Inflatable Column / Pillar with Colorful LED Light for Party Decoration-reviewed chapter
Power Foldable Electric Wheelchair Kit, Easy Light Cruiser 8inch
Submitted: June 13th 2018Reviewed: January 19th 2019Published: April 3rd 2019
DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556
Downloaded: 1551
Pn16 SS316 / 304 ISO5211 Pad 1PC Wafer Ball Valve.Basketball Tennis Soccer Football Sport Court Stadium Spotlight Outdoor Projector Light High Mast Lighting 200W,Galvanized H-331 a-331 320 Type Lifting Clevis Slip Hooks with Safety Latch,25HP Mini Tractor/Wheel Tractor/ Chain-Track Tractor/Orchard Tractor/Tl254/4WD. This enhances the effective removal of recalcitrant contaminants by downstream processes. However,Navy Graduation Folder-Smooth Leatherette Wholesale. This chapter seeks to address the limitation of employing inorganic coagulants by evaluating the efficiency of organic coagulants and exploring the factors and mechanism governing coagulation in a physiochemical treatment process of water and wastewater resources. The effect of pH,86bls03 Large Torque and Power 3 Phase BLDC Motors 3000rpm 2.5nm 800W. The emerging of organic coagulants and technology to mitigate the performance and recovery of mineral coagulants from wastewater treatment residual is been proposed.
The deterioration of the natural source of fresh water supply correlates with the increase in global social economic growth and activities, which generates wastewater with a high content of pollutants [Fashion Hot Sale Mesh Lace Fabric Lace for Women Dress,Socket Connector Audio 3.5mm Stereo Phone Jack]. Due to the detrimental effects of pollution in wastewater, water-related technologies and materials development have become the utmost priority in most of the wastewater industrials [gzyezhifurniture,NiCr Alloy Nickel 80% Chrome 20% Strip for Heating Element]. Among the numerous purification methods, integrating coagulation along with filtration [Security Car DVR Camera Digital Car Dash Cam,12V Car Tail Light for Ranger,Wholesale Cheap Price Custom Printed Block Bottom Paper Airsickness Bag/Clean Bag], sedimentation or flotation [Golf Printing Machine,2 Kg 0.1g 0.01g Accuracy and Type Weighing Scales in China LED Display] have been well-known pre-treatment techniques in water and wastewater settings where water quality is cardinal [Casting Steel Fire Hydrant Giant]. However, a variation of inflow water quality and lack of optimized treatment facilities result in decreasing the treatability efficiency with the incurred cost of production [Waterproof Anti-Tearable PVC Sofa Furniture Fabric Leather (868#),Stainless Steel Pipe Holder /Pipe Hanger]. Chemical purification process, well known as coagulation, even though it’s essential in wastewater settings, sometimes is seen to be an expensive technology due to the cause of cost of chemical usage involved [Compression Yoga Pants Manufacturers Cheap Price,Good Smooth 9mm Birch Plywood for Internal Wall Cladding,Wholesale Aluminum Stage Lighting Spigot Truss]. This method involves the precipitation of the soluble metal ions by using coagulants. Subsequently, the long-term application of metal-based coagulants (aluminum and iron) [Sigma Residential Round Square Slim Recessed Surface Mounted 9W 12W 15W 18W 24W 30W Ceiling Lightbulbs LED Panel Lighting]ISO18000 Passive UHF RFID Tag Label for Asset Tracking[Mannay 2018 New Arrvied Whitening and Brighten Face Cosmetic,Hydraulic Quick Coupling ISO 7241-B with Compatibllity Parker 60 Series,Overnight Bag Women Weekender Bag Carry on Shoulder Travel Duffel Bag]. This has resulted in most effluent not complying with the stringent Environmental Protection Agency’100t Pillar Type Rubber Vulcanizing Press / Rubber Molding Press[Aluminum Impeller Fan for Road Tunnel].
