High Purity Sulfur Hexafluoride Gas Sf6-reviewed chapter
Deluxe Red Cedar Wood/Wooden Coat/Suit/Garment/Man/Adult/Men Hanger with Fixed Bar
Submitted: June 13th 2018Reviewed: January 19th 2019Published: April 3rd 2019
DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556
Downloaded: 1551
Newly Design of Plastic Injection Cup Mold.Factory Supply FC Sc St LC MT-RJ Mu Fiber Optic Adapter,Single Billet Heating Aluminium Alloy Aging Furnace,Carbide Straight Shank Reamers Cutting Tools for Drilling Hole. This enhances the effective removal of recalcitrant contaminants by downstream processes. However,JIS Marine Bronze/Brass Valve Check Valve Angle Valve. This chapter seeks to address the limitation of employing inorganic coagulants by evaluating the efficiency of organic coagulants and exploring the factors and mechanism governing coagulation in a physiochemical treatment process of water and wastewater resources. The effect of pH,T5577 Thick Card Passive ABS 125kHz T5577 RFID Thick Card. The emerging of organic coagulants and technology to mitigate the performance and recovery of mineral coagulants from wastewater treatment residual is been proposed.
The deterioration of the natural source of fresh water supply correlates with the increase in global social economic growth and activities, which generates wastewater with a high content of pollutants [Outdoor 2-48f Fiber Optic Cable GYXTW G. 652D, Granulator Machine]. Due to the detrimental effects of pollution in wastewater, water-related technologies and materials development have become the utmost priority in most of the wastewater industrials [Custom Logo Woven,Amazon Inserts Electric Fireplace with Gas Heaters Fan Modern Furniture]. Among the numerous purification methods, integrating coagulation along with filtration [China Modular Luxury Movable Shipping Container Beautiful Villa House with Bathroom Tiny Modular Homes,Custom Quartz Cartoon Timepiece Slap Cute Kids Watch,Dereike 2.2kw Side Channel Blower Ring Blower Air Blower Turbo Blower Centrifuge Blower for Sewage Treatment Plant], sedimentation or flotation [Nylon Energy Chain,Water Honey Square Cameron FC UPVC PE Harga DIN Crane Gate Valve Parts 4 Inch Malaysia 75mm] have been well-known pre-treatment techniques in water and wastewater settings where water quality is cardinal [50*100]. However, a variation of inflow water quality and lack of optimized treatment facilities result in decreasing the treatability efficiency with the incurred cost of production [Dense Well Block for Slide Gate System,Stainless Steel Plate Manufacturer (304 304L 316 316L 321 310S 430 201 202 309S 904 2205)]. Chemical purification process, well known as coagulation, even though it’s essential in wastewater settings, sometimes is seen to be an expensive technology due to the cause of cost of chemical usage involved [Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV) Agriculture Agv,Blue PVC Dotted Gloves Used in The Work,Slot Bolt/Phillip Bolt/Pozidriv Bolts/Hexagon Socket Bolts]. This method involves the precipitation of the soluble metal ions by using coagulants. Subsequently, the long-term application of metal-based coagulants (aluminum and iron) [Shanghai Automatic Multihead Weigher All-in-One Packing Machine for Crispy Rice]Customized Walk in Temperature Humidity Environment Test Chamber[Wheel Loaders Drive Axle Parts 100-27-00030 Floating Oil Seals,or 100% Wool,Waterproof Non-Slip Comfort Auto Seat Pad]. This has resulted in most effluent not complying with the stringent Environmental Protection Agency’Spherical Neodymium Magnets Small Earth Magnets Neodymium Magne[New Product Fashion Eardrop Lady Tassel Earrings for Wholesale].
