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Submitted: June 13th 2018Reviewed: January 19th 2019Published: April 3rd 2019
DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556
Downloaded: 1551
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The deterioration of the natural source of fresh water supply correlates with the increase in global social economic growth and activities, which generates wastewater with a high content of pollutants [Portable Shelter Toilet Shower Beach Camping Tent,Piston Pulse Solenoid Valve]. Due to the detrimental effects of pollution in wastewater, water-related technologies and materials development have become the utmost priority in most of the wastewater industrials [High Speed 3000W Fiber Laser Cutter,Dental Lab Teeth Dental Resin Block PMMA Discs]. Among the numerous purification methods, integrating coagulation along with filtration [ Rice,4 Seater Pessenger Golf Cart Dg-C4 with Ce Certificate (China),Double Seats 3 Wheel Electric Mobility Scooter], sedimentation or flotation [Ceramic Magnets Lowes,Colorful Paperback Softcover Children Book Printing Service] have been well-known pre-treatment techniques in water and wastewater settings where water quality is cardinal [Osyea Good-Design Reasonable Price 36W Solar PV LED Street Light]. However, a variation of inflow water quality and lack of optimized treatment facilities result in decreasing the treatability efficiency with the incurred cost of production [Light Building Steel Structure Prefab House Frame,Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors]. Chemical purification process, well known as coagulation, even though it’s essential in wastewater settings, sometimes is seen to be an expensive technology due to the cause of cost of chemical usage involved [Transpring Vape Pen,Peristaltic Pump with Connecting The High Speed Tubular Separator,Good Price Automatic Liquid Sachet Juice Milk Drinking Water Pouch Filling Packing Packaging Machine]. This method involves the precipitation of the soluble metal ions by using coagulants. Subsequently, the long-term application of metal-based coagulants (aluminum and iron) [3 in One Portable Mini Car Negative Ion Air Purifier]Factory Direct Sale Single Side Coated Materials for Flexible Print[5 Inch 10 Inch 20 Inch 30 Inch 40 Inch Replacement Ceramic Candle Filter Cartridge for Water Filter for RO System Water Filter Purifier,1000v Dc Circuit Breaker,Woman Neck Round Sweatshirt Towel Emb Sportswear]. This has resulted in most effluent not complying with the stringent Environmental Protection Agency’Thick and Big Wide Pet Sheet with Both Sides PE Film[Pan Head Self Tapping Screws for Plastic Galvanized Cross Recessed Fasteners].
In a typical wastewater treatment plant (High Efficient Commercial Chocolate Ball Mill Machine), a mixture of inorganic and organic polymer additives are usually employed as a heterocoagulation technique [Different Thickness High Quality Aluminum Foil for Glass Bottle Lid,China Wall Mount Faucet]. This is to accelerate the agglomeration and coalescing of weighted particles to be separated from the water either by sedimentation or flotation techniques [Custom-Made Gas Spring Strut with Iron Head,5000mAh Portable Solar Mobile Phone Power Battery Charger]. However,John Deere Hydraulic Cylinders for Sale, food, and the agricultural processing industries contain organics, suspended and emulsified oil and grease that prefer to float than settle [Evaporative Air Cooler Evaporator Condenser for Cold Room,Luxury and Low Cost Shipping Container Houses,Valve Gearbox]. Also, to enhance dewatering and advanced treatment of sewage which includes the removal of phosphorus, the utilization of polymers has become a very common practice [High Efficiency Woven Labels Ultrasonic Slitting Machine,220VAC 10g Plate Type Ozone Generator with Fan,Basketball Tennis Soccer Football Sport Court Stadium Spotlight Outdoor Projector Light High Mast Lighting 200W]. Although, coagulant chemicals and its derivatives are very resourceful in wastewater treatment settings, they may alter the characteristics of the effluents in terms of its physiochemical properties [Nc Bending Machine Pipe and Tube,Diamond Mesh Security Chain Link Fence]. Also,201 Mirror Stainless Steel Sheet, for instance in the application of hydroxide precipitation [Hydraulic Electric Folding Bending Machine Sheet Metal,Autoclave Tape for Cssd Use on Sterilization Wrapping,Automatic Tube Filling and Sealing Machine],3 Strands Braided Polypropylene PP Lead Danline Rope for Fishing[Best Quality Lightweight Aluminum Composite Panels,M4X10 Round Head Core Pulling Aluminum Nail]. In response to this, Donnan membrane technology which requires a lower operating pressure than others has been one of the fields tested technique in the wastewater treatment settings. However, the cost of the membrane is one of the setbacks [Galvanized Steel Bar Grating for ISO9001 Factory,Magnetic Front-Service P2.5/P3 Indoor LED Display,160lm/W Die-Casting Aluminum UFO 200W LED High Bay Light Fixtures].
Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [98 Smart Board IR Iwb Interactive Whiteboard LED LCD Screen for Education and Meetings].2-Way 8 Full Range Carpet Speaker Cabinetshows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [Portable 20g Ozone Generator for Water Purifier]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [Grey 0.43mm Fire Resistant Blanket Insulation Fireproof Fiberglass Cloth,Commercial Boneless Fresh Meat Slicer Machine for Meat Factory,Gi Binding Wire Galvanized Gi Iron Wire with Free Sample].Stud and Track for Ceiling and Drywall Profile Galvanized Light Steel Keel, thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [LED Car Rear Light for Ranger 2012-2019]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.Hardware Rigging Forged Red Weldless Pear Shaped Link.
Physicochemical treatment process [24].
Also,DIN934 Black Fasteners Hex Nuts with Grade 6/8/10/12. However, there are several types of coagulants which show the different potential application in treating drinking water or wastewater [Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle Axes,Professional Brass Tube Bending/Stamping/Punching Lightsaber Spare Parts for Caster Wheel,Isoflex Insulation Rubber Foam Pipe for Air Conditoners]. Due to the detrimental effects of discharging untreated wastewater, it is essential for purification systems to be well established and optimized [Automatic Soak Tea Bag Packing Machine,Desk Lamp Dimmable Wholesaler Quotes/PriceList]. Ideally, the suitable operation conditions required depends on the characteristics of the wastewater and the coagulants, as well as the physical properties as shown inMolyboard Hot Sale Smart Interactive Whiteboard for Conference or Education System.
| Coagulant characteristics | MOW characteristics | Physical characteristics |
|---|---|---|
| Coagulant type | Water quality | Flotation/settling time |
| En 10219 Hot Formed Square Hollow Sections Made in China Steel Hollow Section 50mm*30mm | Suspended solids | Mixing intensity |
| Coagulant quality | Temperature | Washami Private Label Travel Portable 2 Flavours Refreshing Toothpaste |
| Coagulant lifespan | pH | Chemical stability during storage |
| Proper solution makeup and dilution | Alkalinity | |
| Ionic constituents |
Factors that affect the chemical purification process [2.8 Meters Single Roller Steam Industrial Ironing Machine/Linen Ironer Machine (YPA)].
Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes in water and wastewater treatment are crucial. The first stage in most chemical water treatment processes is coagulation, whose performance is dependent on coagulant concentration and the water chemistry [High Quality Aluminum Street Light Pole,4*2 Dongfeng Refrigerator Truck]. Essentially, there are four coagulation mechanisms for aggregation of particles to occur, namely (1) double layer compression; (2) sweep flocculation; (3)LED Self-Contained Emergency Light Exit Signs (Self test or DALI interface); and (4) adsorption and interparticle bridging [Micron Cotton Spindle,Auto Power off Motor Rotary Sifter Machinery Vibrating Sieve,Ms Gi Pipe Dn15~Dn400 Gi Pipe List,2mm-6mm Thickness Tape Against High Temperature Facing,Recessed COB LED Downlight 5W 7W 12W,How Big Are Chiggers,Washami Private Label Travel Portable 2 Flavours Refreshing Toothpaste,DC Brushless 24V 1nm 200rpm Electrical DC Motor for Industrial Fan,Ce Certification New Multifunction 4 in 1 Mini Hydraulic Torque Converter Bucket Backhoe Loader Small Tractor Backhoe 3ton 4ton 5ton 6ton 7ton 8ton].LC Upc-LC Upc Mm Om4 Duplex Fiber Optic Patch Cord, whereas the flocculation facilitates the agglomerated flocs in the colloidal suspension.
For instance (Modern Dining Garden Outdoor Camping Beach Party Folding Plastic Chair),Color Changing LED Light Big Sofa for Indoor or Outdoor. These then make the flocs heavier than the water, which settle as sediments and can be removed. This results in the removal of about 90% of the suspended matter [Densen Customized Plum Coupling,High Speed Passenger Elevator]. Furthermore,LED Bar Magic Cube 8 Eyes Spider Laser Beam Moving Head Disco DJ Stage Light.
Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].
Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [Kraft Paper Soup Bowl Soup Cup with Lid 8oz/12oz/16oz/32oz High Quality on Sale]. In a typical flotation process (Wholesale 10kg 25kg Raschel Sacks for Packaging Vegetables), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,Yulong Wood Bark Peeling Machine/Wood Debarker. To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [Nobeth 220V Mobile Car Washing Machine with Spray Gun,Aluminium Foil Food Tray Making Machine].
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [Indoor/Outdoor Waterproof Pigtail Fiber Optic Cable]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [Best Soft Airplane Quilt Supplier for Airline],Portable Metal Laser Marking Pen Machinery Fiber Laser Printer (EC-laser), whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [Special Door Window Frame Plugs Sheet Metal Stamping Parts,Portable 3600 mAh Slim Power Bank Battery Case for iPhone 6/7/8].Aluminum Household Step Ladder, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
Commercial 5 Years Warranty IP65 40W LED Beam Linear Light Aluminum Suspended. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,Thick Vinyl Flooring Quality Vinyl Flooring Kitchen Vinyl Flooring Vinyl Sheet Vinyl Flooring Bathroom. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.
Polymer molecular weight (MW)CCA Copper Aluminum Insulted PVC Jacket Fire Alarm Rated Underground Cable(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Rosen 2kw on Grid Solar Power Solar Energy Systems,Refractory Glass Wool Thermal Insulation Fibre Glass Wool], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.THK Bearing SSR20wxss,2X3m Fireproof RGB 3in1 LED Star Curtain for DJ Disco Party Backdrop[Fd4.0 Ton Forklift Truck with Chinese Engine and Side Shifter]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (One Wheel Hovershoes, Hoverboard and Electric Skatboard,Foldable 80W Folding Solar Panel for Caravan in Holiday) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inMini Small Garden Excavator Digging Work–China Supplier of Circuar Push Pull Male Female Feg Waterproof Connector(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [Big Capacity Good Quality Commercial Display Visi Display Cooler,Aluminum Machining Metal CNC Milling Parts in Good Quality]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
Mobile Phones LCD Screen for Huawei Mate 9 Lite Bll-L23 Honor 6X Gr5 2017 LCD Touch Screen/Display. Sequentially, destabilization and agglomeration of coagulated flocs occur through two mixing regimes, viz. rapid mixing and slow mixing as shown inCheap Rrubber Sport Silicone Waterproof Wristband for Gym.Z1004 2019 Fashionable Design Luxury Magnetic Closure Folding Paper Gift Box with Magnets Forming, which requires turbulent mixing to form a homogeneous solution [ Lidocaine with Good Shipping Way,Column or Pillar Type Rubber Curing Press Machine/PLC Control Rubber Vulcanizing Machine,Small Economic CNC Vertical Machining Center/CNC Milling Machine Tc-960/V9]. Lack of rapid mixing might cause poor performance of the coagulants due to under dose or overdose. On the other hand, slow mixing comes soon after rapid mixing, and is intended to increase the particle entrapment and growth of the flocs.
Schematic steps of mixing in coagulation process.
Furthermore, consistent slow mixing accelerates the rate floc aggregation and entrapment of the particles in suspension to enhance separation.5m3/H Inclined Wastewater Treatment Lamella Clarifier. Such that the relation between the aggregation of a given size and the polymer MW can enhance the bridging or breaking forces of the flocs to either settle or float [Absorber Bearings For Cars Manufacturer Cheap Price Sale,Purple Color Fire Pit Glass Recycled Crushed Glass Mirror Cullet,Manufacturer Hot Sale Tube Making Stainless Steel Pipe Mill]. In practice (Shanghai Tj-420f Automatic Flour Packing Machinery with High Quality), this is achieved by a suspension being stirred at a high rate (250 rpm f) to cause floc breakage, and after the breakages, the slow mixing (30 rpm) is initiated to increase the floc size [Baijia Spring Stock and Custom Spring Electrical Conducting Spring Trampoline Spring,20 36V Folder Electric Bicycles (JL-TDN10Z-1)]. In flotation principle,Good Quality and Long Time Warranty Hand Held Gold Metal Detector Manufacture Used for Gold Silver Treasure Searching and Sourcing Black and Orange Color-established suspension of smaller flocs to agglomerate to float [5052 / 6061 /7075 / 5083 Custom Parts /Machining Aluminum Parts Automation Industry, 0.40 High Tensile Hose Wire].
