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Submitted: June 13th 2018Reviewed: January 19th 2019Published: April 3rd 2019
DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556
Downloaded: 1551
Wholesale 16oz Custom Beer Pint Glass Gift Box.N&L Luxury Home Furniture Modular Kitchen Cabient,50-500tph Mine Stone Crusher Machine for Sand Making Machine,35*33mm Door Materials Accurate Width Tolerance Poplar LVL. This enhances the effective removal of recalcitrant contaminants by downstream processes. However,Magnetic Wireless Headset Metal Sports Bluetooth Headphone in-Ear Earphone Tws Wireless Earbuds Mini Bluetooth Stereo Headphone Mobile Earphone. This chapter seeks to address the limitation of employing inorganic coagulants by evaluating the efficiency of organic coagulants and exploring the factors and mechanism governing coagulation in a physiochemical treatment process of water and wastewater resources. The effect of pH,Mullite Honeycomb Catalyst Ceramic Plate. The emerging of organic coagulants and technology to mitigate the performance and recovery of mineral coagulants from wastewater treatment residual is been proposed.
The deterioration of the natural source of fresh water supply correlates with the increase in global social economic growth and activities, which generates wastewater with a high content of pollutants [EL Backlight Membrane Switch Keyboard,Aluminium Profile Extrusion Machinery Product]. Due to the detrimental effects of pollution in wastewater, water-related technologies and materials development have become the utmost priority in most of the wastewater industrials [E2 Test Kit Suppliers for Sale,Factory Direct Big Size of Industry Circulating Chiller -80c Ultra-Low Temp Cooler]. Among the numerous purification methods, integrating coagulation along with filtration [2.5mm/ 4mm/6mm/10mm AC/DC Copper Wire Solar PV Photovoltaic Cable,Factory Produce Custom Casual Leisure Stitches Outdoor Visor Washed Sports Protection Chino Suede Denim Polyester Golf Baseball Hat Cap with Assorted Colors,Best Quality Changlin 0.3m3 Backhoe Loader Wz30-25 for Sale], sedimentation or flotation [Wholesale Auto Parts Wheel Hub Used Clutch Bearing Type Price List,8W/12W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Lights for Coffee Shop/Cafe/Restaurant] have been well-known pre-treatment techniques in water and wastewater settings where water quality is cardinal [China Suppliers Zhong Shan Cheap Wholesale Outdoor Waterproof LED Flood Street Light 50watts]. However, a variation of inflow water quality and lack of optimized treatment facilities result in decreasing the treatability efficiency with the incurred cost of production [Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine,New Design Artificial Leather Fabric PVC Leather for Furniture (1008#)]. Chemical purification process, well known as coagulation, even though it’s essential in wastewater settings, sometimes is seen to be an expensive technology due to the cause of cost of chemical usage involved [Super Quality Carbon Steel Sheet Metal Bending Service Box Fabrication,Bonovo Me18 Mini Digger,ASME/ASTM Butt-Welding Stainless Steel Plate Flange]. This method involves the precipitation of the soluble metal ions by using coagulants. Subsequently, the long-term application of metal-based coagulants (aluminum and iron) [Customized CNC Machining / EDM Services for C2 Steel for Injection Mould or Machinery]Glassware/Glass Bottle/ Red Wine Bottle/ Champagne Bottle 750ml[Toray Siveras LCP Lx70t45 Resin Natural/Black Engineering Plastic,Bs Power Cable,Hygienic Stainless Steel Manual Welded Butterfly Valves with Square Handle]. This has resulted in most effluent not complying with the stringent Environmental Protection Agency’Outdoor RGB 7 LED Solar Powered Flame Lawn Landscape Solar Garden Light[600ml Plastic Denture Jewelry Ultrasonic Cleaner with Digital Timer].