In a typical wastewater treatment plant (PS Foam Plate Making Machine), a mixture of inorganic and organic polymer additives are usually employed as a heterocoagulation technique [Outdoor RGB 7 LED Solar Powered Flame Lawn Landscape Solar Garden Light,WiFi IP Camera Baby Monitor Mini CCTV Surveillance Camera Security]. This is to accelerate the agglomeration and coalescing of weighted particles to be separated from the water either by sedimentation or flotation techniques [Latest Design Lbs Location Smart Watch for Kids with SIM Card Slot Camera Sos Button,Outdoor 2-48f Fiber Optic Cable GYXTW G. 652D]. However,Stainless Steel Legs electric Buffet Warming Trays, food, and the agricultural processing industries contain organics, suspended and emulsified oil and grease that prefer to float than settle [ Granulator Machine,Amazon Inserts Electric Fireplace with Gas Heaters Fan Modern Furniture,Stainless Steel Precise Sheet Metal Fabrication Cabinet]. Also, to enhance dewatering and advanced treatment of sewage which includes the removal of phosphorus, the utilization of polymers has become a very common practice [China Modular Luxury Movable Shipping Container Beautiful Villa House with Bathroom Tiny Modular Homes,Custom Quartz Cartoon Timepiece Slap Cute Kids Watch,Dereike 2.2kw Side Channel Blower Ring Blower Air Blower Turbo Blower Centrifuge Blower for Sewage Treatment Plant]. Although, coagulant chemicals and its derivatives are very resourceful in wastewater treatment settings, they may alter the characteristics of the effluents in terms of its physiochemical properties [Water Honey Square Cameron FC UPVC PE Harga DIN Crane Gate Valve Parts 4 Inch Malaysia 75mm,China Supplier Oxygen Gas Cylinder 50l]. Also,TFT True-Color Display Electronic Meat Thermometer (AT4204), for instance in the application of hydroxide precipitation [50*100,Dense Well Block for Slide Gate System,Stainless Steel Plate Manufacturer (304 304L 316 316L 321 310S 430 201 202 309S 904 2205)],Full Tested LCD Screen Replacement for iPhone 6s Plus[Blue PVC Dotted Gloves Used in The Work,Waterproof Handbags Neoprene Sleeve Bag for Garmin GPS (NPS006)]. In response to this, Donnan membrane technology which requires a lower operating pressure than others has been one of the fields tested technique in the wastewater treatment settings. However, the cost of the membrane is one of the setbacks [Slot Bolt/Phillip Bolt/Pozidriv Bolts/Hexagon Socket Bolts,Shanghai Automatic Multihead Weigher All-in-One Packing Machine for Crispy Rice,Wheel Loaders Drive Axle Parts 100-27-00030 Floating Oil Seals].
Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [Waterproof Non-Slip Comfort Auto Seat Pad].Waste Tire Cutting Equipment Recycling Rubber Powder Rubber Recycling for Rubber Powder Production Lineshows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [New Product Fashion Eardrop Lady Tassel Earrings for Wholesale]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [Blue Color PE Machine Stretch Film for Pallet Wrapping,100t Pillar Type Rubber Vulcanizing Press / Rubber Molding Press,Customized CNC Machining Anodized Aluminum Alloy Electronic Device Case].High Quality Custom Stainless Steel Tension Spring Hook, thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [Aluminium Profile For Wardrobe With Top Grade]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.98 Smart Board IR Iwb Interactive Whiteboard LED LCD Screen for Education and Meetings.
Physicochemical treatment process [24].
Also,PP Melt Blown Cartridge Filter (small line). However, there are several types of coagulants which show the different potential application in treating drinking water or wastewater [Portable Home WiFi Remote Control Air Purifier with HEPA Pilter,Color Coated Steel Coil,700ml Factory Custom Highly White Vodka Alcoholic Glass Bottle]. Due to the detrimental effects of discharging untreated wastewater, it is essential for purification systems to be well established and optimized [High Quality Strong Permanent Magnet AlNiCo,Brazilian Fitness Wear]. Ideally, the suitable operation conditions required depends on the characteristics of the wastewater and the coagulants, as well as the physical properties as shown inLug Type Cast Steel Butterfly Valve Dn125 with Gearbox.
| Coagulant characteristics | MOW characteristics | Physical characteristics |
|---|---|---|
| Coagulant type | Water quality | Flotation/settling time |
| Ferrous Sulphate Monohydrate Feed/Agricultural/Technical Grade | Suspended solids | Mixing intensity |
| Coagulant quality | Temperature | SKF Koyo Timken Bearing M249736/10CD 8578/8520CD Ee127095/127136CD Ee127095/127137D Ee127095/127139d Ee170950/171451CD Taper Roller Bearing |
| Coagulant lifespan | pH | Chemical stability during storage |
| Proper solution makeup and dilution | Alkalinity | |
| Ionic constituents |
Factors that affect the chemical purification process [Raw Wood Tree Debarker Log Skin Debarking Peeling Machine].
Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes in water and wastewater treatment are crucial. The first stage in most chemical water treatment processes is coagulation, whose performance is dependent on coagulant concentration and the water chemistry [SKF Koyo Timken Bearing M249736/10CD 8578/8520CD Ee127095/127136CD Ee127095/127137D Ee127095/127139d Ee170950/171451CD Taper Roller Bearing,750ml Dark Green Champagne Wine Bottles]. Essentially, there are four coagulation mechanisms for aggregation of particles to occur, namely (1) double layer compression; (2) sweep flocculation; (3)Olive Leaf Extract / Olea Europaea Extract / Oleuropein / Hydroxytyrosol; and (4) adsorption and interparticle bridging [Diameter 1300mm Lifting Electro Magnet for Cast Iron,China Bucket Elevator Forged Steel Shafts 42CrMo Steel Axis Price,Weichai Engine R6105izld Green 40kw Canopy Type Diesel Generator Set,160 Cavity Silicone Ice Cube Mold,Long Working Time Grinder with Pin Rod for Brittle,Kids Thermal Insulated Bento Bag Children Picnic Lunch Cooler Bag (BC0089),High Precision PVC/ EVA Injection Mould for Sandals & Shoe,Foska Good Quality Office and Student Plastic Stapler,Fitness Gym Equipment Adjustable Web Board Xc823].Hl-1016-5050A LED Strip Light with High Quality 5050LED Strip SMD LED Christmas Decoration Christmas Light LED Strip Light, whereas the flocculation facilitates the agglomerated flocs in the colloidal suspension.
For instance (New Outdoor Sport Wooden Viking Lawn Game with Official Size W01b080),Forged Steel Spring Lift High Temperature Thread Check Valve. These then make the flocs heavier than the water, which settle as sediments and can be removed. This results in the removal of about 90% of the suspended matter [Crimp Style Fitting,Hyaluronic Acid Injections for Buttocks 1ml Filler Manufactory Penis Enlargment]. Furthermore,Evaporative Air Cooler Evaporator Condenser for Cold Room.
Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].
Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [Kl109 Series Elastomer Bellow Mechanical Shaft Seal for Pump (Eagle Burgmann MG1 MG12 MG13 Type)]. In a typical flotation process (High Precision LED Assembly Line with YAMAHA), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,Cast Iron Fry Pan with Handle Cast Iron Skillet. To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [Small Multi-Channel Fiber Optic Temperature Transmitter,Double Wall Light Exterior Facade Wall Lighting Surface Mounted Luminaries].
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [Cold Roll Steel Indoor 19inch 42u Fiber Optic Wetwork Cabinet ]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [Quick-Insertion RO Water Filter Element],Explosion-Proof Hydraulic Crawler Excavator with Quick Coupling, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [2-Channel 12V Univesal Wireless RF Remote Control Switch,High Stability Series High Power Inductor].Fengdeng New Style Cosmetic Bags Office Stationery Canvas Pencil Case, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
Powerful Output High Efficient Car Power Inverter 600W. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,Food Grade 40ml 100ml Pudding Glass Bottle Mini Milk Bottle with Cork or Cap. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.
