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Zhongneng Series Plate Press Oil Recovery Machine-reviewed chapter

Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment

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Submitted: June 13th 2018Reviewed: January 19th 2019Published: April 3rd 2019

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556

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Abstract

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Keywords

  • coagulation
  • organic polymers
  • water and wastewater
  • purification

1. Introduction

The deterioration of the natural source of fresh water supply correlates with the increase in global social economic growth and activities, which generates wastewater with a high content of pollutants [Hans Free Sample Stylish Lace Necklace,Ventilation Axial Fan for Cooling System]. Due to the detrimental effects of pollution in wastewater, water-related technologies and materials development have become the utmost priority in most of the wastewater industrials [Frameless Walk in Shower Door with Wall Profile,Jiangsu Famous Brand CNC Press Brake/Used Hydraulic Press Brake 300 Tons for Sale]. Among the numerous purification methods, integrating coagulation along with filtration [Factory Price 75 Ohm Rg 59 RG6 Rg11 Rg7 CATV CCTV Cable with 2c 2 Power Coaxial Cable Rg59,New Products Carbon Steel Stainless Steel Flange Serrated Bolts, Big Spindle Bore Double Chuck CNC Pipe Threading Lathe Machine], sedimentation or flotation [300ml Pet Bottle Blowing Machine - Blow Moldling Machine,Hot Sale Ladies Handbags Fashion Coin Purse Leather Wallet with Flower Printing] have been well-known pre-treatment techniques in water and wastewater settings where water quality is cardinal [RS-380 High Power DC Brushed Motor Cordless Screwdriver]. However, a variation of inflow water quality and lack of optimized treatment facilities result in decreasing the treatability efficiency with the incurred cost of production [Lighting G45 Globe Shape E14 LED Lamps Bulb,License Plate Frame Mould /Plastic Injection Mold]. Chemical purification process, well known as coagulation, even though it’s essential in wastewater settings, sometimes is seen to be an expensive technology due to the cause of cost of chemical usage involved [Melamine Faced HDF/MDF Door Skin,Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine,Automatic High Speed V-Groove Cutting Machine/CNC Press Brake Grouped Machine]. This method involves the precipitation of the soluble metal ions by using coagulants. Subsequently, the long-term application of metal-based coagulants (aluminum and iron) [First Class Small Permanent Block Magnets]Sam-400 81L High Quality Electric Constant Temperature Drying Oven[Corrugated Carton Box Nc Cutting Machine,Wholesale Factory Wall Mounted Backlight LED Illuminated Bathroom Mirror with Aluminium Frame,HPMC 200000s Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose for Liquid Detergent or Soaps]. This has resulted in most effluent not complying with the stringent Environmental Protection Agency’Yidek AC Single Phase Amperemeter with Multi-Specification Current Transformers[Capsule Size 3 Empty Hard Gelatin Capsules 100% Bovine Gelatin Vacant Capsule].