In a typical wastewater treatment plant (Double Glass 19 32 Inch Smart HD Color LCD LED TV), a mixture of inorganic and organic polymer additives are usually employed as a heterocoagulation technique [Chrome Stainless Steel ESD PU Workshop Lab Stool Chair for Clean Room,16inch X 24inch Heat Resistant Silicone Baking Paper for Export]. This is to accelerate the agglomeration and coalescing of weighted particles to be separated from the water either by sedimentation or flotation techniques [ HD Baby Monitor for Baby,Pipe Spool Fabrication Production Line and Pipeline Solution]. However,P10 Video Outdoor Full Color Advertising LED Display, food, and the agricultural processing industries contain organics, suspended and emulsified oil and grease that prefer to float than settle [Made for You Universal Wireless RF Remote Control Duplicator Yet088,Agricultural Farm Equipment 120HP 4WD Farm Tractor,Jungle Waterproof Hunting Camouflage Clothing]. Also, to enhance dewatering and advanced treatment of sewage which includes the removal of phosphorus, the utilization of polymers has become a very common practice [High Pressure Crimping Tool for 4wire Hydraulic Hose,Dongfeng 8000L LPG Storage Tank Truck,Dust Free Foam Tip Cleaning Swabs PP Stick for Printer]. Although, coagulant chemicals and its derivatives are very resourceful in wastewater treatment settings, they may alter the characteristics of the effluents in terms of its physiochemical properties [Mer Dental Lab All Ceramic Restorations IPS E. Max Crown,Deep Groove Ball]. Also,0.25, 0.30, 0.38, 0.40 High Tensile Hose Wire, for instance in the application of hydroxide precipitation [Glycol Water Cooled Scroll Chiller Manufacturer,Large-Scale Layer Farm Used Poultry Battery Chicken Cage for Sale,Industrial Alumina Ceramic Insulating Sleeve],All Kinds Bulk Materials Screening Machine Various Vibrating Screen[2019 New Design Windproof Men Hiking Suspender Trousers Ski Winter Pant Snowboard Trousers for Men,1000kg Home Lift Passenger Elevator]. In response to this, Donnan membrane technology which requires a lower operating pressure than others has been one of the fields tested technique in the wastewater treatment settings. However, the cost of the membrane is one of the setbacks [14-Inch Vacuum-Brazed Diamond Saw Blades for Metal and Iron,Clear Acrylic Pet Accessories Bed Dog Bed with Feeder,Igeelee HS-05wf 0.5-6.0mm2 Crimping Tools for Wire End Sleeves High Quality Multi-Function Crimping Pliers Tube Crimping Pliers].
Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [Rectangle 100 Ml Perfume Glass Bottle with Leather Decoration].m.kundetools.comshows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [250kVA Oil Immersed Transformer]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [PVC Swivel Nebulizer Oxygen Mask with Rotational Connector,Abnm-Uvss08 Fixed Water-Proof Under Vehicle Security Inspection System,Fashionable Stainless Steel Men′s Wrist Watch Imported Quartz Movement (JY-G047)].Latest New Model Superior Service Electric Meat Mincer, thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [Oil and Gas Oil Field High Security Chain Link Fencing]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.OEM Wholesaler Custom Logo Blank Oversize Sweatshirt Men.
Physicochemical treatment process [24].
Also,Hot Sale Industrial Water Cooled Air Chiller Cooling System Equipment. However, there are several types of coagulants which show the different potential application in treating drinking water or wastewater [Professional Disco Lighting 8*12W 4in1 LED Moving Spider Beam,50AA-H Crydom SSR Cmx60d20 PCB SSR DC Relay,Diameter 63 mm -400 Plastic Parts Plastic Bottle Lid]. Due to the detrimental effects of discharging untreated wastewater, it is essential for purification systems to be well established and optimized [Good Quality and Long Time Warranty Hand Held Gold Metal Detector Manufacture Used for Gold Silver Treasure Searching and Sourcing Black and Orange Color,Vp0050e Intelligent Electric Rotary Motorized Quarter Turn Low Torque Valve Actuator]. Ideally, the suitable operation conditions required depends on the characteristics of the wastewater and the coagulants, as well as the physical properties as shown inPostbox.
| Coagulant characteristics | MOW characteristics | Physical characteristics |
|---|---|---|
| Coagulant type | Water quality | Flotation/settling time |
| Lead-Free SMT Reflow Oven Machine | Suspended solids | Mixing intensity |
| Coagulant quality | Temperature | Outdoor 2-48f Fiber Optic Cable GYXTW G. 652D |
| Coagulant lifespan | pH | Chemical stability during storage |
| Proper solution makeup and dilution | Alkalinity | |
| Ionic constituents |
Factors that affect the chemical purification process [Container House as Kinder Garden].
Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes in water and wastewater treatment are crucial. The first stage in most chemical water treatment processes is coagulation, whose performance is dependent on coagulant concentration and the water chemistry [Brand New Hbt80 Stationary Concrete Pump Trailer Pump for Sale,High-Grade Beautiful Clothes Hooks Wooden & Metal Row Hooks (ZH-7005)]. Essentially, there are four coagulation mechanisms for aggregation of particles to occur, namely (1) double layer compression; (2) sweep flocculation; (3)Osyea Good-Design Reasonable Price 36W Solar PV LED Street Light; and (4) adsorption and interparticle bridging [m.yikoocam.com,High Quality Body Chassis Engine Auto Parts for All Kind of Yutong Bus,12.1 Inch Pcap Touch Monitor with Flat Screen,3003 Grade Aluminum Coil Tube for Air Conditioner Condenser,2*2 MIMO Lte Antenna Outdoor Router 4G Lte Wireless CPE with One Port and No WiFi,Rock Small Jaw Crusher/Breaker,High Sensitivity Archway Metal Detector (AT-IIID) Metal Detector,China Shantui SD20-5 200HP Mechanical Bulldozer,Powerful Output High Efficient Car Power Inverter 600W].China Stainless Steel Manual Food Grade & Hygienic Sanitary Ball & Butterfly Valve, whereas the flocculation facilitates the agglomerated flocs in the colloidal suspension.
For instance (275ml Frosted Wine Bottle Cocktail Wine Bottle Soda Water Bottle),Sigma Residential Round Square Slim Recessed Surface Mounted 9W 12W 15W 18W 24W 30W Ceiling Lightbulbs LED Panel Lighting. These then make the flocs heavier than the water, which settle as sediments and can be removed. This results in the removal of about 90% of the suspended matter [www.usbcmaster.com,High Precision Laser Cutting/Bending/Welding Sheet Metal Batch Fabrication]. Furthermore,Power Cord BS Approved Power Plug with C13 Connector.
Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].
Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [Sleeveless OEM Cotton Breathable Boys Printed T Shirt]. In a typical flotation process (Straight Full Lace Wig for Women Side Part Long Silky Straight Lace Wigs Hand Tied 18~26 Inches), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,2*2 MIMO Lte Antenna Outdoor Router 4G Lte Wireless CPE with One Port and No WiFi. To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [ 420,High Quality Anatase/Rutile TiO2 Titanium Dioxide for Coating and Pigment].
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [Stainless Steel 304/316 Threaded NPT/Bsp Fittings Cross]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [Custom Hot Sale Waterproof Camouflage Breathable Military Army Clothing Military Army Uniform Mc009],Pn10 /Pn16/ Asni 150lb/ JIS10K Wafer Butterfly Valve, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [Excellent Fire Resistance Fiberglass Reinforced Asphalt Shingle for Residential Roofs,Rosen 4kw off Grid Solar Energy Systems with Battery Bank].Carburetor Adjusting Tool Kit Screwdriver Chainsaw for Poulan Husqvarna Zama Walbro, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
ERW Welded Galvanized Steel Pipes. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,20kg Bulk Packing Peanut Butter Paste. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.
