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Keywords
coagulation
organic polymers
water and wastewater
purification
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Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
Sudesh Rathilal
Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
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Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].
2.1.2 Coagulation and flotation
Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [Stainless Steel Full Threaded Stud]. In a typical flotation process (4 Layer Hard Gold Plating PCB Circuit Board), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,Micropette Plus Multi-Channel Pipettes with Ce. To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [Thick and Big Wide Pet Sheet with Both Sides PE Film,College Used Zoology Prepared Slides Factory OEM/ODM Products].
Figure 4.
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
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2.2.201 Mirror Stainless Steel Sheet
Polymer molecular weight (MW)3 Strands Braided Polypropylene PP Lead Danline Rope for Fishing(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Ceiling Pendant System,High Quality Maize/Corn Mill Plant Price for Sale], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Stud and Track for Ceiling and Drywall Profile Galvanized Light Steel Keel,Hardware Rigging Forged Red Weldless Pear Shaped Link[Longer Service Life Banded Type Tee]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (DIN934 Black Fasteners Hex Nuts with Grade 6/8/10/12,En 10219 Hot Formed Square Hollow Sections Made in China Steel Hollow Section 50mm*30mm) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown in22kw AC Charger with Type 2 Interface–Washami Private Label Travel Portable 2 Flavours Refreshing Toothpaste(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
ql=dQLE1
qA=dQAE2
qV=dQVE3
2.2.2 Temperature
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [Outdoor P4 P5 LED Light Pole Display Screen for Street Advertising,Home Textile 100% Pure Cotton Wadding for Quilts]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [Car Plastic Grille Parts Precision Inspection Gauge,High Quality Reasonable Mini Home Elevator Used 1 Person]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [Glass Bottle Honey,Bride Wedding Shoes Pointed Sequins Bridesmaid Silver Heels Thin High Heel Shoes]. With an increase in pH,Yulong Wood Bark Peeling Machine/Wood Debarker. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.
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There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [PA66+GF Polishing Injection Auto Plastic Parts Mould Manufacturer, Pellet Calcium Chloride Used for Protective Agent].Aluminum Household Step Ladder.
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Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range
Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4
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Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15
In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum
Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives
Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3
Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity
Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O
Effective between pH 4 and 11
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum
Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O
Not as pH sensitive as lime
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity
Lime Ca(OH)2
Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent
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Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:Colored Hex Head Self Drilling Metal Screw with Color Rubber Washer. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
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Dispersions: In this case,China Supplier Wholesales 50 HP 4WD Diesel Farm/Small/Garden/Agricultural Tractor. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,FM UL Approved Grooved Fittings of Eccentric Reducer-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Ss304 or Ss316 Stainless Steel Turnbuckle Toggle Terminal(emulsion of oil-water).
Figure 6.
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
4.2.1 Anionic polymers
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,High Purity 99.999% Carbon Tetrafluoride CF4 Gas for Simconductor Industry[Types of 502kw-1561kw Processing Low Temperature Water Chiller,Lk5PP2410u105 Cat5e UTP 24 Port Patch Panel with Bar (Double USE End)]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,M3t 65 Inch Aiwa Tempered Glass Flat Screen Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV, Super Bass Music TV. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.All Sizes Wire Braiding Machine.Dongfeng 10000L Sewer Jetting Truck Industrial Sewer Jetting Truckshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-Natural Healthy Products Bubble Gum Flavor E-Cig Liquid E Juice E Liquid(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Figure 8.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].
4.2.3 Natural or non-ionic polymers
There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [Industrial Water Cooled Chiller with Shell and Tube]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [HDG Cable Tray Exporting to USA,Fixed Carbon Content 85% Anthracite Filter Media for Water Treatment,Mechanical Parts Silicon Carbide Sic Ceramic Screw Nut Bolt]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,Blue Color PE Machine Stretch Film for Pallet Wrapping.
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,EMC Approved 3 25W Round IP68 Waterproof LED Truck Head Lights, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,Chicken Seasoning Powder Mixing Equipment/CH Trough Shaped Mixer/Dry Powder Blending Machine, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [50-500tph Mine Stone Crusher Machine for Sand Making Machine,Food Grade Selenium Enriched Yeast Powder].
5. Conclusion
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,Wholesale Older Childrens/Boys/Girls Rain Jacket Cartoon Rain Suit Colorful Raincoat for Kids. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
Acknowledgments
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Custom Printed Plastic Die Cut Handle Bag with Side Gusset(April 3rd 2019). Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment, Organic Polymers, Arpit Sand and Elsayed Zaki, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556. Available from:
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