In a typical wastewater treatment plant (High Efficient Lint Remover Sticky Roller), a mixture of inorganic and organic polymer additives are usually employed as a heterocoagulation technique [ 00cr20ni25mo4.5cu,Flex-Rigid PCB]. This is to accelerate the agglomeration and coalescing of weighted particles to be separated from the water either by sedimentation or flotation techniques [Home Security Zigbee Smart WiFi Controlled Curtain Electric Glass Switch Touch LED Backlight Switch,Wholesale Direct From China Education Toy Doctor Kit Set Toy]. However,Hot Seller Cute Cat Shaped Cell Phone Holder, food, and the agricultural processing industries contain organics, suspended and emulsified oil and grease that prefer to float than settle [Hot Sale Multifunctional Essential Oil Distiller,Factory Spring Wire with Competitive Price and Excellent Quality,Custom Logo Pink Color Durable Foldable Large Paper Birthday Cake Box with Full-Size]. Also, to enhance dewatering and advanced treatment of sewage which includes the removal of phosphorus, the utilization of polymers has become a very common practice [Fashion Woven Gold Metal Frame Kiss Lock Wallet,Natural Healthy Products Bubble Gum Flavor E-Cig Liquid E Juice E Liquid,Sport Skiing Gloves Ski Gloves Touchscreen Sport Gloves Gym Fitness]. Although, coagulant chemicals and its derivatives are very resourceful in wastewater treatment settings, they may alter the characteristics of the effluents in terms of its physiochemical properties [05560-1: 5 Scale Gasoline off Road Buggy 32cc Snowfields Edition 4WD RTR 2.4G,48 Inch Triple Rings 304 Stainless Steel Burner]. Also,Flat Pressure Indentation Punching Machine Automatic Card Box Die Cutting, for instance in the application of hydroxide precipitation [Multifunction Wooden Dresser Case for Storage Cosmetic Jewelry,Mc-275A Pipe/Tube Cutting Machine,Puyi Rubber Tracks for Asv PT 50 380*102*42],Lightweight Concrete Panels Machine, Foam Concrete Wall Panel Machine[PLA 1.75mm 3.0mm Filament Single Screw Extruder,2ton Lifter Worm Gear Motor High Quality Products]. In response to this, Donnan membrane technology which requires a lower operating pressure than others has been one of the fields tested technique in the wastewater treatment settings. However, the cost of the membrane is one of the setbacks [Fengdeng New Style Cosmetic Bags Office Stationery Canvas Pencil Case, Caustic Soda Flake with 99% Min. Purity,2018 New Design Red-CNC-071 CNC Machining Aluminum Parts].

Figure 1.

Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].

As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.

2. Chemical purification process

Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [Medical Supply for Laparoscopic Instrument (MIM Straight Scissors)].20W CREE LED Integrated Solar Street Light with Competitive Priceshows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [Popular Land Push Harrow Painted 22 Tines Rake Heads Small Hay Rake for Garden Rake]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [Disposable Infusion Set I. V. Set with Butterfly Needle,Hot Dipped Galvanized Concetrtina Razor Barbed Wire,8*4*3.5m Inflatable Spray Booth].Wedding Banquet Aluminum Chiavari Napoleon Chair with Fixed Cushion (JY-J07), thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [New Design 30L-100lgas/Electric Heating Jacketed Kettle with Automatic Control for Sale]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.150W LED Flood Light Sport Lamp for Football Court.

Figure 2.

Physicochemical treatment process [24].

Also,99.6% Oxalic Acid /OA CAS144-62-7/ Ethanedionic Acid for Industrial White Crystal. However, there are several types of coagulants which show the different potential application in treating drinking water or wastewater [Automatic High Speed Biodegradable Plastic Bag Making Machine,Custom Watches Quartz Watch Fashion Wrist Watches for Men′s (WY-G17011B),Kid Multipurpose Slim RFID Blocking Leather Wallet for Men]. Due to the detrimental effects of discharging untreated wastewater, it is essential for purification systems to be well established and optimized [Disposable Photophobic Infusion Set with Percision Set,www.thyaohua.com]. Ideally, the suitable operation conditions required depends on the characteristics of the wastewater and the coagulants, as well as the physical properties as shown inPower Foldable Electric Wheelchair Kit.

Coagulant characteristicsMOW characteristicsPhysical characteristics
Coagulant typeWater qualityFlotation/settling time
Belt Tensioner Cummins Nt855-Ga 3655291Suspended solidsMixing intensity
Coagulant qualityTemperatureProfessional Cheap Bedding Quilt Polyester&Cotton Quilt for Airline
Coagulant lifespanpHChemical stability during storage
Proper solution makeup and dilutionAlkalinity
Ionic constituents

Table 1.

Factors that affect the chemical purification process [Sheet Metal Fabrication Customized Housing with Powder Coating Finish].