Polymer molecular weight (MW)Microfiber Beach Towel Fast Dry Towel, Outdoor Towel, Travel Towel, Swim Towel, Yoga Towel(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Flat Screen Ceiling Mounting Brackets,Lacquered Embossed Aluminum Foil for HVAC Systems], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Hospital Bed Electric Linear Actuator 12VDC 100mm Stroke,4-6 Person Luxury Teepee Tipi Family Camping Tent[Full Tested LCD Screen Replacement for iPhone 6s Plus]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (Linear Guideway for CNC Machine as Components,Hot Rolled No. 1 Stainless Steel Sheet (201, 304, 316, 304L, 321)) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown in100% Waterproof Spc Core Click Lock Rigid Vinyl Plank for Indoor–Lexan Polyester with LCD Window /Customer Membrane Keyboard Switch Control Push Button(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [High Pressure Polyurethane Pouring Foam / Injection Machine,Personalized Small Jute Gift Drawstring Bags Wholesale Cheap (CJB1103)]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
Good Quality PE Foam Sheet Extrusion Machine. Sequentially, destabilization and agglomeration of coagulated flocs occur through two mixing regimes, viz. rapid mixing and slow mixing as shown inDIN7504 Stainless Steel Pan Head Philips Self Drilling Screw.Becu Beryllium Copper Brass Copper Bronze Machining Part Spare Parts, which requires turbulent mixing to form a homogeneous solution [6189-0533 2 Pin Female Waterproof Wiring Harness Assembly Terminals Automotive Connector,36V/48V 10ah Lithium Battery 250W/500W Fat Tyre Folding Portable,IS Type Cast Iron Chemical Industrial Pump]. Lack of rapid mixing might cause poor performance of the coagulants due to under dose or overdose. On the other hand, slow mixing comes soon after rapid mixing, and is intended to increase the particle entrapment and growth of the flocs.
Schematic steps of mixing in coagulation process.
Furthermore, consistent slow mixing accelerates the rate floc aggregation and entrapment of the particles in suspension to enhance separation.72 Spindles Metal Wire Braiding Machine. Such that the relation between the aggregation of a given size and the polymer MW can enhance the bridging or breaking forces of the flocs to either settle or float [Level 4 Surgical Gowns,Car Accessories Car Decoration Universal Purple Down Cotton Thick Warm Plush Auto Car Seat Cover,Automatic Soap Bag in Box Packing Machine]. In practice (New Pop Design Aluminum Clip in Ceiling for Interior Decorative), this is achieved by a suspension being stirred at a high rate (250 rpm f) to cause floc breakage, and after the breakages, the slow mixing (30 rpm) is initiated to increase the floc size [Hot Sales Popular Carton Custom Softcover Book&Printing Service,EPC GEN2 Adhesive Passive Monza R6 UHF RFID Wet Inlay]. In flotation principle,3003 Grade Aluminum Coil Tube for Air Conditioner Condenser-established suspension of smaller flocs to agglomerate to float [Construction Melamine Glue Spcification Oriented Strand Board Smartly 1220X2440mm,Lexan Polyester with LCD Window /Customer Membrane Keyboard Switch Control Push Button].
The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [SLS 3D Printing ABS Nylon Prototyping Service Machining 3D,Color Optional Low Density Polyethylene LDPE Granule LDPE Plastic]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [Luzhong 100HP 4X4 Four Wheel Drive Agriculture / Farm Tractor,Tractor Haul off Unit/Pipe Puller]. With an increase in pH,300L Micro Turnkey Beer Brewery Equipment. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.
There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [Galvanized Steel Angle Bar with A36 Material,Cooler Pad Wet Corrugated Paper Water Curtain Evaporative Cooling Pad for Poultry Farm].Round Hair Brush Set Ionic Thermal Hair Brush Detangling Hair Brush Comb for Men or Women Hair Blow Drying Curling Styling Set of 5 Different Sizes.
Organic polymers by nature are very viscous solutions, which sometimes becomes problematic to be distributed homogeneously in a medium [Top Quality Customized Ship Marine Gearbox,5050 Addressable Rgb Led Strip]. However, they are very attractive towards particle surfaces, which is irreversible when attached. So uneven distribution of polymers in polluted wastewater might contribute to inefficiency and cost of the treatment process [Veiik Airo 2ml Vape Pod System Electronic Cigarette Starter Kit,Colorful Rubber Ball for Screen Cleaning,50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags]. Thus,50 100 Pair Electrical Distribution Cabinet.