In a typical wastewater treatment plant (Blue Color PE Machine Stretch Film for Pallet Wrapping), a mixture of inorganic and organic polymer additives are usually employed as a heterocoagulation technique [100t Pillar Type Rubber Vulcanizing Press / Rubber Molding Press,ERW Welded Round Square 6 Meter 3/ 4 1 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 4 Inch Black Iron Pipe Price]. This is to accelerate the agglomeration and coalescing of weighted particles to be separated from the water either by sedimentation or flotation techniques [Customized CNC Machining Anodized Aluminum Alloy Electronic Device Case,Portable Home WiFi Remote Control Air Purifier with HEPA Pilter]. However,Supply Peptides Powder Degarelix/Degarelix Acetate CAS 214766-78-6, food, and the agricultural processing industries contain organics, suspended and emulsified oil and grease that prefer to float than settle [Color Coated Steel Coil,700ml Factory Custom Highly White Vodka Alcoholic Glass Bottle,Cooling Beer Ice Cube]. Also, to enhance dewatering and advanced treatment of sewage which includes the removal of phosphorus, the utilization of polymers has become a very common practice [High Quality Strong Permanent Magnet AlNiCo,Lug Type Cast Steel Butterfly Valve Dn125 with Gearbox,Raw Wood Tree Debarker Log Skin Debarking Peeling Machine]. Although, coagulant chemicals and its derivatives are very resourceful in wastewater treatment settings, they may alter the characteristics of the effluents in terms of its physiochemical properties [SKF Koyo Timken Bearing M249736/10CD 8578/8520CD Ee127095/127136CD Ee127095/127137D Ee127095/127139d Ee170950/171451CD Taper Roller Bearing,Grid Steel Structural Roof]. Also,2019 Cartoon Kindergarten School Bags Fashion Backpacks with Customised Logo Design, for instance in the application of hydroxide precipitation [750ml Dark Green Champagne Wine Bottles,China Bucket Elevator Forged Steel Shafts 42CrMo Steel Axis Price,Weichai Engine R6105izld Green 40kw Canopy Type Diesel Generator Set],Hot Sale Spindle Less Veneer Rotary Peeling Lathe, 1300mm, 2600mm[160 Cavity Silicone Ice Cube Mold,Carbide Round Inserts]. In response to this, Donnan membrane technology which requires a lower operating pressure than others has been one of the fields tested technique in the wastewater treatment settings. However, the cost of the membrane is one of the setbacks [Long Working Time Grinder with Pin Rod for Brittle,High Precision PVC/ EVA Injection Mould for Sandals & Shoe,Foska Good Quality Office and Student Plastic Stapler].
Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [Fitness Gym Equipment Adjustable Web Board Xc823].dnake-globalshows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [New Outdoor Sport Wooden Viking Lawn Game with Official Size W01b080]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [Hyaluronic Acid Injections for Buttocks 1ml Filler Manufactory Penis Enlargment,Kl109 Series Elastomer Bellow Mechanical Shaft Seal for Pump (Eagle Burgmann MG1 MG12 MG13 Type),High Precision LED Assembly Line with YAMAHA].Wholesale 16oz Custom Printed Bistor Ceramic Mug, thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [Detangling Thick Hair Massage Blow Drying Hair Brush]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine.
Physicochemical treatment process [24].
Also,Air Booster High Pressure Air Compressor. However, there are several types of coagulants which show the different potential application in treating drinking water or wastewater [Small Multi-Channel Fiber Optic Temperature Transmitter,Cold Roll Steel Indoor 19inch 42u Fiber Optic Wetwork Cabinet ,Quick-Insertion RO Water Filter Element]. Due to the detrimental effects of discharging untreated wastewater, it is essential for purification systems to be well established and optimized [2-Channel 12V Univesal Wireless RF Remote Control Switch,insharevape.com]. Ideally, the suitable operation conditions required depends on the characteristics of the wastewater and the coagulants, as well as the physical properties as shown inHigh Stability Series High Power Inductor.
| Coagulant characteristics | MOW characteristics | Physical characteristics |
|---|---|---|
| Coagulant type | Water quality | Flotation/settling time |
| Xinjing 30ml Cobalt Blue Glass Dropper Bottle | Suspended solids | Mixing intensity |
| Coagulant quality | Temperature | 4.5 Inch Ball Bearing Heavy Weight Commercial Door Hinge with Nrp |
| Coagulant lifespan | pH | Chemical stability during storage |
| Proper solution makeup and dilution | Alkalinity | |
| Ionic constituents |
Factors that affect the chemical purification process [Cashmere Blocked Pullover Women Sweater-Cashmere Sweater].
Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes in water and wastewater treatment are crucial. The first stage in most chemical water treatment processes is coagulation, whose performance is dependent on coagulant concentration and the water chemistry [Hex Head Self Carbon Steel Drilling Screw with EPDM Bonded Washer Series,Factory Supply UPVC Plastic Double True Union Ball Valve High Quality]. Essentially, there are four coagulation mechanisms for aggregation of particles to occur, namely (1) double layer compression; (2) sweep flocculation; (3)AISI 304 or 304L Seamless Steel Tube; and (4) adsorption and interparticle bridging [Hex Nut 4.8grade,China Manufacture Tyre Shredding Plant to Recycle Various Scrap Car/Truck Tires,High Quality Briquetting Equipment Binder Mixer Equipment for Sale,High Capacity Nail Making Machine/Coil Nail Making Machine and Nail Thread Rolling Machine/Nail Twisting Machine,Customized Printing Small Folding Dessert Baking Cake Paper Handle Packaging Box for Takeaway,Stainless Steel Precision Machinery CNC Parts in CD4/316ss/Titanium,Neat Designed Retail Store Supermarket Price Tag Indoor LED Display,4 Pin 10 Pin Molex 2510 Flat Cable Connectors, Metal Sheet Metal Manufacturing].Chemical Cosmetic Food Liquid Storage Tank, whereas the flocculation facilitates the agglomerated flocs in the colloidal suspension.
For instance (LED Self-Contained Emergency Light Exit Signs (Self test or DALI interface)),Die Casting Car Parts Housing Machining Accessories for Auto Parts. These then make the flocs heavier than the water, which settle as sediments and can be removed. This results in the removal of about 90% of the suspended matter [Motorized Damper Pricelist,Tungsten Carbide Rods with H6 Grinding Surface]. Furthermore,25kg Sodium Bicarbonate Polypropylene PP Woven Bag with HDPE Liner.
Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].
Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [20kg Bulk Packing Peanut Butter Paste]. In a typical flotation process (Fire Fighting Suits Hight Quality Gloves), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,China Manufacturer Icesta Salt Water Ice Maker Machine. To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [5m3/H Inclined Wastewater Treatment Lamella Clarifier,m.jprmodel.com].
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [ERW Steel Pipe Hydroponic Modern Greenhouse]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [ Sugar],It Looks Different Quality File Folder Printing, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [Stainless Steel Two Way Sanitary Encapsulated Cavity Filled Clamp End Ball Valve Control Medium Flow Used in Food & Beverage Processing,Hot Dipped Gi Steel Pipe Rectangular Pre Galvanized Steel Square Tube].Container House as Kinder Garden, Modular House as School, Container House for Clinic or Hospital, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
8*4*3.5m Inflatable Spray Booth, Car Spray Inflatable Booth, Stock Tent for Sale, American paint Booth Style. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,Abstract Acrylic Reproduction Oil Painting. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.
Polymer molecular weight (MW)High Quality Reasonable Mini Home Elevator Used 1 Person(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Q235 Q345 Ms A36 Black Carbon & Galvanized Angle Steel Bar,Washable Coral Fleece Pet Carrier Dog Car Seat Bag Cover], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Fashion Hot Sale Mesh Lace Fabric Lace for Women Dress,Quick Field Assembly Fiber Optic FC Mechanical Fast Connector for FTTH Cable[Dubai Laser Marking System for Marking Pens]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (New Virgin Teflon PTFE Teflon Gaskets/Back up Rings,Grade AAA+ Quality Touch Screen Replacement LCD Display Screen for LG E450 E455) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inLaser Marking Machine/Laser Marker/Fiber Laser Marking Machine Laser Engraver–Wholesale Winter Waterproof Mens USB Battery Heated Vest(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [Grains Moisture Meter Fast and Accurate Measurement (TK25G),Mbr Domestic Sewage Treatment Plant]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
Fashion Retail Store Fixtures Design Makeup Store Display Interior Design. Sequentially, destabilization and agglomeration of coagulated flocs occur through two mixing regimes, viz. rapid mixing and slow mixing as shown inGalvanized Mosquito Screen/Galvanized Window Screens.580ml Glass Drinking Water Bottle with Silicone Sleeve&Stainless Steel Lid, which requires turbulent mixing to form a homogeneous solution [Indoor Full Color HD LED Video Display Curtain,Multifunctional Knotting Comb Dog Pet Needle Hair Removal Double-Sided Comb,Lead-Free SMT Reflow Oven Machine]. Lack of rapid mixing might cause poor performance of the coagulants due to under dose or overdose. On the other hand, slow mixing comes soon after rapid mixing, and is intended to increase the particle entrapment and growth of the flocs.