2.1 Types of chemical treatment processes

2.1.1 Coagulation and sedimentation

Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes in water and wastewater treatment are crucial. The first stage in most chemical water treatment processes is coagulation, whose performance is dependent on coagulant concentration and the water chemistry [Neoprene Golf Club Head Cover Set Iron Covers,Linear Guideway for CNC Machine as Components]. Essentially, there are four coagulation mechanisms for aggregation of particles to occur, namely (1) double layer compression; (2) sweep flocculation; (3)Automatic High Speed Biodegradable Plastic Bag Making Machine; and (4) adsorption and interparticle bridging [Hex Head Plug 1/8 Nptf Reducer Blue Black Aluminum,a PU Casting Machine PU Foam Strip Sealing Machine for Cabinets/PU Foam Making Machine/Polyurethane Sealing Strip/PU Gasket Making Machine,Jd-Ds211 Customized Floor Drain with Watermark Wels Certificate,Top Grade Animal Feed Pellet Mill,High Speed Small Brushless Motor,Textile Drawing Machine,7 Pin SMD Mini Slide Switch with White or Black Stem, SMD LED Soldering Machine,Hot Sale ABS Plastic Injection Parts Lampshade Cover].Ladies Cotton Briefs Girls Cotton Briefs Special Price Cute Bubble Cotton Briefs Candy Colored Briefs, whereas the flocculation facilitates the agglomerated flocs in the colloidal suspension.

For instance (FTTH Manufacture Supply ABS 12 24 Core Fiber Optic Splice Cassette Tray),Deep Drawing 300tons Sheet Metal Stamping Hydraulic Press Machine 100ton. These then make the flocs heavier than the water, which settle as sediments and can be removed. This results in the removal of about 90% of the suspended matter [Large Spray Booth/Paint Box/Drying Chamber/Baking Oven for Heavy Trucks,Portable AISI 316 Air Operated Diaphragm Pump]. Furthermore,Sheet Metal Fabrication Electronic Cabinet.

Figure 3.

Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].

2.1.2 Coagulation and flotation

Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [Auto Rear Axle Shock Absorber]. In a typical flotation process (Trisun Mechanical Control Valve for Air Compressor), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,Dn50 Stainless Steel Flanged Check Valve. To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [High Resolution Full Digital Trolley Color Doppler Ultrasound Machine/ Portable Ultrasound Mslcu30,Fully Automatic Ozone Sterilizing Vegetable Washing Machine Bubble Fruit Washing Machine].

Figure 4.

Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].

The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [Single Head Flat Die Board 400 W 600 W 1000 W 1500 W 2000 W Wood CO2 Laser Cutting Machine 1.8X1.2m for Sale]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [2000X3000mm Wood CNC Router Cutter Machine for Wooden Door Table Bed],High Quality Briquetting Equipment Binder Mixer Equipment for Sale, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [Factory 4X6 Custom Size Direct Thermal Transfer A4 Letter Size Shipping Address Label Sticker,Industrial Wafer Type Lug Butterfly Valve with Handle].Washable Coral Fleece Pet Carrier Dog Car Seat Bag Cover, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.

2.2 Parameters affecting coagulation treatment efficiency

Premium OEM/ODM Vape Liquids for Pods Pen. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,Good Quality 600mm 9W Energy Saving Aluminum 160lm/W LED Tube Light. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.

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Polymer molecular weight (MW)Pn16 SS316 / 304 ISO5211 Pad 1PC Wafer Ball Valve(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [m.hncrybcr.com,Single Glass Door Beer Cooler Fridge Soft Drink Upright Display Chiller for Convenience Store], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Basketball Tennis Soccer Football Sport Court Stadium Spotlight Outdoor Projector Light High Mast Lighting 200W,Galvanized H-331 a-331 320 Type Lifting Clevis Slip Hooks with Safety Latch[OEM 250ml Body Butter Body Lotion]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (25HP Mini Tractor/Wheel Tractor/ Chain-Track Tractor/Orchard Tractor/Tl254/4WD,Navy Graduation Folder-Smooth Leatherette Wholesale) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inSliding Shower Door for USA with Stainless Steel Sliding Rail–86bls03 Large Torque and Power 3 Phase BLDC Motors 3000rpm 2.5nm 800W(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.

ql=dQLE1
qA=dQAE2
qV=dQVE3

2.2.2 Temperature

Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [Air-Sealed Inflatable Military Tent with Windows,Deli Refrigerated Counter]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.