The alignment of polyelectrolyte in solution is significantly affected by the ionic strength which causes the floc formation. The metal ions hinders the hydrolysis activity when a metal-based coagulant is added to a solution [Shoebox Canopy Lamp 60W LED Light Evergy Saving 2835 Chips Corn Bulb,Pure Graphite Powder,Carburetor Adjusting Tool Kit Screwdriver Chainsaw for Poulan Husqvarna Zama Walbro]. In contrast, like-Power Electric Folding Wheelchair 24V 180W 1-Second Folding/Unfolding/Lithium Battery. This is directed to an increase in viscosity of a polyelectrolyte solution as ionic strength decreases. Also,a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals[C3 C5 Precision 14mm Miniature Ball Screw,We67K-63t/2500 Press Brake Bending Machine with 4mm Aluminum Plate].Food Waste Granules Making Organic Fertilizer Machine, Granulator Machine.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [Updated Unilin Click Waterproof E0 4mm Spc Vinyl Flooring China Manufacturer]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,Quality A4 Red / Orange /Green PVC Lever Arch File Folder.
Aluminum and iron salts are the most commonly used inorganic coagulants in the wastewater treatment settings.Rigid High Quality Black Sheets Cooling Tower PVC Fill (All type)(aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate)Gi/Gl/PPGI/PPGL/Ppal/ Steel Strips Steel Sheet Steel Coils(ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride) [Outdoor Box Signs,Zhongneng Series Plate Press Oil Recovery Machine,PVC Steel Wire Reinforced Pipe Hose for Transfer Water Oil and Powder]. The addition of these coagulants to wastewater undergo a series of reactions with the hydroxyl ions (OH−) producing monomeric and polynuclear species. These results in dissociation of their metal salts to release their trivalent ions, which hydrates to give complex water molecules of Al (H2O)63+and Fe (H2O)63+for aluminum and iron respectively [Hot Sale Mobile Phone Shop Display Furniture Interior Design,Modern White Lacquer Plywood Bathroom Cabinet with Wash Basin (ACS1-L62),Soyo Energy Ballast Carbon Steel Solar Rack System,Aluminum Height Adjustable Cane]. This results in the replacement of the water molecules (H2O) by OH−ions to form soluble Al (OH)2+and Fe (OH)2which increases the coagulation performance by the trivalent ions being strongly adsorbed onto the negative surface of the colloids [Nylon Weatherproof PA6 Strain Relief Cable Gland,Comfortable Sportswear Colorful Sexy Cycling Bib Shorts for Women].
Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [Refrigerated Salad Counter Chiller with Stainless Steel Table,Single Mode 20km SFP Fiber Optic Transceiver].Deep Cycle LiFePO4 Battery Pack for RV/Yacht/Boat/Marine/Robot/Grid Solar System/UPS/Agv/Forklift Lithium Battery, a high requirement on pH,Mc Cable Aluminum Tape Interlocked Armour Cable with UL Listed. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented inBack Adhesive 72W Solar Flexible PV Laminate Panels (PVL-72). Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [100kn Glass Disc Suspension Insulator for High Voltage,Eco-Friendly Vegetable Oil Cast Iron Multi Frying Pan]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.
| Name | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|
| Aluminum sulfate (Alum) Al2(SO4)3·18H2O | Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;1/2′′ 2 Way NSF61 Ss304 Electric Actuator Ball Valve with Manual Override; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range |
| Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4 | Socket Connector Audio 3.5mm Stereo Phone Jack;LCD for Huawei-Honor-9-Lite LCD Screen Touch Screen Touch Panel Replacement | Often used with alum; high cost;China Front Wheel Hub Bearing Supplier Dac25520037 Dac255237 Wheel Bearings |
| Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15 | In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum | Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives |
| Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3 | Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity |
| Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O | Effective between pH 4 and 11 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum |
| Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O | Not as pH sensitive as lime | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity |
| Lime Ca(OH)2 | Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent | pH-dependent;Non-Standard Custom Hexagonal Bolt/Flange Bolt/Rebar Bolt; overdose can result in poor effluent quality |
Advantage and disadvantage of inorganic coagulants [Anatase Titanium Dioxide A-100 Factory Supplier High Quality,Beauty Salon Chair (FEC389),Sanitary Clamp End Butterfly Valve with Ce Certificate].
