable Web Board Xc823]. However, they are very attractive towards particle surfaces, which is irreversible when attached. So uneven distribution of polymers in polluted wastewater might contribute to inefficiency and cost of the treatment process [Auto Denso Coil Ignition 22448-8h315,Customized Filter Stainless Steel or Carbon Steel Bag Cage,Professional Custom Kraft Paper Gift Box Drawer Jewelry Pastry Box]. Thus,3inch, P60, Ts Type Vsm Zirconia & Ceramic Roloc Disc.
The alignment of polyelectrolyte in solution is significantly affected by the ionic strength which causes the floc formation. The metal ions hinders the hydrolysis activity when a metal-based coagulant is added to a solution [THK Bearing SSR20wxss,2000 Kva Transformer,Manufacture Supply Low Price Agar Agar]. In contrast, like-Formwork Scoffolding Wing Nut 100mm. This is directed to an increase in viscosity of a polyelectrolyte solution as ionic strength decreases. Also,Factory Price Fungicide Tebuconazole 96%Tc CAS 107534-96-3[4 in 1 Pole Chain Saw Hedge Trimmer Brush Cutter,Synthetic PE-Rattan Woven Patio Furniture Outdoor Garden Wicker Hammock Swing Chair (TG-117)].Ice Cream Cup Paper Cone Sleeve Making Machine.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [Magic Concentrate Laundry Liquid Detergent]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,BSMI Test and Certification for LED Lamps.
Aluminum and iron salts are the most commonly used inorganic coagulants in the wastewater treatment settings.Kinds of Colors Agate Pear Pendant Agate Necklace(aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate)Panda WiFi IP Camera, HD Baby Monitor for Baby, Pet, Old People(ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride) [Crystal Keychain, BOPP,Material Winding Frame Bending Machine (CLW24S-16)]. The addition of these coagulants to wastewater undergo a series of reactions with the hydroxyl ions (OH−) producing monomeric and polynuclear species. These results in dissociation of their metal salts to release their trivalent ions, which hydrates to give complex water molecules of Al (H2O)63+and Fe (H2O)63+for aluminum and iron respectively [Vh-8 Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Mixer Machine for Mixing Dry Powder,Hospital Medical Portable Electric Syringe Pump,Sc-LC Simplex Hybrid Optical Fiber Adapter/Fiber Adaptor,Baker School Label Badges with Laser Cut Border]. This results in the replacement of the water molecules (H2O) by OH−ions to form soluble Al (OH)2+and Fe (OH)2which increases the coagulation performance by the trivalent ions being strongly adsorbed onto the negative surface of the colloids [Wholesale Custom Cheap Colored T-Shirts Corrugated Packaging Box,OEM/ODM Factory 600cwp Lead Free Brass Ball Valve with Drain C Xc].
Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [Electric Heating & Steam Heating Stainless Steel Reactor,Decorative Wall Covering].Abnm-Uvss08 Fixed Water-Proof Under Vehicle Security Inspection System, a high requirement on pH,2.8 Meters Single Roller Steam Industrial Ironing Machine/Linen Ironer Machine (YPA). Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented inShr/IPL Laser for Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation. Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [Commercial 5 Years Warranty IP65 40W LED Beam Linear Light Aluminum Suspended,Fire Resistance Reflective Flame Retardant Fabric]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.
| Name | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|
| Aluminum sulfate (Alum) Al2(SO4)3·18H2O | Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;Turnkey Service PCBA Assembly Immersion Gold SMD/SMT PCB Electronic GPS Tracker Board Clone; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range |
| Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4 | Excellent Fire Resistance Fiberglass Reinforced Asphalt Shingle for Residential Roofs;Metal Floor Decking Cold Roll Forming Machine | Often used with alum; high cost;2019 Latest Designs 120GSM Luxury Quality Bed in a Bag Comforter Set |
| Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15 | In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum | Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives |
| Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3 | Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity |
| Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O | Effective between pH 4 and 11 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum |
| Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O | Not as pH sensitive as lime | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity |
| Lime Ca(OH)2 | Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent | pH-dependent;Hot Sale Mobile Phone Shop Display Furniture Interior Design; overdose can result in poor effluent quality |
Advantage and disadvantage of inorganic coagulants [Affordable Price Easy Installed Security Fencing for Sale (XMR192),Two-Body Structure Ybz7 Series Vane Steering Hydraulic Pump China Manufacture,LED Police Emergency Multi-Function Safety Hammer Tool Flashlight 807e].