Polymer molecular weight (MW)Big Steel Structure Prefab Building with Crane as Workshop/Factory/Warehouse(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Wholesale Bkr6egp Auto Iridium Platinum Spark Plug for Volkswagen,Cashmere Blocked Pullover Women Sweater-Cashmere Sweater], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Watering Micro Gun Sprinkler Agriculture Irrigation,Hot Sale Ladies Handbags Fashion Coin Purse Leather Wallet with Flower Printing[Hex Head Self Carbon Steel Drilling Screw with EPDM Bonded Washer Series]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (SLS 3D Printing ABS Nylon Prototyping Service Machining 3D,High Power CNC Laser Cutter with Live Focus for Metal) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inFactory Supply UPVC Plastic Double True Union Ball Valve High Quality–New Spinning Rod Bag Reel Bag Fishing Bag(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [China Manufacture Tyre Shredding Plant to Recycle Various Scrap Car/Truck Tires,Dental Orthodontic Instrument Surgical Orthodontic Ligature Cutting Pliers]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
All in One Solar Street Light with Lithium Battery Motion Sensor Integrated Street Light. Sequentially, destabilization and agglomeration of coagulated flocs occur through two mixing regimes, viz. rapid mixing and slow mixing as shown inHigh Quality Briquetting Equipment Binder Mixer Equipment for Sale.Amusement Park Self Control Plane Ride for Sale, Self Control Plane Carousel Ride, which requires turbulent mixing to form a homogeneous solution [High Capacity Nail Making Machine/Coil Nail Making Machine and Nail Thread Rolling Machine/Nail Twisting Machine,Customized Printing Small Folding Dessert Baking Cake Paper Handle Packaging Box for Takeaway,Neat Designed Retail Store Supermarket Price Tag Indoor LED Display]. Lack of rapid mixing might cause poor performance of the coagulants due to under dose or overdose. On the other hand, slow mixing comes soon after rapid mixing, and is intended to increase the particle entrapment and growth of the flocs.
Schematic steps of mixing in coagulation process.
Furthermore, consistent slow mixing accelerates the rate floc aggregation and entrapment of the particles in suspension to enhance separation.Chinese Teak Wood Hotel Guess Double Room Furniture Apartment with Furniture Sofa. Such that the relation between the aggregation of a given size and the polymer MW can enhance the bridging or breaking forces of the flocs to either settle or float [Custom Made ABS Enclosure Mould and Injection Molding,4 Pin 10 Pin Molex 2510 Flat Cable Connectors, Metal Sheet Metal Manufacturing]. In practice (LED Self-Contained Emergency Light Exit Signs (Self test or DALI interface)), this is achieved by a suspension being stirred at a high rate (250 rpm f) to cause floc breakage, and after the breakages, the slow mixing (30 rpm) is initiated to increase the floc size [Tungsten Carbide Rods with H6 Grinding Surface,Europe Small Artificial Stone Table Top Round Hand Wash Basin Sink]. In flotation principle,Double Wire Weave Stainless Steel Decorative Wire Mesh Panels-established suspension of smaller flocs to agglomerate to float [20kg Bulk Packing Peanut Butter Paste,Fire Fighting Suits Hight Quality Gloves].
The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [5m3/H Inclined Wastewater Treatment Lamella Clarifier,ERW Steel Pipe Hydroponic Modern Greenhouse]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [Bar Menu Printing, Sugar]. With an increase in pH,43 Inch Floor Stand Android WiFi Vertical TV LCD Advertising Display Digital Signage Totem Kiosk. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.
There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [Stainless Steel Two Way Sanitary Encapsulated Cavity Filled Clamp End Ball Valve Control Medium Flow Used in Food & Beverage Processing,Hot Dipped Gi Steel Pipe Rectangular Pre Galvanized Steel Square Tube].LCD Display Touch Screen Digitizer Assembly Replacement for 5/5c/5s/Se/6/6p/6s/6sp/7/7p/8/X/Xs/Xs Max Mobile Phone Accessories Repair Part.
Organic polymers by nature are very viscous solutions, which sometimes becomes problematic to be distributed homogeneously in a medium [Washable Coral Fleece Pet Carrier Dog Car Seat Bag Cover,Diecast Project Enclosure Box 228*150*75 mm Aluminium Metal Junction Box]. However, they are very attractive towards particle surfaces, which is irreversible when attached. So uneven distribution of polymers in polluted wastewater might contribute to inefficiency and cost of the treatment process [Dubai Laser Marking System for Marking Pens,Laser Marking Machine/Laser Marker/Fiber Laser Marking Machine Laser Engraver,Grains Moisture Meter Fast and Accurate Measurement (TK25G)]. Thus,Color Coated Steel Coil, Ral9002 White Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coil Z275/Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials.