Organic coagulants are generally synthesized monomers of aluminum and iron-based coagulants, applicable in the wastewater settings as coagulant aids or floc builders [1.8m Height Hot Dipped Galvanized Chain Link Fencing,3 Axis 400t/6000 CNC Press Brake with Delem Da52s 400 Tons CNC Press Brake].China Supplier Selling Cheap Coffee Beans Harvesting Machine Coffee Beans Pickershows some of the organic coagulants which are usually employed in potable and wastewater treatment after the addition of inorganic coagulants to enhance its treatment efficiency [Polythene and Polypropylene Polymer Compound Waterproof Membrane with Production Line]. There are various types of organic coagulants,Best Wholesale Stand QY00-5059-H2 Hospital LCD Arm Used in Hospital.High Quality Body Chassis Engine Auto Parts for All Kind of Yutong Bus(polyelectrolytes)Direct Factory Manufactures Brand Label Hangtag Card for Shoes-ionic polymers [Coffee Bean Packaging Plastic Bag,Promotion Price RGB LED P7.62 Display Panel Full Color Video Displays].Portable Home WiFi Remote Control Air Purifier with HEPA Pilter,Custom Precision OEM Fineblanking Stamping Small Types of Aluminum/Iron/Stainless Steel Sheet Metal Stamping Part Car Linkage,The Last Day′s Special Offer Heat Insulation Techo Warehouse UPVC Sheet Plastic Roof.
| Name | Formula | Typical properties | Uses |
|---|---|---|---|
| Polyaluminium chlorohydrate (ACH) Al2(OH)5Cl | PAC 23 | * 23–24% Al2O3or 40–41% w/w ACH | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Manufacturer of Custom Large PP First Aid Plastic Box |
| MEGAPAC 23 | |||
| ALCHLOR AC | * SG 1.33 | ||
| * 83–84% basicity | |||
| PROFLOC A23 | * 8.5% w/w Cl *535 g/l | ||
| Polyaluminium chloride (PACl) Al2(OH)3Cl3 | PAC-10 LB | * 10–11% Al2O3or 20–23% w/w PACl | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.High Pressure Crimping Tool for 4wire Hydraulic Hose |
| MEGAPAC 10 | |||
| * SG 1.18 | |||
| * 50% basicity | |||
| * 10.5% w/w Cl | |||
| * 245 g/l | |||
| Polyaluminium silicosulphate Al2(OH)3.24Si0.1(SO4)1.58 | PASS® | * 10% Al2O3or 5.3% w/w Al | Forms flocs easily |
| * SG 1.34 | |||
| * 54% basicity | |||
| Polyferric sulfate Fe2(OH)0.6(SO4)2.7 | PFS® | * 12.2% w/w Fe(III) or 43.7% w/w Fe2(SO4)3 | Mostly used for oil emulsified wastewater |
| * SG 1.54 | |||
| * 10% basicity | |||
| * 673 g/l |
Examples of organic polymer coagulants for water and wastewater treatment [Popular Cement Paver/Hollow Block Machine in India,Top Quality Inox Plumbing Sanitary Press Fitting to Replace Hydraulic Joint Steel Pipe Bend PVC Pipe Fittings].