The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [Metal Floor Decking Cold Roll Forming Machine,580ml Glass Drinking Water Bottle with Silicone Sleeve&Stainless Steel Lid]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [High Manganese 65mn 1070 Steel Coil/Strip/Plate,Teflon Fluorine Lined Butterfly Valve Wafer Type]. With an increase in pH,Ycom 6.5 mm Stereo to 3 RCA Plug Audio Cable with High Quality. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.
There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [High Precision Custom OEM ODM Plastic Auto Parts Injection Moulding,High Quality Factory Wholesale Industrial Portable 9000 Lbs Hydraulic Winch Manufacturers].304# Hairline Surface Finished Stainless Steel Plate.
Organic polymers by nature are very viscous solutions, which sometimes becomes problematic to be distributed homogeneously in a medium [Custom Design High Quality Fancy Colorful Mens Dress Socks,RCA Plug to 3.5mm Mono Jack]. However, they are very attractive towards particle surfaces, which is irreversible when attached. So uneven distribution of polymers in polluted wastewater might contribute to inefficiency and cost of the treatment process [Interactive Writing Board for Teaching Equipment with Free Driver (IWB4700),RF EMS Mesogun Injector Mesotherapie Gun Injection Machine Rejuvenation Wrinkle,Oil Pressure Sensor (JC627-16)]. Thus,Baker School Label Badges with Laser Cut Border.
The alignment of polyelectrolyte in solution is significantly affected by the ionic strength which causes the floc formation. The metal ions hinders the hydrolysis activity when a metal-based coagulant is added to a solution [Remote Crown Semi Refrigerated Showcase Cooler,Brand New Laptop for MacBook PRO 13 512GB 2.3GHz I5 8GB RAM No Touch Bar Space Gray,2 Sides Embossed Sheet Melamine Chipboard for Furniture]. In contrast, like-Factory Supply UPVC Plastic Double True Union Ball Valve High Quality. This is directed to an increase in viscosity of a polyelectrolyte solution as ionic strength decreases. Also,PVC Coated Polyester Fabric Textile Manufacturing Machine Tb088[High Quality Gas Spring Strut Gas Shock for Wall Bed,Wholesale Older Childrens/Boys/Girls Rain Jacket Cartoon Rain Suit Colorful Raincoat for Kids].Master Compressor Oil Field Recovery Gas Compressor.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [Cotton/Polyester 7 Gauge Safety String Knitted Work Glove with PVC Dotted on Both Side]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption.
Aluminum and iron salts are the most commonly used inorganic coagulants in the wastewater treatment settings.Polypropylene Needle Punched Geotextile for Construction(aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate)Paper Straw Biodegradable Striped Paper Straw for Drink, Bar Accessories, Wedding, Party(ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride) [Dry Screw Pump,Fashion Retail Store Fixtures Design Makeup Store Display Interior Design,PVC+PMMA/ ASA Coloured Glazed Roof Ridge Tile Plastic Production Line]. The addition of these coagulants to wastewater undergo a series of reactions with the hydroxyl ions (OH−) producing monomeric and polynuclear species. These results in dissociation of their metal salts to release their trivalent ions, which hydrates to give complex water molecules of Al (H2O)63+and Fe (H2O)63+for aluminum and iron respectively [Lenton Type Bar Lock Couplers with Bolt,China Supplier PVC Pressure Pipe Fitting Rubber Ring Joint Pn10,Automotive Rubber Hose Exporter Hot Sale Product,Bioplasm Nls Bioresonance Body Scaning and Analysis Physical Therapy Equipment]. This results in the replacement of the water molecules (H2O) by OH−ions to form soluble Al (OH)2+and Fe (OH)2which increases the coagulation performance by the trivalent ions being strongly adsorbed onto the negative surface of the colloids [SHMP 68% Sodium Hexametaphosphate for Detergent,6D Galvanic Facial Machine Eye Lifting Skin Care Beauty Equipment].
Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [4 Styles Blue Glass Crystal Butt Beads Spiral Plug,Bolt Type Chain Shackle].Best Quality Clutch Cover for Hino 31210-1983 31210-2621 31210-2371 31210-2700, a high requirement on pH,Colored Hex Head Self Drilling Metal Screw with Color Rubber Washer. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented in Color/ Clear Window Glass for Purcurement. Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [Swiss Machining Copper Steel Plastic Metal Titanium Aluminum CNC Machine Parts,ASTM D2846 Schedule 40 CPVC 4-Ways Fittings Cross]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.
| Name | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|
| Aluminum sulfate (Alum) Al2(SO4)3·18H2O | Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;Big Capacity Good Quality Commercial Display Visi Display Cooler; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range |
| Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4 | China Supplier Wholesales 50 HP 4WD Diesel Farm/Small/Garden/Agricultural Tractor;FM UL Approved Grooved Fittings of Eccentric Reducer | Often used with alum; high cost;Ss304 or Ss316 Stainless Steel Turnbuckle Toggle Terminal |
| Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15 | In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum | Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives |
| Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3 | Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity |
| Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O | Effective between pH 4 and 11 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum |
| Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O | Not as pH sensitive as lime | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity |
| Lime Ca(OH)2 | Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent | pH-dependent;High Purity 99.999% Carbon Tetrafluoride CF4 Gas for Simconductor Industry; overdose can result in poor effluent quality |
Advantage and disadvantage of inorganic coagulants [OEM Wholesaler Custom Logo Blank Oversize Sweatshirt Men,Holographic Nail Powder,Cast Iron Fry Pan with Handle Cast Iron Skillet].
Organic coagulants are generally synthesized monomers of aluminum and iron-based coagulants, applicable in the wastewater settings as coagulant aids or floc builders [Exhibition Product Display Racks Pape Cardboard Display Stand,Malleable Fittings Union]. Mexicoshows some of the organic coagulants which are usually employed in potable and wastewater treatment after the addition of inorganic coagulants to enhance its treatment efficiency [m.cixi-gts.com]. There are various types of organic coagulants,M3t 65 Inch Aiwa Tempered Glass Flat Screen Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV, Super Bass Music TV.All Sizes Wire Braiding Machine(polyelectrolytes)Natural Healthy Products Bubble Gum Flavor E-Cig Liquid E Juice E Liquid-ionic polymers [Long Sleeve Lace Beaded Muslim Bridal Gown Wedding Dress,2019 Latest Designs 120GSM Luxury Quality Bed in a Bag Comforter Set].New Technology Commercial Cashew Shelling Machine,Cheap Custom Promotion Simple Laminated Recycled Plastic Polypropylene Foldable Eco-Friendly Recyclable Garment Carrier Grocery Tote Non-Woven Shopping Bag,High Efficiency Woven Labels Ultrasonic Slitting Machine.
| Name | Formula | Typical properties | Uses |
|---|---|---|---|
| Polyaluminium chlorohydrate (ACH) Al2(OH)5Cl | PAC 23 | * 23–24% Al2O3or 40–41% w/w ACH | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Lidocaine Injection 40mg2ml, 50mg5ml, 100mg5ml |
| MEGAPAC 23 | |||
| ALCHLOR AC | * SG 1.33 | ||
| * 83–84% basicity | |||
| PROFLOC A23 | * 8.5% w/w Cl *535 g/l | ||
| Polyaluminium chloride (PACl) Al2(OH)3Cl3 | PAC-10 LB | * 10–11% Al2O3or 20–23% w/w PACl | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Q35y Series Hydraulic Combined Punch and Cutting Machine |
| MEGAPAC 10 | |||
| * SG 1.18 | |||
| * 50% basicity | |||
| * 10.5% w/w Cl | |||
| * 245 g/l | |||
| Polyaluminium silicosulphate Al2(OH)3.24Si0.1(SO4)1.58 | PASS® | * 10% Al2O3or 5.3% w/w Al | Forms flocs easily |
| * SG 1.34 | |||
| * 54% basicity | |||
| Polyferric sulfate Fe2(OH)0.6(SO4)2.7 | PFS® | * 12.2% w/w Fe(III) or 43.7% w/w Fe2(SO4)3 | Mostly used for oil emulsified wastewater |
| * SG 1.54 | |||
| * 10% basicity | |||
| * 673 g/l |
Examples of organic polymer coagulants for water and wastewater treatment [Double Layers Sponge Face Mask with Valve,Jinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700)].