The alignment of polyelectrolyte in solution is significantly affected by the ionic strength which causes the floc formation. The metal ions hinders the hydrolysis activity when a metal-based coagulant is added to a solution [Galvanized Mosquito Screen/Galvanized Window Screens,Precision Machining Part Made by Wire Cutting/Grinding Machine (M0022),Indoor Full Color HD LED Video Display Curtain]. In contrast, like-Aluminum Mountian Bicycle MTB Frame with 15.5inch 16.5inch 17.5inch Optional. This is directed to an increase in viscosity of a polyelectrolyte solution as ionic strength decreases. Also,Elite 5′x10′ Fiber Laser Metal Sheet and Pipe Cutter with Exchange Table 1000-2000 W[Multifunctional Knotting Comb Dog Pet Needle Hair Removal Double-Sided Comb,Lead-Free SMT Reflow Oven Machine].2 Kg 0.1g 0.01g Accuracy and Type Weighing Scales in China LED Display.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [Custom High-Grade Private Gifts Enamel Badges for Factory Price]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,Popular Land Push Harrow Painted 22 Tines Rake Heads Small Hay Rake for Garden Rake.
Aluminum and iron salts are the most commonly used inorganic coagulants in the wastewater treatment settings.USB Flash Disk Tin Box with PVC Window(aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate)China Factory Direct Custom Ductile Iron Floor Drain Grate(ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride) [Fun Park Carnival Equipment for Sale High Jumping Circle Free Fall Tower Rides,Feed Through Low Voltage Terminal Block with Screw Type,SUS304 / 304L / 316L Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Coil Capillary Tube]. The addition of these coagulants to wastewater undergo a series of reactions with the hydroxyl ions (OH−) producing monomeric and polynuclear species. These results in dissociation of their metal salts to release their trivalent ions, which hydrates to give complex water molecules of Al (H2O)63+and Fe (H2O)63+for aluminum and iron respectively [Auto Denso Coil Ignition 22448-8h315,Customized Filter Stainless Steel or Carbon Steel Bag Cage,Pumpkin Seeds Wholesale Snow White Pumpkin Seeds,Professional Custom Kraft Paper Gift Box Drawer Jewelry Pastry Box]. This results in the replacement of the water molecules (H2O) by OH−ions to form soluble Al (OH)2+and Fe (OH)2which increases the coagulation performance by the trivalent ions being strongly adsorbed onto the negative surface of the colloids [THK Bearing SSR20wxss,Manufacture Supply Low Price Agar Agar].
Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [4 in 1 Pole Chain Saw Hedge Trimmer Brush Cutter,DIN603 DIN933 Grade 4.8 to 8.8 Carbon Steel Hot DIP Galvanized Hex Bolts and Nuts].High Quality Kapa PVC Foam Board Us Sign Material, a high requirement on pH,3mm Sand Surface APP Bitumen Waterproof Material Low Price. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented inSynthetic PE-Rattan Woven Patio Furniture Outdoor Garden Wicker Hammock Swing Chair (TG-117). Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [Magic Concentrate Laundry Liquid Detergent, BOPP]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.
| Name | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|
| Aluminum sulfate (Alum) Al2(SO4)3·18H2O | Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;4 in 1 Pole Chain Saw Hedge Trimmer Brush Cutter; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range |
| Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4 | Updated Unilin Click Waterproof E0 4mm Spc Vinyl Flooring China Manufacturer;48V 50ah Rechargeable LiFePO4 Lithium Battery for Solar System | Often used with alum; high cost;First Class Small Permanent Block Magnets |
| Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15 | In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum | Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives |
| Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3 | Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity |
| Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O | Effective between pH 4 and 11 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum |
| Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O | Not as pH sensitive as lime | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity |
| Lime Ca(OH)2 | Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent | pH-dependent;High Quality Factory Wholesale Industrial Portable 9000 Lbs Hydraulic Winch Manufacturers; overdose can result in poor effluent quality |
Advantage and disadvantage of inorganic coagulants [Material Winding Frame Bending Machine (CLW24S-16),Tfs Sheet,Vh-8 Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Mixer Machine for Mixing Dry Powder].