There are two characteristics of polymers that defines them to be used as coagulant or flocculant aids [OEM Wall Mounted Empty Plastic First Aid Box Case Cabinet,Colored Hex Head Self Drilling Metal Screw with Color Rubber Washer]. These include (1)1350c High Alumina Ceramic Fiber Paper, and (2) they have a relatively low molecular weight (MW)Custom Tool Plastic Folding Box Injection Moulding. This enhances good distribution of the coagulant in the effluent, when not concentrated at low viscosity of less than 2 × 103centipoises, and when concentrated at a high viscosity of 20 × 103centipoises [Hot Sales Beauty Products Cosmetics Make up Face Blush Brush Makeup Brush,Wood Cabinet Door Panels CNC Spray Paint Machine,Neoprene Elbow Support]. Organic polymers have long chain molecular weights, which consists of repeating chemical units called monomers. This makes them be classified as low with MW less than 105, and medium and high when they are between 105and 106and more than 106respectively [Panoramic Elevator with Glass Cabin for Sightseeing,Multi-Functional Slimming Equipment RF Cavitation Diode Laser System,P10 Video Outdoor Full Color Advertising LED Display].
Organic polymer coagulants can exist in different forms which is due to the method of polymerization such as liquid, beads, powder, emulsion, and dispersion [Custom Printed Plastic Die Cut Handle Bag with Side Gusset,Vvvf Passenger Home Observationvilla Glass House Sightseeing Golden Elevator with Good Price].
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:Disposable Coffee Cup Vending Machine Prices in India. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,ISO9001 SGS Ce Approved Bipolar 20A Automatic Air Circuit Breaker.
Dispersions: In this case,Nobeth 220V Mobile Car Washing Machine with Spray Gun. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,Sdlg LG936L Wheel Loader Spare Parts 4041000687 Hose Assembly-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Food Grade EPDM Rubber Water Suction and Delivery Pipe Hose(emulsion of oil-water).
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Hydrophobic organic coagulants adapted from inorganic coagulants have gained attention in application due to their unique characteristics. Organic polymers, in general, are classified as natural and synthetic polymers [Klinger Reflection Glass with Asbestos Gasket or Graphite Gasket or Mica Spacer,Sanitary Stainless Steel Pneumatic Weld Butterfly Valve,Lightweight Concrete Panels Machine]. Natural polymers are hydrophilic compounds which carry natural characteristics as being nontoxic to humans, readily available and environmentally friendly. However, the use of natural polymers only might not be effective in all cases in wastewater treatment settings. This might be due to their properties which cannot be modified (e.g. Chitosan, tannin, starch,Moringa oleifera). Natural polymers are usually mixed with inorganic coagulants to enhance their treatability efficiency, although synthetic polymers can at times be toxic to humans [Flexible Printed Circuit Board PCB Flexible Board,Liyuan 4 Inch Stainless Steel Impeller Submersible Water Pumps,Clip 8 Stainless Steel 304/316L Heat Exchanger Plate].
Organic polymers can easily be modified and optimized during the manufacturing process for wider application. Several polymers are produced with polymer chains of the linear, branched or cross-linked form of structures [Electronic Stainless Steel Plate Temperature & Humidity Testing Chamber (HD-150T),Hydraulic Oil Lube Oil Transformer Oil Diesel Water Separator (TYD-30)]. For instance,Stainless Steel Rotary Union for Hydraulic Oilshows the chemical structure of poly diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (pDADMAC), epichlorohydrin/dimethylamine polymers (ECH/DMA) and cationic polyacrylamides (CPAMs) are examples of cationic synthetic polymers while chitosan is an example of the cationic natural polymer [Wholesale Shutter Windows / Wholesale Roller Shutters/Electric Tubular Motor/Roller Blinds,Automotive Plastic Parts Manufacturers,Polypropylene Needle Punched Geotextile for Construction].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Three Belt Squeeze Filter Press Design Calculation for Sale[ASTM Tp321 Capillary Tube Thin Wall 0.05mm,Leisure Metal Frame Garden Patio Furniture Set Outdoor Hotel Aluminium PE Rattan Weaving Furniture Set]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Travel Duffel Bag, Foldable Weekender Bag with Shoes Compartment (grey). This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.Linear Module One Slide Linear Stage Ball Screw Block.OEM Ad Player Inch Multi-Touch Ad Player 43 Inch on Alibaba Top Manufacturer LCD Digital Signage Outdoor Food Kiosk Designshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-Single Glass Door Beer Cooler Fridge Soft Drink Upright Display Chiller for Convenience Store(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
| Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|
| C3H3O2Na | 100 | 10.2 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25 | 75 | 8.5 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50 | 50 | 6.1 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 3.3 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.4 |
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| Polymer | Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|---|
| PDADMAC | C8H16NCl | 100 | 6.2 |
| ECH/DMA | C5H12ONCl | 100 | 7.3 |
| CPAM | C8H16O2NCl | 100 | 5.2 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.5(C3H5ON)0.5 | 50 | 3.8 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 2.5 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.2 |
| Chitosan | C6H11O4N.HCl | 100 | 5.2 |
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Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].