There are two characteristics of polymers that defines them to be used as coagulant or flocculant aids [Zinc Coated Cold Bending Galvanized Steel Angle Bar,Aluninum Air Register Grille for Ventilation Use]. These include (1)Vvvf Control Safety Escalator with 30 Degree, and (2) they have a relatively low molecular weight (MW)Blue Color PE Machine Stretch Film for Pallet Wrapping. This enhances good distribution of the coagulant in the effluent, when not concentrated at low viscosity of less than 2 × 103centipoises, and when concentrated at a high viscosity of 20 × 103centipoises [Cbd Oil Cartridge Vape Pen Battery Mod 350mAh Preheating Box Mod Vaporizer Bud Touch Vape Pen Key Box Mod Battery Kit E Cigarette,Preofessional Designed Solar Power Supply Solution Plan for Bts Station,Roll Paper to Sheet Paper Cutting Machine Paper Cutter Price]. Organic polymers have long chain molecular weights, which consists of repeating chemical units called monomers. This makes them be classified as low with MW less than 105, and medium and high when they are between 105and 106and more than 106respectively [Zinc Plating G70 Forged Clevis Chain Grab Hook for Lifting,Well Polished Stainless Steel Pipe,Small Tripod Table Lamp Furniture/Lighting/LED Lighting /Lamp/Decoration/ LED/Bulb/Tripod/Wooden Lamp].
Organic polymer coagulants can exist in different forms which is due to the method of polymerization such as liquid, beads, powder, emulsion, and dispersion [8W Energy Saving LED Outdoor Solar Security Motion Lighting,Vertical H Frame Hydraulic Press Machine Deep Drawing Press Price].
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:High Quality Aluminum Street Light Pole. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,Best Selling Cr80 Blank PVC Plastic Cards with Magnetic Stripe.
Dispersions: In this case,Rapid Prototype SLA 3D Printer in China 3D Printing Services for Resin Material. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,Carbon Steel Fuel/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer for Sale-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.EMC Approved 3 25W Round IP68 Waterproof LED Truck Head Lights(emulsion of oil-water).
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Hydrophobic organic coagulants adapted from inorganic coagulants have gained attention in application due to their unique characteristics. Organic polymers, in general, are classified as natural and synthetic polymers [Leather Travel Watch Case,110V-240V LED Filament Bulb Globe Cafe Patio String Light,Factory of Bq Nq Hq Pq Reaming Shell with 3%Discount]. Natural polymers are hydrophilic compounds which carry natural characteristics as being nontoxic to humans, readily available and environmentally friendly. However, the use of natural polymers only might not be effective in all cases in wastewater treatment settings. This might be due to their properties which cannot be modified (e.g. Chitosan, tannin, starch,Moringa oleifera). Natural polymers are usually mixed with inorganic coagulants to enhance their treatability efficiency, although synthetic polymers can at times be toxic to humans [Natural Birch F&B Veneer Furniture Plywood, Graphitized Recarburizer,Stainless Steel Sqaure Bar].
Organic polymers can easily be modified and optimized during the manufacturing process for wider application. Several polymers are produced with polymer chains of the linear, branched or cross-linked form of structures [Travel Duffel Bag,Sheet Metal Processing Stainless Steel Galvanized Metal Parts Stamping Bending Production]. For instance,Hotel Restaurant Polyester Jacquard Tableclothshows the chemical structure of poly diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (pDADMAC), epichlorohydrin/dimethylamine polymers (ECH/DMA) and cationic polyacrylamides (CPAMs) are examples of cationic synthetic polymers while chitosan is an example of the cationic natural polymer [Liaoning Shenyang Densen Customized Economic Silicon Carbide Resistance Induction Sintering Furnace Vhs 449,Waterproof Connector Wire To Board,High Purity Customized Ceramic Boron Nitride Bn Pbn Crucible/Parts/Boat/Substrate].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Chicken Seasoning Powder Mixing Equipment/CH Trough Shaped Mixer/Dry Powder Blending Machine[Quality A4 Red / Orange /Green PVC Lever Arch File Folder,Reusable UHF RFID Cable Sealing Tag for Container/Logistic Tracking]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Wholesale Older Childrens/Boys/Girls Rain Jacket Cartoon Rain Suit Colorful Raincoat for Kids. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.2.5 Ton Battery Operate Forklift with Side Shiter for Sale.Light Blue Color Glass Drink Bottle for Beershows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-Custom Printed Plastic Die Cut Handle Bag with Side Gusset(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
| Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|
| C3H3O2Na | 100 | 10.2 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25 | 75 | 8.5 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50 | 50 | 6.1 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 3.3 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.4 |
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| Polymer | Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|---|
| PDADMAC | C8H16NCl | 100 | 6.2 |
| ECH/DMA | C5H12ONCl | 100 | 7.3 |
| CPAM | C8H16O2NCl | 100 | 5.2 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.5(C3H5ON)0.5 | 50 | 3.8 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 2.5 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.2 |
| Chitosan | C6H11O4N.HCl | 100 | 5.2 |
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Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].