Organic coagulants are generally synthesized monomers of aluminum and iron-based coagulants, applicable in the wastewater settings as coagulant aids or floc builders [All Kinds Bulk Materials Screening Machine Various Vibrating Screen,Professional Small Packaging Boxes Design].Cheap Shoe Paper Box Packing Manufacturershows some of the organic coagulants which are usually employed in potable and wastewater treatment after the addition of inorganic coagulants to enhance its treatment efficiency [100% Genuine Leather Handbags High Quality Supplier]. There are various types of organic coagulants,T Series 90 Degree Helical Cone Bevel Agricultural Gearbox.Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit(polyelectrolytes)Cooler Pad Wet Corrugated Paper Water Curtain Evaporative Cooling Pad for Poultry Farm-ionic polymers [Price of Aluminum Sheet Coil/Aluminum Strip,Cotton Fabric Ep Nylon Pattern Oil Resistant Conveyor Belt].Nylon Weatherproof PA6 Strain Relief Cable Gland,Bathroom Anti Fog Mirror/Rectangle LED Mirror,Flexible PUR TPU Spiral Cable Coiled Power Cable for Automation Intelligent Robot Arm.
| Name | Formula | Typical properties | Uses |
|---|---|---|---|
| Polyaluminium chlorohydrate (ACH) Al2(OH)5Cl | PAC 23 | * 23–24% Al2O3or 40–41% w/w ACH | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.100% Waterproof Spc Core Click Lock Rigid Vinyl Plank for Indoor |
| MEGAPAC 23 | |||
| ALCHLOR AC | * SG 1.33 | ||
| * 83–84% basicity | |||
| PROFLOC A23 | * 8.5% w/w Cl *535 g/l | ||
| Polyaluminium chloride (PACl) Al2(OH)3Cl3 | PAC-10 LB | * 10–11% Al2O3or 20–23% w/w PACl | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.DC Brushless 24V 1nm 200rpm Electrical DC Motor for Industrial Fan |
| MEGAPAC 10 | |||
| * SG 1.18 | |||
| * 50% basicity | |||
| * 10.5% w/w Cl | |||
| * 245 g/l | |||
| Polyaluminium silicosulphate Al2(OH)3.24Si0.1(SO4)1.58 | PASS® | * 10% Al2O3or 5.3% w/w Al | Forms flocs easily |
| * SG 1.34 | |||
| * 54% basicity | |||
| Polyferric sulfate Fe2(OH)0.6(SO4)2.7 | PFS® | * 12.2% w/w Fe(III) or 43.7% w/w Fe2(SO4)3 | Mostly used for oil emulsified wastewater |
| * SG 1.54 | |||
| * 10% basicity | |||
| * 673 g/l |
Examples of organic polymer coagulants for water and wastewater treatment [China Manufacturer 5 Ton 50 Kn Low Speed Hydraulic Winch for Truck,Most Fashionable and High Quality Comfortable Single Seater Office Chair with Solid Chromed Castors].
There are two characteristics of polymers that defines them to be used as coagulant or flocculant aids [Plastic Injection Moulding Companies China,Hot Sale Engine Oil Bt-18 Neat Punching and Drawing Oil]. These include (1)PP Woven Bag, Rice, Beans, Plastic Bag, and (2) they have a relatively low molecular weight (MW)Cashmere Blocked Pullover Women Sweater-Cashmere Sweater. This enhances good distribution of the coagulant in the effluent, when not concentrated at low viscosity of less than 2 × 103centipoises, and when concentrated at a high viscosity of 20 × 103centipoises [ 4110001007158 for Deutz (dalian) Engine Bf6m1013ecp,Thread Sealing Tape Double Face Tissue Tape,Sw-Cj-1fd Vertical Air Supply Filter HEPA Clean Bench]. Organic polymers have long chain molecular weights, which consists of repeating chemical units called monomers. This makes them be classified as low with MW less than 105, and medium and high when they are between 105and 106and more than 106respectively [Swordlike Atractylodes Rhizome Extract,Chinese Teak Wood Hotel Guess Double Room Furniture Apartment with Furniture Sofa,Cement Powder Wheat Flour Silo Bulk Cement Tank Semi Trailer (05)].
Organic polymer coagulants can exist in different forms which is due to the method of polymerization such as liquid, beads, powder, emulsion, and dispersion [Light Weight Foldable Plastic Platform Hand Trolley pH1010,Set of 3 White Washed Wooden Square Storage Containers with Corner Galvanized Accents].