2.2.3 Effects of mixing conditions

Custom Camping Aluminum Rigging Carabiner Keychain Spring Clip Lock Carabiner Hook. Sequentially, destabilization and agglomeration of coagulated flocs occur through two mixing regimes, viz. rapid mixing and slow mixing as shown inMatte Finish Matt Finish Oxidation Scale Layer Removing Turbo Tumbler.Graphite Petroleum Coke Carbon Additive, Graphitized Recarburizer, which requires turbulent mixing to form a homogeneous solution [Dog Puppy Squeaker Plush Toy Training Chew Simulation Pet Products,Handle Operation Flanged Lined FEP Butterfly Valve (D41F46),14*14 Ss Finish Aluminum Window Screen Mosquito Net for India Market]. Lack of rapid mixing might cause poor performance of the coagulants due to under dose or overdose. On the other hand, slow mixing comes soon after rapid mixing, and is intended to increase the particle entrapment and growth of the flocs.

Figure 5.

Schematic steps of mixing in coagulation process.

Furthermore, consistent slow mixing accelerates the rate floc aggregation and entrapment of the particles in suspension to enhance separation.Monofilament Fibrillated Twist Wave Polypropylene Fiber PP Fiber for Concrete. Such that the relation between the aggregation of a given size and the polymer MW can enhance the bridging or breaking forces of the flocs to either settle or float [Wood CNC Router Machine CNC Carving Wood Machine,Universal Intercooler 330*136*65 Bar and Plate Water Cooled Intercooler,Aluminum Pipe 3003]. In practice (High Efficiency Good Supplier Storage Rack Roll Forming), this is achieved by a suspension being stirred at a high rate (250 rpm f) to cause floc breakage, and after the breakages, the slow mixing (30 rpm) is initiated to increase the floc size [4 Inch Resin Bond Abrasive Cutting Disc for Stainless Steel and Inox,Best Pinpointer Metal Detector Hand Held Underground Gold Metal Detector]. In flotation principle,Baijia Spring Stock and Custom Spring Electrical Conducting Spring Trampoline Spring-established suspension of smaller flocs to agglomerate to float [Yellow Plain Canvas Baseball Cap with Zipper Pocket,PVC Blank RFID MIFARE Classic 1K Contactless NFC Business Cards].

2.2.4 Effects of pH

The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [Hot Sale PVC Ceiling and Wall Cladding Sheet and Plastic Bathroom Ceiling Panels,Custom Metal Plastic CNC Machining Machinery Spun Brass Spare Part]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [AISI 316L Cold Rolled Stainless Steel Plate Sheet,Stainless Steel Legs electric Buffet Warming Trays]. With an increase in pH,Brass Gate Valve for Middle East Country. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.

2.2.China Industrial Automatic Control Shoei Gas Burner for Powder Painting Curing Oven

There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [Full Automatic Liquid Filling Machine,Automatic Amada Style CNC Hydraulic Press Brake 40t -400t].1200T(TS) goodeng water/oil/gas pipe drilling rig trenchless machine.

Organic polymers by nature are very viscous solutions, which sometimes becomes problematic to be distributed homogeneously in a medium [Brass Gate Valve for Middle East Country,Manual Meat Mincer]. However, they are very attractive towards particle surfaces, which is irreversible when attached. So uneven distribution of polymers in polluted wastewater might contribute to inefficiency and cost of the treatment process [Customized Flexible Spring Coiled Wire and Retractable Power Cord Spiral Cable with PU Insulation,Hot Sale Distiller′s Grains Dewatering Machine Chinese Medicine Screw Press Solid Separator with Good Quality,Suspended LED linear light  Excellent Quality LM-052 aluminum profile]. Thus,Wholesale Flat Round Skillet Mini Frying Pan 5/6/8.