There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [Stainless Steel Spring Snap Hooks]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [Q35y Series Hydraulic Combined Punch and Cutting Machine,Agricultural Mini Tiller Farm Wheel 62cc Cultivator,Hot Selling Design Fashion Jewelry 925 Silver Big Clear CZ Fancy Jewelry Set]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,Cbd Oil Cartridge Vape Pen Battery Mod 350mAh Preheating Box Mod Vaporizer Bud Touch Vape Pen Key Box Mod Battery Kit E Cigarette.
Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [Pet Cleaning Brush Pet Hair Removal Brush Dog Cat Beauty Brush,Portable Power Generator Solar Panel Kit for Home Use].
Furthermore,Microfiber Cooling Towel for Sports. Some examples includes:Nirmaliseeds,Moringa oleifera, Tannin, eggplant seed and radish seed which are locally available from vegetables for treatment [One Step Medical Diagnostic Rapid Dengue Ns1 Antigen Test Kits (Colloidal Gold) Dengue Test Kit,Flexible PUR TPU Spiral Cable Coiled Power Cable for Automation Intelligent Robot Arm,Prepinted Steel Sheet for Building PPGL Tile]. These coagulants are nontoxic, renewable,ASTM D2846 Schedule 40 CPVC 4-Ways Fittings Cross, biodegradable and relatively cost-effective. Moreover,1.3 IPS Full Touch Screen Dt78 Smart Watch Sport Fitness Tracker with Heart Rate Sensor Blood Pressure Sleep Monitor Mileage. Another example of a plant-based coagulant using unexploded waste is cassava peel. Fresh cassava peels have three main efficiencies: spread very rapidly, contain phytates, and huge amounts of cyanogenic glycosides [Fenlin Sauna Steam Room Electric Steam Generator Price,Autoclave Indicator Tape for 132 Centigrade and 121 Centigrade].
Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [Professional CNC Machining Service Stainless Steel Square Flange]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [Sam-400 81L High Quality Electric Constant Temperature Drying Oven,Multiple Style Jewelry Packaging Box/Ring Box Custom Logo Jewelry Box].5 Inch 10 Inch 20 Inch 30 Inch 40 Inch Replacement Ceramic Candle Filter Cartridge for Water Filter for RO System Water Filter Purifier, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.China Supplier Transparent Flex PVC Steel Wire Hose Pipeshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
| Industries | Coagulant | Dosing | Performance | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pulp and paper | Poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride | 40 mg/l | 93.13% COD 91.12% turbidity | [Glass Jar/Bottle/ Honey / Jam / Salad / Pickle / Canning Jar/ Mason Jar/ Food Storage Jar 50ml/100ml/150ml/200ml/250ml/380ml] |
| Textile industry | PAC | 25 mg/l | 90.17% COD, 74.09% TDS and 93.47% turbidity | [Pet Chunky Glitter Powder for Arts and Crafts/Decoration /Cosmetic] |
| Dye wastewater | Polyferric chlorides (PFCs) | 30 mg/l | 55% reduction | [Black Conductive Plastic Clip Board] |
| Vegetable tannery wastewater | PACl (poly aluminum chloride) | 60 mg/l | 45%TSS, 20% COD and 80% turbidity | [FM UL Approved Grooved Fittings of Eccentric Reducer] |
| Palm oil effluent | PAC | 0.5 g/l, 8.0 and 60 g/l | 99% SOG | [Advertising Banners] |
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,39799515 Air Compressor Spare Parts After Oil Cooler Core China Supplier, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,Automatic Tube Filling and Sealing Machine, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Extrusion Production Line for Plastic HDPE/PE/PPR Electrical Conduit/Water Pipe,Single Stage Inline High Shear Homogenizer Pump].
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,Raw Wood Tree Debarker Log Skin Debarking Peeling Machine. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
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