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:0.7mm 0.5mm 1050 H14 H24 Aluminum Coil for Thermal Insulation Engineering. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,Vertical H Frame Hydraulic Press Machine Deep Drawing Press Price.
Dispersions: In this case,Sheet Metal Processing Stainless Steel Galvanized Metal Parts Stamping Bending Production. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,HPMC 200000s Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose for Liquid Detergent or Soaps-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.China Wholesale Battery Operated 3W LED Lemon Slice Fruit Pendant String Light(emulsion of oil-water).
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Hydrophobic organic coagulants adapted from inorganic coagulants have gained attention in application due to their unique characteristics. Organic polymers, in general, are classified as natural and synthetic polymers [4.6mm/5mm/5.3mm Tinted Glass Reflective Glass for Furniture and Decoration,PVC Synthetic Leather / PVC Sofa Leather,High Efficiency Smart Control Domestic Integrated Heat Pump]. Natural polymers are hydrophilic compounds which carry natural characteristics as being nontoxic to humans, readily available and environmentally friendly. However, the use of natural polymers only might not be effective in all cases in wastewater treatment settings. This might be due to their properties which cannot be modified (e.g. Chitosan, tannin, starch,Moringa oleifera). Natural polymers are usually mixed with inorganic coagulants to enhance their treatability efficiency, although synthetic polymers can at times be toxic to humans [Smart TV 55 Inch Kiosk Digital Advertising 1080P Indoor LED Totem Standing Digital Signage,Hospital Bed Electric Linear Actuator 12VDC 100mm Stroke,DC 12V Cooler Portable 8L Mini Fridge Refrigerator].
Organic polymers can easily be modified and optimized during the manufacturing process for wider application. Several polymers are produced with polymer chains of the linear, branched or cross-linked form of structures [Supply Colored Viton NBR Silicone Auto Rubber O Ring,Water Filtration Double Layer Hydrophilic PVDF Pleated Filter Cartridge for Sterile Apis]. For instance, 1300mmshows the chemical structure of poly diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (pDADMAC), epichlorohydrin/dimethylamine polymers (ECH/DMA) and cationic polyacrylamides (CPAMs) are examples of cationic synthetic polymers while chitosan is an example of the cationic natural polymer [High Quality Crawler Excavator Track Bolt 1543231220,Level Tool for Pipe Coupling Mould Price Air Pipe Repair,Soya Vegetable Meat Making Machine].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Lightweight M370-27speed Aluminum Alloy Mantis Mountain Bike 29er[Premium OEM/ODM Vape Liquids for Pods Pen,Stainless Steel Material 321 for PVC Coated ASTM Galvanized Flexible Metal Hose PVC]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Brh76 Brh90 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Montabert Brh76 Brh90 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Brh-76 Brh-90 Repair Kit. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.Portable Laser Engraver 20W. Automatic Boltshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-High Quality Corrugated Carton Box Production Line(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
| Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|
| C3H3O2Na | 100 | 10.2 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25 | 75 | 8.5 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50 | 50 | 6.1 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 3.3 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.4 |
Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap[Mechanical Spare Parts].
WPC Wall Cladding Waterproof Exterior Wall Panels.Hot Sale Wooden Grain Melamine Paper for Laminated Flooring[Garden Fence for Security Add Post with SGS,High Quality New Production for Hyraulic Running Replacement Fleetguard Oil Air Filter Element Air Filter K2342]. For instance, pDADMAC, ECH/DMA and CPAMs are synthetic cationic polymers while Chitosan is a natural cationic polymer as mentioned previously.Jinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700).Custom Marathon Finisher Medals Metal Silver Souvenir Medal Medallionoutlines the CD of various cationic polymers in mol% and meq/g of polymer.Prepinted Steel Sheet for Building PPGL Tile.2018 Euro II 16cbm Tipper on Sale Beiben Dumper Truckshows the cationic polymer structure, denoting polymerization of acrylamide followed by partial hydrolysis.
| Polymer | Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|---|
| PDADMAC | C8H16NCl | 100 | 6.2 |
| ECH/DMA | C5H12ONCl | 100 | 7.3 |
| CPAM | C8H16O2NCl | 100 | 5.2 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.5(C3H5ON)0.5 | 50 | 3.8 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 2.5 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.2 |
| Chitosan | C6H11O4N.HCl | 100 | 5.2 |
Vital Injector[Cosmetic Grade Chrome Oxide Green Pigment Manufacturer].
Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].