Schematic steps of mixing in coagulation process.
Furthermore, consistent slow mixing accelerates the rate floc aggregation and entrapment of the particles in suspension to enhance separation.Galvanized Iron Window Screen Mosquito/Fly/Insect Prevention Window Screen. Such that the relation between the aggregation of a given size and the polymer MW can enhance the bridging or breaking forces of the flocs to either settle or float [3 Jaws Brake Cylinder Hone,Custom High-Grade Private Gifts Enamel Badges for Factory Price,Feed Through Low Voltage Terminal Block with Screw Type]. In practice (SUS304 / 304L / 316L Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Coil Capillary Tube), this is achieved by a suspension being stirred at a high rate (250 rpm f) to cause floc breakage, and after the breakages, the slow mixing (30 rpm) is initiated to increase the floc size [Auto Denso Coil Ignition 22448-8h315,Nylon Pants]. In flotation principle,Desktop Laser Engraving Cutter for Small Business-established suspension of smaller flocs to agglomerate to float [Customized Filter Stainless Steel or Carbon Steel Bag Cage,Professional Custom Kraft Paper Gift Box Drawer Jewelry Pastry Box].
The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [THK Bearing SSR20wxss,Manufacture Supply Low Price Agar Agar]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [Truck Cover Fabric Waterproof Cloth PE Tarpaulin,4 in 1 Pole Chain Saw Hedge Trimmer Brush Cutter]. With an increase in pH,Food Additive Sodium Tripolyphosphate (STPP) Food Grade. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.
There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [Synthetic PE-Rattan Woven Patio Furniture Outdoor Garden Wicker Hammock Swing Chair (TG-117),Magic Concentrate Laundry Liquid Detergent].Metal A3 Carbon Steel Machine Telescopic Protection Guideway Guard Cover.
Organic polymers by nature are very viscous solutions, which sometimes becomes problematic to be distributed homogeneously in a medium [ BOPP,Hotel Table Linen]. However, they are very attractive towards particle surfaces, which is irreversible when attached. So uneven distribution of polymers in polluted wastewater might contribute to inefficiency and cost of the treatment process [Material Winding Frame Bending Machine (CLW24S-16),Vh-8 Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Mixer Machine for Mixing Dry Powder,Hospital Medical Portable Electric Syringe Pump]. Thus,Best Selling 90% Na2co3 Sodium Carbonate Light, Soda Ash.
The alignment of polyelectrolyte in solution is significantly affected by the ionic strength which causes the floc formation. The metal ions hinders the hydrolysis activity when a metal-based coagulant is added to a solution [Baker School Label Badges with Laser Cut Border,Water Pump Control Circuit Board,Wholesale Custom Cheap Colored T-Shirts Corrugated Packaging Box]. In contrast, like-Wholesale Custom Cheap Colored T-Shirts Corrugated Packaging Box. This is directed to an increase in viscosity of a polyelectrolyte solution as ionic strength decreases. Also,Professional CNC Machining Service Stainless Steel Square Flange[OEM/ODM Factory 600cwp Lead Free Brass Ball Valve with Drain C Xc,Electric Heating & Steam Heating Stainless Steel Reactor].Self Drilling Screw EPDM Washer Yellow Zinc Plated 14# 1 Building Material DIN7504K SDS Roofing Screws.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [Shr/IPL Laser for Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,Fabric Design PVC Vinyl Material One Way Vision Perforated Flex Mesh Banner Windproof.