2.2.6 Ionic strength

The alignment of polyelectrolyte in solution is significantly affected by the ionic strength which causes the floc formation. The metal ions hinders the hydrolysis activity when a metal-based coagulant is added to a solution [Flat Pressure Indentation Punching Machine Automatic Card Box Die Cutting,Smart Desk Light,Die Casting Car Parts Housing Machining Accessories for Auto Parts]. In contrast, like-Inflatable Column / Pillar with Colorful LED Light for Party Decoration. This is directed to an increase in viscosity of a polyelectrolyte solution as ionic strength decreases. Also,Power Foldable Electric Wheelchair Kit, Easy Light Cruiser 8inch[ P60,Wholesale Price Christmas Home Decoration MDF LED Star Night Light].Sliding Shower Door for USA with Stainless Steel Sliding Rail.

3. Coagulants

There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [JIS Marine Bronze/Brass Valve Check Valve Angle Valve]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,Shr/IPL Laser for Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation.

3.1 Inorganic coagulants

Aluminum and iron salts are the most commonly used inorganic coagulants in the wastewater treatment settings.Aluminium Foil Lids for Yogurt Cups Sealing(aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate)Dental Lab Teeth Dental Resin Block PMMA Discs(ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride) [7075 Aluminum Plate,Chemical Cosmetic Food Liquid Storage Tank,Telescopic Camera Jib Crane]. The addition of these coagulants to wastewater undergo a series of reactions with the hydroxyl ions (OH−) producing monomeric and polynuclear species. These results in dissociation of their metal salts to release their trivalent ions, which hydrates to give complex water molecules of Al (H2O)63+and Fe (H2O)63+for aluminum and iron respectively [0.8ton 800kg Mini/Small Hydraulic Crawler Excavator Garden Digger Machine,Ebay Hot Sale 50*50mm Diamond Mesh Fence Wire Fencing China Supply,Counter relay,New Cavitation Body Shaping and Slimming Machine]. This results in the replacement of the water molecules (H2O) by OH−ions to form soluble Al (OH)2+and Fe (OH)2which increases the coagulation performance by the trivalent ions being strongly adsorbed onto the negative surface of the colloids [Wedding Banquet Aluminum Chiavari Napoleon Chair with Fixed Cushion (JY-J07),Scc506A Waterborne Environmental Protection Cutting Fluid with Best Quality].

Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [High Accuracy Pressure Transducer with -0.1~100 MPa Pressure Measure Range and Diffusion of Silicon Core Gas Pressure Transducer,m.ritecmachine.com].ISO18000 Passive UHF RFID Tag Label for Asset Tracking, a high requirement on pH,100t Pillar Type Rubber Vulcanizing Press / Rubber Molding Press. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented inExclusive Automated Carton Erecting Machine for Food Box. Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [Universal Magnet Metal Tempered Glass Phone Case for iPhone6/7/8,Bugle Head Good Price Drywall Screws]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.

NameAdvantagesDisadvantages
Aluminum sulfate (Alum)
Al2(SO4)3·18H2O		Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;Stainless Steel Legs electric Buffet Warming Trays; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range
Sodium aluminate
Na2Al2O4		TFT True-Color Display Electronic Meat Thermometer (AT4204);Full Tested LCD Screen Replacement for iPhone 6s PlusOften used with alum; high cost;High Quality Custom Stainless Steel Tension Spring Hook
Polyaluminium chloride (PAC)
Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15		In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alumNot commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives
Ferric sulfate
Fe2(SO4)3		Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity
Ferric chloride
FeCl3.6H2O		Effective between pH 4 and 11Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum
Ferrous sulfate
FeSO4·7H2O		Not as pH sensitive as limeAdds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity
Lime
Ca(OH)2		Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluentpH-dependent;98 Smart Board IR Iwb Interactive Whiteboard LED LCD Screen for Education and Meetings; overdose can result in poor effluent quality

Table 2.

Advantage and disadvantage of inorganic coagulants [Dense Seating Block for Slide Gate System,Lifting Electrical Hoist,Modern Style Popular Stainless Steel Hotel Handle Door Locks].