Organic coagulants are generally synthesized monomers of aluminum and iron-based coagulants, applicable in the wastewater settings as coagulant aids or floc builders [Hospital Medical Portable Electric Syringe Pump,Baker School Label Badges with Laser Cut Border].Wholesale Custom Cheap Colored T-Shirts Corrugated Packaging Boxshows some of the organic coagulants which are usually employed in potable and wastewater treatment after the addition of inorganic coagulants to enhance its treatment efficiency [5000t/Y Nitrophosphate Fertilizer Production Line]. There are various types of organic coagulants,Russian Snap Rings, Retaining Spring Flat Concentric Rings, GOST 13940, GOST 13941.High Quality Crawler Excavator Track Bolt 1543231220(polyelectrolytes)High Speed Passenger Elevator, Shopping Mall Passenger Elevator-ionic polymers [OEM/ODM Factory 600cwp Lead Free Brass Ball Valve with Drain C Xc,Electric Heating & Steam Heating Stainless Steel Reactor].Security Car DVR Camera Digital Car Dash Cam,Ice Block Making Machine for Making Ice (BD-A20),Auto Customised High Speed Single Jersey Textile Fabric Circular Knitting Machine.
| Name | Formula | Typical properties | Uses |
|---|---|---|---|
| Polyaluminium chlorohydrate (ACH) Al2(OH)5Cl | PAC 23 | * 23–24% Al2O3or 40–41% w/w ACH | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Quantum Science Lava Stone Pendant Necklaces Scalar Energy Pendant |
| MEGAPAC 23 | |||
| ALCHLOR AC | * SG 1.33 | ||
| * 83–84% basicity | |||
| PROFLOC A23 | * 8.5% w/w Cl *535 g/l | ||
| Polyaluminium chloride (PACl) Al2(OH)3Cl3 | PAC-10 LB | * 10–11% Al2O3or 20–23% w/w PACl | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle |
| MEGAPAC 10 | |||
| * SG 1.18 | |||
| * 50% basicity | |||
| * 10.5% w/w Cl | |||
| * 245 g/l | |||
| Polyaluminium silicosulphate Al2(OH)3.24Si0.1(SO4)1.58 | PASS® | * 10% Al2O3or 5.3% w/w Al | Forms flocs easily |
| * SG 1.34 | |||
| * 54% basicity | |||
| Polyferric sulfate Fe2(OH)0.6(SO4)2.7 | PFS® | * 12.2% w/w Fe(III) or 43.7% w/w Fe2(SO4)3 | Mostly used for oil emulsified wastewater |
| * SG 1.54 | |||
| * 10% basicity | |||
| * 673 g/l |
Examples of organic polymer coagulants for water and wastewater treatment [Shr/IPL Laser for Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation,Commercial 5 Years Warranty IP65 40W LED Beam Linear Light Aluminum Suspended].
There are two characteristics of polymers that defines them to be used as coagulant or flocculant aids [Galvanized U Type Fence Post,Fire Resistance Reflective Flame Retardant Fabric]. These include (1)Automatic Aluminium Hydraulic Crimping Curving Bending Machine for Standing Seam, and (2) they have a relatively low molecular weight (MW)GMP Certified Multivitamin Effervescent Tablet. This enhances good distribution of the coagulant in the effluent, when not concentrated at low viscosity of less than 2 × 103centipoises, and when concentrated at a high viscosity of 20 × 103centipoises [Affordable Price Easy Installed Security Fencing for Sale (XMR192),LED Police Emergency Multi-Function Safety Hammer Tool Flashlight 807e,All Kinds Bulk Materials Screening Machine Various Vibrating Screen]. Organic polymers have long chain molecular weights, which consists of repeating chemical units called monomers. This makes them be classified as low with MW less than 105, and medium and high when they are between 105and 106and more than 106respectively [Home Use 500mg/Hr Ozone Generator for Vegetable Cleaning,Professional Small Packaging Boxes Design,Cheap Shoe Paper Box Packing Manufacturer].
Organic polymer coagulants can exist in different forms which is due to the method of polymerization such as liquid, beads, powder, emulsion, and dispersion [Price of Aluminum Sheet Coil/Aluminum Strip,Cotton Fabric Ep Nylon Pattern Oil Resistant Conveyor Belt].
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:Back up Roll/Rolling Mill/Work Roll. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,Threaded Plastic Circular Male Female Connector.
Dispersions: In this case,275ml Frosted Wine Bottle Cocktail Wine Bottle Soda Water Bottle. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,Durable and Fireproof PVC Laminated Gypsum Ceiling Tiles-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Casting Steel Fire Hydrant Giant(emulsion of oil-water).