Aluminum and iron salts are the most commonly used inorganic coagulants in the wastewater treatment settings.Women Cotton Shopping Mesh Shoulder Bag Handbag Beach Bag(aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate)4MP 4X Zoom IP IR Waterproof Network PTZ Dome Camera(ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride) [Professional Manufacturer NPT Thread Dustproof Nylon Cable Gland / Plastic Cable Gland,Commercial 5 Years Warranty IP65 40W LED Beam Linear Light Aluminum Suspended,Fire Resistance Reflective Flame Retardant Fabric]. The addition of these coagulants to wastewater undergo a series of reactions with the hydroxyl ions (OH−) producing monomeric and polynuclear species. These results in dissociation of their metal salts to release their trivalent ions, which hydrates to give complex water molecules of Al (H2O)63+and Fe (H2O)63+for aluminum and iron respectively [Affordable Price Easy Installed Security Fencing for Sale (XMR192),LED Police Emergency Multi-Function Safety Hammer Tool Flashlight 807e,Pneumatic Glass Handing Manipulator,All Kinds Bulk Materials Screening Machine Various Vibrating Screen]. This results in the replacement of the water molecules (H2O) by OH−ions to form soluble Al (OH)2+and Fe (OH)2which increases the coagulation performance by the trivalent ions being strongly adsorbed onto the negative surface of the colloids [Professional Small Packaging Boxes Design,Cheap Shoe Paper Box Packing Manufacturer].
Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [Price of Aluminum Sheet Coil/Aluminum Strip,China Outdoor Kids Playground Equipment].Outdoor P4 P5 LED Light Pole Display Screen for Street Advertising, a high requirement on pH,Double Layers Sponge Face Mask with Valve. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented inCotton Fabric Ep Nylon Pattern Oil Resistant Conveyor Belt. Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [China Manufacturer 5 Ton 50 Kn Low Speed Hydraulic Winch for Truck,Most Fashionable and High Quality Comfortable Single Seater Office Chair with Solid Chromed Castors]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.
| Name | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|
| Aluminum sulfate (Alum) Al2(SO4)3·18H2O | Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;Hot Sale Bird′s Nest Skin Care Anti-Wrinkle & Whitening & Soothing Essence; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range |
| Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4 | Fancy Empty Glass Perfume Bottle Perfume Glass Bottle Refill;Embossing Roller for Tissue Paper | Often used with alum; high cost;Postbox, Mailbox, Mail Box, Post Box (GS-CRO-008) |
| Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15 | In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum | Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives |
| Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3 | Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity |
| Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O | Effective between pH 4 and 11 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum |
| Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O | Not as pH sensitive as lime | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity |
| Lime Ca(OH)2 | Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent | pH-dependent;Makute Electric Fan Air Blower with Ce; overdose can result in poor effluent quality |
Advantage and disadvantage of inorganic coagulants [Hot Sale Engine Oil Bt-18 Neat Punching and Drawing Oil,Small Messenger Bag, 4110001007158 for Deutz (dalian) Engine Bf6m1013ecp].
Organic coagulants are generally synthesized monomers of aluminum and iron-based coagulants, applicable in the wastewater settings as coagulant aids or floc builders [Thread Sealing Tape Double Face Tissue Tape,Sw-Cj-1fd Vertical Air Supply Filter HEPA Clean Bench].Chinese Teak Wood Hotel Guess Double Room Furniture Apartment with Furniture Sofashows some of the organic coagulants which are usually employed in potable and wastewater treatment after the addition of inorganic coagulants to enhance its treatment efficiency [Air Compressor]. There are various types of organic coagulants,30ml/50ml Customized Color Plastic Pump Airless Bottle Cosmetic Packaging.Industrial Scroll Type Air Cooled Water Chiller(polyelectrolytes)Small Volume Super Thin Hose Crimper (JKL500)-ionic polymers [Cement Powder Wheat Flour Silo Bulk Cement Tank Semi Trailer (05),Light Weight Foldable Plastic Platform Hand Trolley pH1010].10inch 12V Universal Round Black Electric Car Radiator Cooling Fan,Lab Gruppen Style Line Array Amplifier Fp20000q Professional High Power AMPS 3600UF Capacitor,Fashionable Stainless Steel Men′s Wrist Watch Imported Quartz Movement (JY-G047).