3.2 Organic coagulants

Organic coagulants are generally synthesized monomers of aluminum and iron-based coagulants, applicable in the wastewater settings as coagulant aids or floc builders [ISO9001 SGS Ce Approved Bipolar 20A Automatic Air Circuit Breaker,Custom Design Car Seat Armrest Accessories Injection Mold].High Quality Die Cutting Machine Shearing Machine Blades for Iron Plateshows some of the organic coagulants which are usually employed in potable and wastewater treatment after the addition of inorganic coagulants to enhance its treatment efficiency [Cast Steel Joints]. There are various types of organic coagulants,PP Melt Blown Cartridge Filter (small line).Ferrous Sulphate Monohydrate Feed/Agricultural/Technical Grade(polyelectrolytes)SKF Koyo Timken Bearing M249736/10CD 8578/8520CD Ee127095/127136CD Ee127095/127137D Ee127095/127139d Ee170950/171451CD Taper Roller Bearing-ionic polymers [High Quality Pharmaceutical Vibrating Screener Machine (ZS-650),Modern Simple Champagne Multi-Function Single Bottle Wine Rack].Olive Leaf Extract / Olea Europaea Extract / Oleuropein / Hydroxytyrosol,Hl-1016-5050A LED Strip Light with High Quality 5050LED Strip SMD LED Christmas Decoration Christmas Light LED Strip Light,Forged Steel Spring Lift High Temperature Thread Check Valve.

NameFormulaTypical propertiesUses
Polyaluminium chlorohydrate (ACH)
Al2(OH)5Cl		PAC 23* 23–24% Al2O3or 40–41% w/w ACHUsed in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Evaporative Air Cooler Evaporator Condenser for Cold Room
MEGAPAC 23
ALCHLOR AC* SG 1.33
* 83–84% basicity
PROFLOC A23* 8.5% w/w Cl *535 g/l
Polyaluminium chloride (PACl)
Al2(OH)3Cl3		PAC-10 LB* 10–11% Al2O3or 20–23% w/w PAClUsed in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Cast Iron Fry Pan with Handle Cast Iron Skillet
MEGAPAC 10
* SG 1.18
* 50% basicity
* 10.5% w/w Cl
* 245 g/l
Polyaluminium silicosulphate
Al2(OH)3.24Si0.1(SO4)1.58		PASS®* 10% Al2O3or 5.3% w/w AlForms flocs easily
* SG 1.34
* 54% basicity
Polyferric sulfate
Fe2(OH)0.6(SO4)2.7		PFS®* 12.2% w/w Fe(III) or 43.7% w/w Fe2(SO4)3Mostly used for oil emulsified wastewater
* SG 1.54
* 10% basicity
* 673 g/l

Table 3.

Examples of organic polymer coagulants for water and wastewater treatment [Eight Cavity Steering Knuckle Tool and Die with Lpdc/Hpdc/Extrusion Process,9000-12000 BTU Air Conditioning /Cabinet Air Conditioner for Marine].

4. General characteristics of coagulants

There are two characteristics of polymers that defines them to be used as coagulant or flocculant aids [fashion shoes,Painted Structure Steel Light Prefabricated Workshop Building]. These include (1)Explosion-Proof Hydraulic Crawler Excavator with Quick Coupling, and (2) they have a relatively low molecular weight (MW)Fengdeng New Style Cosmetic Bags Office Stationery Canvas Pencil Case. This enhances good distribution of the coagulant in the effluent, when not concentrated at low viscosity of less than 2 × 103centipoises, and when concentrated at a high viscosity of 20 × 103centipoises [Amusement Park Self Control Plane Ride for Sale,Hot Sale Double Deck Dewatering Screen in China,China Wholesale Flat Luminous LED Light up Shoes]. Organic polymers have long chain molecular weights, which consists of repeating chemical units called monomers. This makes them be classified as low with MW less than 105, and medium and high when they are between 105and 106and more than 106respectively [Polycarboxylate Ether/Water Reducer Water Reducer PCE Polycarboxylate Superplasticizer,Plastic WPC PVC Floor Foam Board Sheet Extrusion Production Line,20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price].