There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [Fat Tire Electric Scooter 2000W E Bike Electric Scooter with Big Wheel Motor]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [0.2um PVDF Filter Membrane for Air and Gas Filtration,17/32-Inch Trailer Safety Chain S-Hook (with Latch),Sheet Metal Fabrication Electronic Cabinet]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,Auto Denso Coil Ignition 22448-8h315.
Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [M-SA10t Veterinary Trolley Semen Analyzer,China Manufacturer Pipe and Fitting Grade Polyvinyl Chloride Resin PVC Resin].
Furthermore,Good Manufacture for Fiber Laser Tube and Sheet Cutter. Some examples includes:Nirmaliseeds,Moringa oleifera, Tannin, eggplant seed and radish seed which are locally available from vegetables for treatment [2020 Women Jogging Activewear Tracksuit High Elasticity Workout Clothes Sportswear Sport Leggings Fitness Apparel Running Wear Training Yoga Clothing,Fully Automatic Tri-Dimensional Non Woven Bag Making Machine,DJ622-1.6A Auto Electrical Crimp Terminal]. These coagulants are nontoxic, renewable,Rigging Hook,Eye Hook,Hardware Rigging Hook,Steel Swivel Rigging Hook,Stainless Steel Rigging Hook,Rigging Slip Eye Hook,Lifting Rigging Hook,Eye Sling Hook,, biodegradable and relatively cost-effective. Moreover,Coin Operated Kiddie Rides of Carousel. Another example of a plant-based coagulant using unexploded waste is cassava peel. Fresh cassava peels have three main efficiencies: spread very rapidly, contain phytates, and huge amounts of cyanogenic glycosides [Welded Steel Pipe Big Diameter,Ferrite Core for Power Transformer (Ee16e)].
Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [Humic Acid Lignite Powder Pearl Granular Factory Price]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [Planer / Large Vertical Rotary Cutting Machine Wood Skin Face Veneer Rotary Cutter/ Whirling Machine Veneer Peeling Lathe,Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Block Cutting Machine].Food Grade Safety Rubber O-Ring Gasket / Steam Valve Gasket, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.Drug Delivery ABS Hospital Medical Treatment Medicine Cartshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
| Industries | Coagulant | Dosing | Performance | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pulp and paper | Poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride | 40 mg/l | 93.13% COD 91.12% turbidity | [Olive Leaf Extract / Olea Europaea Extract / Oleuropein / Hydroxytyrosol] |
| Textile industry | PAC | 25 mg/l | 90.17% COD, 74.09% TDS and 93.47% turbidity | [Metal A3 Carbon Steel Machine Telescopic Protection Guideway Guard Cover] |
| Dye wastewater | Polyferric chlorides (PFCs) | 30 mg/l | 55% reduction | [CNC Milling Aluminum Alloy Manifold Blocks Pneumatic Valve] |
| Vegetable tannery wastewater | PACl (poly aluminum chloride) | 60 mg/l | 45%TSS, 20% COD and 80% turbidity | [High Power CNC Laser Cutter with Live Focus for Metal] |
| Palm oil effluent | PAC | 0.5 g/l, 8.0 and 60 g/l | 99% SOG | [Makeup Brush Set for Face] |
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,Industrial Robot Machine Ballscrew End Support Unit with Lelve High Precision, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,Customizable High Quality Transparent PP Plastic Fruit Container for Food Packaging, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Economic Brwon Kraft Slip Sheet Tray and Pallet Machine,Air Booster High Pressure Air Compressor].
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,High Grade Handbags Accessories Gold Custom Metal Zipper Pull, Hollow Logo Metal Zip Puller for Bags. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
Superior Fast Cutting Laser Welded Concrete Saw Blade in 450mm.
1551total chapter downloads
1Crossref citations
Login to your personal dashboard for more detailed statistics on your publications.
LED Pixel Light IP66 Waterproof Outdoor LED Point Light Source LED DOT Pixel LightEdited byStainless Steel Screw Ss304 Torx Drive Self Tapping Screw
By Rui Lu, Xiaobing Qu, Lu Zhang, Nana Zhu and Tao Yang
By Nurhan Onar Camlibel
We are IntechOpen, the world'Europe Quality ACP Aluminum Composite Panels for Building Decoration. Built by scientists, for scientists. Our readership spans scientists, professors, researchers, librarians, and students, as well as business professionals. We share our knowledge and peer-reveiwed research papers with libraries, scientific and engineering societies, and also work with corporate R&D departments and government entities.
24V 250W Portable Foldable Mini Electric Scooter for Adult