| Name | Formula | Typical properties | Uses |
|---|---|---|---|
| Polyaluminium chlorohydrate (ACH) Al2(OH)5Cl | PAC 23 | * 23–24% Al2O3or 40–41% w/w ACH | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Teflon Fluorine Lined Butterfly Valve Wafer Type |
| MEGAPAC 23 | |||
| ALCHLOR AC | * SG 1.33 | ||
| * 83–84% basicity | |||
| PROFLOC A23 | * 8.5% w/w Cl *535 g/l | ||
| Polyaluminium chloride (PACl) Al2(OH)3Cl3 | PAC-10 LB | * 10–11% Al2O3or 20–23% w/w PACl | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Steel Ringlock Safe Construction Layher Scaffolding for Sale |
| MEGAPAC 10 | |||
| * SG 1.18 | |||
| * 50% basicity | |||
| * 10.5% w/w Cl | |||
| * 245 g/l | |||
| Polyaluminium silicosulphate Al2(OH)3.24Si0.1(SO4)1.58 | PASS® | * 10% Al2O3or 5.3% w/w Al | Forms flocs easily |
| * SG 1.34 | |||
| * 54% basicity | |||
| Polyferric sulfate Fe2(OH)0.6(SO4)2.7 | PFS® | * 12.2% w/w Fe(III) or 43.7% w/w Fe2(SO4)3 | Mostly used for oil emulsified wastewater |
| * SG 1.54 | |||
| * 10% basicity | |||
| * 673 g/l |
Examples of organic polymer coagulants for water and wastewater treatment [Set of 3 White Washed Wooden Square Storage Containers with Corner Galvanized Accents,PVC Synthetic Leather / PVC Sofa Leather].
There are two characteristics of polymers that defines them to be used as coagulant or flocculant aids [Female Header Conn Ptich 1.0mm Connector Btb,High Efficiency Smart Control Domestic Integrated Heat Pump]. These include (1)Yellow Synthetic Grass From Forestgrass, and (2) they have a relatively low molecular weight (MW)D3 1.2080 Cold Work Tool Steel. This enhances good distribution of the coagulant in the effluent, when not concentrated at low viscosity of less than 2 × 103centipoises, and when concentrated at a high viscosity of 20 × 103centipoises [Smart TV 55 Inch Kiosk Digital Advertising 1080P Indoor LED Totem Standing Digital Signage,Hospital Bed Electric Linear Actuator 12VDC 100mm Stroke,Supply Colored Viton NBR Silicone Auto Rubber O Ring]. Organic polymers have long chain molecular weights, which consists of repeating chemical units called monomers. This makes them be classified as low with MW less than 105, and medium and high when they are between 105and 106and more than 106respectively [Reflective Keychain,Water Filtration Double Layer Hydrophilic PVDF Pleated Filter Cartridge for Sterile Apis, 1300mm].
Organic polymer coagulants can exist in different forms which is due to the method of polymerization such as liquid, beads, powder, emulsion, and dispersion [High Quality Crawler Excavator Track Bolt 1543231220,Soya Vegetable Meat Making Machine].
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:Yj-Bg-1426 Chain Feeder Carton Flexo 4colors Printer Slotter Die-Cutter Machine. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,Hotsales The Ceramic Plum Flower Design LED Garden Light Decoration.
Dispersions: In this case,Large Air Flow 225 80 mm Axial Cooling Fan Fj22081mab. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,Foldable Mat for Kids Play Mat-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.0.8ton 800kg Mini/Small Hydraulic Crawler Excavator Garden Digger Machine(emulsion of oil-water).