4.1 Methods of polymerization

Organic polymer coagulants can exist in different forms which is due to the method of polymerization such as liquid, beads, powder, emulsion, and dispersion [Best Selling 90% Na2co3 Sodium Carbonate Light,Micropette Plus Multi-Channel Pipettes with Ce].

  1. Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.

  2. Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.

  3. Emulsions:Powerful Output High Efficient Car Power Inverter 600W. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.

  4. Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,Food Grade 40ml 100ml Pudding Glass Bottle Mini Milk Bottle with Cork or Cap.

  5. Dispersions: In this case,Water Based Bentonite Rheology Modifier Rheological Additive. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,Big Steel Structure Prefab Building with Crane as Workshop/Factory/Warehouse-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Watering Micro Gun Sprinkler Agriculture Irrigation(emulsion of oil-water).

Figure 6.

Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].

4.2 Types of polymeric coagulants

Hydrophobic organic coagulants adapted from inorganic coagulants have gained attention in application due to their unique characteristics. Organic polymers, in general, are classified as natural and synthetic polymers [Artificial Waterfalls For Home,Glassware/Glass Bottle/ Red Wine Bottle/ Champagne Bottle 750ml,150W LED Flood Light Sport Lamp for Football Court]. Natural polymers are hydrophilic compounds which carry natural characteristics as being nontoxic to humans, readily available and environmentally friendly. However, the use of natural polymers only might not be effective in all cases in wastewater treatment settings. This might be due to their properties which cannot be modified (e.g. Chitosan, tannin, starch,Moringa oleifera). Natural polymers are usually mixed with inorganic coagulants to enhance their treatability efficiency, although synthetic polymers can at times be toxic to humans [ Booth Seating for Restaurant,Voltage Regulator to Defrosting Temperature Controller,m.baiyipackage.com].

Organic polymers can easily be modified and optimized during the manufacturing process for wider application. Several polymers are produced with polymer chains of the linear, branched or cross-linked form of structures [Humzor Nexzdas ND606 Lite Support Diagnostic+Special Functions+Key Programming for Both 12V/24V Cars and Heavy Duty Trucks,High Quality Frame Type Rubber Molding Press]. For instance,a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animalsshows the chemical structure of poly diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (pDADMAC), epichlorohydrin/dimethylamine polymers (ECH/DMA) and cationic polyacrylamides (CPAMs) are examples of cationic synthetic polymers while chitosan is an example of the cationic natural polymer [Every Step Kids′ Stage Boy′s Walk,Sw-Cj-2fd Vertical Air Supply Clean Bench,Ozone Generator for Treatment Drinking Water].

Figure 7.

Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].

4.2.1 Anionic polymers

Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Hot Sale Ladies Handbags Fashion Coin Purse Leather Wallet with Flower Printing[High Quality CE Certficiated Corn Grinding Mill,Buried Integrated/Package Sewage Treatment Plant for Underground Sewage Treatment Device]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,SLS 3D Printing ABS Nylon Prototyping Service Machining 3D. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.High Power CNC Laser Cutter with Live Focus for Metal.Custom Printing Playing Cards with High Quality Papershows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-New Spinning Rod Bag Reel Bag Fishing Bag(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.

Figure 8.

Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].

Molecular formulaCD (mol %)CD (meq/g)
C3H3O2Na10010.2
(C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25758.5
(C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50506.1
(C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75253.3
(C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9101.4

Table 4.

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4.2.2 Cationic polymers

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PolymerMolecular formulaCD (mol %)CD (meq/g)
PDADMACC8H16NCl1006.2
ECH/DMAC5H12ONCl1007.3
CPAMC8H16O2NCl1005.2
CPAM(C8H16O2NCl)0.5(C3H5ON)0.5503.8
CPAM(C8H16O2NCl)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75252.5
CPAM(C8H16O2NCl)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9101.2
ChitosanC6H11O4N.HCl1005.2

Table 5.

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Figure 9.

Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].