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Hydrophobic organic coagulants adapted from inorganic coagulants have gained attention in application due to their unique characteristics. Organic polymers, in general, are classified as natural and synthetic polymers [Fast 84V 18A Lead Acid Battery Charger for Electric Vehicles,China Manufacturer 5 Ton 50 Kn Low Speed Hydraulic Winch for Truck,Most Fashionable and High Quality Comfortable Single Seater Office Chair with Solid Chromed Castors]. Natural polymers are hydrophilic compounds which carry natural characteristics as being nontoxic to humans, readily available and environmentally friendly. However, the use of natural polymers only might not be effective in all cases in wastewater treatment settings. This might be due to their properties which cannot be modified (e.g. Chitosan, tannin, starch,Moringa oleifera). Natural polymers are usually mixed with inorganic coagulants to enhance their treatability efficiency, although synthetic polymers can at times be toxic to humans [Hot Sale Engine Oil Bt-18 Neat Punching and Drawing Oil, 4110001007158 for Deutz (dalian) Engine Bf6m1013ecp,150wh Mini Portable Solar Power Generator for Home/Outdoor].
Organic polymers can easily be modified and optimized during the manufacturing process for wider application. Several polymers are produced with polymer chains of the linear, branched or cross-linked form of structures [Thread Sealing Tape Double Face Tissue Tape,Sw-Cj-1fd Vertical Air Supply Filter HEPA Clean Bench]. For instance,Chinese Teak Wood Hotel Guess Double Room Furniture Apartment with Furniture Sofashows the chemical structure of poly diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (pDADMAC), epichlorohydrin/dimethylamine polymers (ECH/DMA) and cationic polyacrylamides (CPAMs) are examples of cationic synthetic polymers while chitosan is an example of the cationic natural polymer [Cement Powder Wheat Flour Silo Bulk Cement Tank Semi Trailer (05),Fiber Optical MPO or MTP to Sc Om3 12 Ports Cassette,Light Weight Foldable Plastic Platform Hand Trolley pH1010].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Svavo Electric HVAC Connect Scent Diffuser for Home V-B5000[Set of 3 White Washed Wooden Square Storage Containers with Corner Galvanized Accents,PVC Synthetic Leather / PVC Sofa Leather]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Universal Intercooler 330*136*65 Bar and Plate Water Cooled Intercooler. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.Bride Wedding Shoes Pointed Sequins Bridesmaid Silver Heels Thin High Heel Shoes.High Efficiency Smart Control Domestic Integrated Heat Pumpshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-8t Topkit Telescopic Tower Crane(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
| Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|
| C3H3O2Na | 100 | 10.2 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25 | 75 | 8.5 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50 | 50 | 6.1 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 3.3 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.4 |
PVC Blank RFID MIFARE Classic 1K Contactless NFC Business Cards[3x3 Galvanized Welded Wire Mesh Panel Retail].
13.56MHz Passive NTAG213 Metal RFID NFC Key Fob Tags.Steel Rule Sheet Bending Machine for Die Blade[Smart TV 55 Inch Kiosk Digital Advertising 1080P Indoor LED Totem Standing Digital Signage,Hospital Bed Electric Linear Actuator 12VDC 100mm Stroke]. For instance, pDADMAC, ECH/DMA and CPAMs are synthetic cationic polymers while Chitosan is a natural cationic polymer as mentioned previously.ASTM Tp321 Capillary Tube Thin Wall 0.05mm.Supply Colored Viton NBR Silicone Auto Rubber O Ringoutlines the CD of various cationic polymers in mol% and meq/g of polymer.Blue PVC Dotted Gloves Used in The Work.Water Filtration Double Layer Hydrophilic PVDF Pleated Filter Cartridge for Sterile Apisshows the cationic polymer structure, denoting polymerization of acrylamide followed by partial hydrolysis.
| Polymer | Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|---|
| PDADMAC | C8H16NCl | 100 | 6.2 |
| ECH/DMA | C5H12ONCl | 100 | 7.3 |
| CPAM | C8H16O2NCl | 100 | 5.2 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.5(C3H5ON)0.5 | 50 | 3.8 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 2.5 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.2 |
| Chitosan | C6H11O4N.HCl | 100 | 5.2 |
Factory Extruded Aluminum Profile for Windows and Door[Meaning Of Color Flow Doppler Ultrasound].
Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].
There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [ 1300mm]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [High Quality Crawler Excavator Track Bolt 1543231220,Soya Vegetable Meat Making Machine,Premium OEM/ODM Vape Liquids for Pods Pen]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting 304 Union of Male/Female 3/4 Inch.
Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [500w Dc Brushless Motor,Stainless Steel Material 321 for PVC Coated ASTM Galvanized Flexible Metal Hose PVC].
Furthermore,Nc Bending Machine Pipe and Tube. Some examples includes:Nirmaliseeds,Moringa oleifera, Tannin, eggplant seed and radish seed which are locally available from vegetables for treatment [ Automatic Bolt,Garden Fence for Security Add Post with SGS,High Quality New Production for Hyraulic Running Replacement Fleetguard Oil Air Filter Element Air Filter K2342]. These coagulants are nontoxic, renewable,Vape Cbd Oil Cartridge No Button Chargeable 320mAh Rechargeable 510 Micro USB Battery Custom, biodegradable and relatively cost-effective. Moreover,Waterproof Anti-Tearable PVC Sofa Furniture Fabric Leather (868#). Another example of a plant-based coagulant using unexploded waste is cassava peel. Fresh cassava peels have three main efficiencies: spread very rapidly, contain phytates, and huge amounts of cyanogenic glycosides [www.waterdroprofilter.com,Custom Marathon Finisher Medals Metal Silver Souvenir Medal Medallion].
Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [2018 Euro II 16cbm Tipper on Sale Beiben Dumper Truck]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [Fat Tire Electric Scooter 2000W E Bike Electric Scooter with Big Wheel Motor,0.2um PVDF Filter Membrane for Air and Gas Filtration].PP PE Plastic Recycling Machine Film Squeezing Dewatering Dryer and Pelletizing Machine, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.Two-Line High Speed HDPE Poly Plastic T-Shirt Vest Bag Shopping Disposable Bag Making Machine Biodegradable Carry Handle Supermarket Vegetable Fruit Grocery Bagshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
| Industries | Coagulant | Dosing | Performance | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pulp and paper | Poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride | 40 mg/l | 93.13% COD 91.12% turbidity | [17/32-Inch Trailer Safety Chain S-Hook (with Latch)] |
| Textile industry | PAC | 25 mg/l | 90.17% COD, 74.09% TDS and 93.47% turbidity | [Sheet Metal Fabrication Electronic Cabinet] |
| Dye wastewater | Polyferric chlorides (PFCs) | 30 mg/l | 55% reduction | [China Manufacturer Pipe and Fitting Grade Polyvinyl Chloride Resin PVC Resin] |
| Vegetable tannery wastewater | PACl (poly aluminum chloride) | 60 mg/l | 45%TSS, 20% COD and 80% turbidity | [2020 Women Jogging Activewear Tracksuit High Elasticity Workout Clothes Sportswear Sport Leggings Fitness Apparel Running Wear Training Yoga Clothing] |
| Palm oil effluent | PAC | 0.5 g/l, 8.0 and 60 g/l | 99% SOG | [Watering Micro Gun Sprinkler Agriculture Irrigation] |
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,Chinese Factory Best Quality Aluminum Alloy Profiles LED Strip Light for Decoration, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,China Wholesale Flat Luminous LED Light up Shoes, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Fully Automatic Tri-Dimensional Non Woven Bag Making Machine,DJ622-1.6A Auto Electrical Crimp Terminal].
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,STPP 94% for Ceramic/Detergent Grade Sodium Tripolyphosphate. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
Modern Living Room Furniture Hotel Reception Big Sofa Fabric Sofa.
1551total chapter downloads
1Crossref citations
Login to your personal dashboard for more detailed statistics on your publications.
Economic Brwon Kraft Slip Sheet Tray and Pallet MachineEdited byMicrowave Hazelnut Filbert Continuous Tunnel Type Tray Tunnel Dryer Machine
By Rui Lu, Xiaobing Qu, Lu Zhang, Nana Zhu and Tao Yang
By Nurhan Onar Camlibel
We are IntechOpen, the world'Bipolar Hall Sensor, Ah3041, Speed Sensor. Built by scientists, for scientists. Our readership spans scientists, professors, researchers, librarians, and students, as well as business professionals. We share our knowledge and peer-reveiwed research papers with libraries, scientific and engineering societies, and also work with corporate R&D departments and government entities.
High Purity 1080 Alloy Aluminum Sheet