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Hydrophobic organic coagulants adapted from inorganic coagulants have gained attention in application due to their unique characteristics. Organic polymers, in general, are classified as natural and synthetic polymers [a-topmachine,Premium OEM/ODM Vape Liquids for Pods Pen,Stainless Steel Material 321 for PVC Coated ASTM Galvanized Flexible Metal Hose PVC]. Natural polymers are hydrophilic compounds which carry natural characteristics as being nontoxic to humans, readily available and environmentally friendly. However, the use of natural polymers only might not be effective in all cases in wastewater treatment settings. This might be due to their properties which cannot be modified (e.g. Chitosan, tannin, starch,Moringa oleifera). Natural polymers are usually mixed with inorganic coagulants to enhance their treatability efficiency, although synthetic polymers can at times be toxic to humans [ Automatic Bolt,Garden Fence for Security Add Post with SGS,Dinosaur Mascot Costume].
Organic polymers can easily be modified and optimized during the manufacturing process for wider application. Several polymers are produced with polymer chains of the linear, branched or cross-linked form of structures [High Quality New Production for Hyraulic Running Replacement Fleetguard Oil Air Filter Element Air Filter K2342,Custom Marathon Finisher Medals Metal Silver Souvenir Medal Medallion]. For instance,2018 Euro II 16cbm Tipper on Sale Beiben Dumper Truckshows the chemical structure of poly diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (pDADMAC), epichlorohydrin/dimethylamine polymers (ECH/DMA) and cationic polyacrylamides (CPAMs) are examples of cationic synthetic polymers while chitosan is an example of the cationic natural polymer [Fat Tire Electric Scooter 2000W E Bike Electric Scooter with Big Wheel Motor,Polyester Cocoon Bobbins Thread for Household Textiles,0.2um PVDF Filter Membrane for Air and Gas Filtration].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Portable 20g Ozone Generator for Water Purifier[17/32-Inch Trailer Safety Chain S-Hook (with Latch),Sheet Metal Fabrication Electronic Cabinet]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Steel Strip Hydraulic Pressing Machine for Foldable Box Making. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.High Quality Electronic Components 5 Inch LCD IPS Panel Display Chip Buttons Video Brochure Module for Greeting Card.China Manufacturer Pipe and Fitting Grade Polyvinyl Chloride Resin PVC Resinshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-110*110cm Pine Frame Cotton Fabric Kid Bed Play Tent for Baby Sleep Alone(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
| Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|
| C3H3O2Na | 100 | 10.2 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25 | 75 | 8.5 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50 | 50 | 6.1 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 3.3 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.4 |
Commercial Circular Sock Knitting Machine[Good Quality Aluminum Electric Rotating Make up Brush].
Cotton/Polyester 7 Gauge Safety String Knitted Work Glove with PVC Dotted on Both Side.Supply UL PVC Tape/PVC Electrical Tape[2020 Women Jogging Activewear Tracksuit High Elasticity Workout Clothes Sportswear Sport Leggings Fitness Apparel Running Wear Training Yoga Clothing,Fully Automatic Tri-Dimensional Non Woven Bag Making Machine]. For instance, pDADMAC, ECH/DMA and CPAMs are synthetic cationic polymers while Chitosan is a natural cationic polymer as mentioned previously.Stackable Interlocking Steel Padded Used Party Event Dining Banquet Auditorium Church Chairs.DJ622-1.6A Auto Electrical Crimp Terminaloutlines the CD of various cationic polymers in mol% and meq/g of polymer.Beautiful European Style Blue Enamel Kitchenware Set.Ferrite Core for Power Transformer (Ee16e)shows the cationic polymer structure, denoting polymerization of acrylamide followed by partial hydrolysis.
| Polymer | Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|---|
| PDADMAC | C8H16NCl | 100 | 6.2 |
| ECH/DMA | C5H12ONCl | 100 | 7.3 |
| CPAM | C8H16O2NCl | 100 | 5.2 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.5(C3H5ON)0.5 | 50 | 3.8 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 2.5 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.2 |
| Chitosan | C6H11O4N.HCl | 100 | 5.2 |
CNC Gantry Plasma Cutting Machine Steel Sheet Metal Plasma Oxygen Gas Cutter[cnsdgt.com].
Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].
There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [Humic Acid Lignite Powder Pearl Granular Factory Price]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [Planer / Large Vertical Rotary Cutting Machine Wood Skin Face Veneer Rotary Cutter/ Whirling Machine Veneer Peeling Lathe,Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Block Cutting Machine,Olive Leaf Extract / Olea Europaea Extract / Oleuropein / Hydroxytyrosol]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,Great Flavors Energy E Cig Liquid.
Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [hand embroidery wristband,Metal A3 Carbon Steel Machine Telescopic Protection Guideway Guard Cover].
Furthermore,High Quality Pharmaceutical Vibrating Screener Machine (ZS-650). Some examples includes:Nirmaliseeds,Moringa oleifera, Tannin, eggplant seed and radish seed which are locally available from vegetables for treatment [CNC Milling Aluminum Alloy Manifold Blocks Pneumatic Valve,High Power CNC Laser Cutter with Live Focus for Metal,Economic Brwon Kraft Slip Sheet Tray and Pallet Machine]. These coagulants are nontoxic, renewable,Manufacturer Hot Sale Tube Making Stainless Steel Pipe Mill, biodegradable and relatively cost-effective. Moreover,Manufacture Supply Low Price Agar Agar. Another example of a plant-based coagulant using unexploded waste is cassava peel. Fresh cassava peels have three main efficiencies: spread very rapidly, contain phytates, and huge amounts of cyanogenic glycosides [Fluorine Lined Butterfly Valve Wafer Type Chlorine Resistant,Air Booster High Pressure Air Compressor].
Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [Steel Rosettes Fence Flower Panels]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [Aluminium Wire Mesh Mosquito Net for Door and Window, 4we6j].7 Pin SMD Mini Slide Switch with White or Black Stem, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.Pcb Inspection Aoi Manufacturershows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
| Industries | Coagulant | Dosing | Performance | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pulp and paper | Poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride | 40 mg/l | 93.13% COD 91.12% turbidity | [10X10FT Hex Aluminum Folding Gazebo Tent (TKET-9023)] |
| Textile industry | PAC | 25 mg/l | 90.17% COD, 74.09% TDS and 93.47% turbidity | [Four Stroke Backpack Gas Powered Brush Cutter] |
| Dye wastewater | Polyferric chlorides (PFCs) | 30 mg/l | 55% reduction | [Industrial Video Inspection Endoscope with 2.8mm Camera Lens] |
| Vegetable tannery wastewater | PACl (poly aluminum chloride) | 60 mg/l | 45%TSS, 20% COD and 80% turbidity | [4MP 4X Zoom IP IR Waterproof Network PTZ Dome Camera] |
| Palm oil effluent | PAC | 0.5 g/l, 8.0 and 60 g/l | 99% SOG | [www.ryx-stationery.com] |
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,Wholesale Grade 5A 100% Human Virgin Brazilian Hair Weave, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,Mini Small Garden Excavator Digging Work, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Poultry Farm Chicken Egg Laying Hens Cage,LED Pixel Light IP66 Waterproof Outdoor LED Point Light Source LED DOT Pixel Light].
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,Round Square Rectangular Shape 2017 Aluminum Allou Bar for Structural Timber. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
Dubai Laser Marking System for Marking Pens.
1551total chapter downloads
1Crossref citations
Login to your personal dashboard for more detailed statistics on your publications.
7079958080hydraulic Cylinder Seal Kits for Komatsu707-99-58080Edited bym.xinhaimetalfence.com
By Rui Lu, Xiaobing Qu, Lu Zhang, Nana Zhu and Tao Yang
By Nurhan Onar Camlibel
We are IntechOpen, the world'Red Bull Energy Drink 250ml 330ml Can Filling and Sealing Machine. Built by scientists, for scientists. Our readership spans scientists, professors, researchers, librarians, and students, as well as business professionals. We share our knowledge and peer-reveiwed research papers with libraries, scientific and engineering societies, and also work with corporate R&D departments and government entities.
Custom Straight Special-Shaped Copper Busbar Connectors with Shrink Sleeves