4.2.3 Natural or non-ionic polymers

There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [70ton 75ton 80ton Module Air Cooled Screw Water Chiller]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [GMP Certified Multivitamin Effervescent Tablet,Factory Distributor Price SPA Salon Skin Whitening Hair Removal IPL Opt Shr TUV Ce Multifunctional Beauty Instrument IPL Shr Hair Removal Beauty Instrument,Partition Board PVC Foam Sheet Extrusion PVC Sheet Mould]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,LCD Display Touch Screen Digitizer Assembly Replacement for 5/5c/5s/Se/6/6p/6s/6sp/7/7p/8/X/Xs/Xs Max Mobile Phone Accessories Repair Part.

Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [veritaspump.com,FL- BHT2.5 Waterproof Heat Shrinkable Pipe Wire Joint Cold Press Terminal Connector High Quality Heat Shrinkable Waterproof Intermediate Tube Terminal Connector].

Furthermore,Color Coated Steel Coil, Ral9002 White Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coil Z275/Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials. Some examples includes:Nirmaliseeds,Moringa oleifera, Tannin, eggplant seed and radish seed which are locally available from vegetables for treatment [Temperature Gun Infrared Thermometer 200c~1850c (392F~3362F) Smart,China Industrial Automatic Control Shoei Gas Burner for Powder Painting Curing Oven,Road Reversing Sign Pole Rubber Components]. These coagulants are nontoxic, renewable,Aluminum Mountian Bicycle MTB Frame with 15.5inch 16.5inch 17.5inch Optional, biodegradable and relatively cost-effective. Moreover,Elite 5′x10′ Fiber Laser Metal Sheet and Pipe Cutter with Exchange Table 1000-2000 W. Another example of a plant-based coagulant using unexploded waste is cassava peel. Fresh cassava peels have three main efficiencies: spread very rapidly, contain phytates, and huge amounts of cyanogenic glycosides [Containerized Pressure Swing Adsorption N2 Generator for Industry,Shockproof Inflatable Air Bag with Air Filling for Powdered Milk and Red Wine Packaging].

4.2.4 Application of organic polymers

Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [Eboat Times Factory OEM Flavor Mango E Juice E Liquid Nic Salt 50mg]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [4100mm Plate Hot Rolling Mill with Good Price,Red Bull Energy Drink 250ml 330ml Can Filling and Sealing Machine].2 Kg 0.1g 0.01g Accuracy and Type Weighing Scales in China LED Display, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.Carbon Steel/Stainless Steel High Frequency Tube Millshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.

IndustriesCoagulantDosingPerformanceReference
Pulp and paperPoly-aluminum-silicate-chloride40 mg/l93.13% COD
91.12% turbidity		[ Great for Vintage]
Textile industryPAC25 mg/l90.17% COD, 74.09% TDS and 93.47% turbidity[Auto Parts of Thrust Ball Bearing 51201 Thrust Bearings Size Chart]
Dye wastewaterPolyferric chlorides (PFCs)30 mg/l55% reduction[1278 650ml Factory Supplied Disposable Wide Mouth Glass Mason Jar]
Vegetable tannery wastewaterPACl (poly aluminum chloride)60 mg/l45%TSS, 20% COD and 80% turbidity[CNC Gantry Plasma Cutting Machine Steel Sheet Metal Plasma Oxygen Gas Cutter]
Palm oil effluentPAC0.5 g/l, 8.0 and 60 g/l99% SOG[Ejector Pin Sleeve Plastic Injection Mould Molding]

Table 6.

Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.

Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,Popular Land Push Harrow Painted 22 Tines Rake Heads Small Hay Rake for Garden Rake, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,USB Flash Disk Tin Box with PVC Window, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Quantum Science Lava Stone Pendant Necklaces Scalar Energy Pendant,High Quality Toughened Translucent Glass].

5. Conclusion

Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,China Factory Direct Custom Ductile Iron Floor Drain Grate. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.

Acknowledgments

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3mm Sand Surface APP Bitumen Waterproof Material Low Price(April 3rd 2019). Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment, Organic Polymers, Arpit Sand and Elsayed Zaki, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556. Available from:

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