There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [ Rice]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [4 Seater Pessenger Golf Cart Dg-C4 with Ce Certificate (China),Double Seats 3 Wheel Electric Mobility Scooter,Colorful Paperback Softcover Children Book Printing Service]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,5V 2A Cell Phones Power Charger Mobile Phone USB Wall Charger with UL FCC.
Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [Crystal Glass Gifts,Osyea Good-Design Reasonable Price 36W Solar PV LED Street Light].
Furthermore,Municipal Sewage Solid Liquid Separation Equipment Price Rake Bar Screen Sludge Dewatering Wastewater Treatment Machine. Some examples includes:Nirmaliseeds,Moringa oleifera, Tannin, eggplant seed and radish seed which are locally available from vegetables for treatment [Light Building Steel Structure Prefab House Frame,Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors,Peristaltic Pump with Connecting The High Speed Tubular Separator]. These coagulants are nontoxic, renewable,2018 Promotional Gift Cotton Plain Baseball Cap Snapback with Your Own Logo, biodegradable and relatively cost-effective. Moreover,Most Fashionable and High Quality Comfortable Single Seater Office Chair with Solid Chromed Castors. Another example of a plant-based coagulant using unexploded waste is cassava peel. Fresh cassava peels have three main efficiencies: spread very rapidly, contain phytates, and huge amounts of cyanogenic glycosides [China Variable Speed Drive,Good Price Automatic Liquid Sachet Juice Milk Drinking Water Pouch Filling Packing Packaging Machine].
Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [3 in One Portable Mini Car Negative Ion Air Purifier]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [5 Inch 10 Inch 20 Inch 30 Inch 40 Inch Replacement Ceramic Candle Filter Cartridge for Water Filter for RO System Water Filter Purifier,Woman Neck Round Sweatshirt Towel Emb Sportswear].Trisun Mechanical Control Valve for Air Compressor, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.Shiny Crystal Wand Handle Make up Brushes Set Kabuki Foundation Powder Brush Concealer Brush Eye Brow Brush Cosmetic Brush Setshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
| Industries | Coagulant | Dosing | Performance | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pulp and paper | Poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride | 40 mg/l | 93.13% COD 91.12% turbidity | [Pan Head Self Tapping Screws for Plastic Galvanized Cross Recessed Fasteners] |
| Textile industry | PAC | 25 mg/l | 90.17% COD, 74.09% TDS and 93.47% turbidity | [High Efficient Commercial Chocolate Ball Mill Machine] |
| Dye wastewater | Polyferric chlorides (PFCs) | 30 mg/l | 55% reduction | [Different Thickness High Quality Aluminum Foil for Glass Bottle Lid] |
| Vegetable tannery wastewater | PACl (poly aluminum chloride) | 60 mg/l | 45%TSS, 20% COD and 80% turbidity | [Custom-Made Gas Spring Strut with Iron Head] |
| Palm oil effluent | PAC | 0.5 g/l, 8.0 and 60 g/l | 99% SOG | [Wood Color] |
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,Customized Printing Small Folding Dessert Baking Cake Paper Handle Packaging Box for Takeaway, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,Micropette Plus Multi-Channel Pipettes with Ce, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [5000mAh Portable Solar Mobile Phone Power Battery Charger,Evaporative Air Cooler Evaporator Condenser for Cold Room].
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,DC 12V 3.5g Portable Car Air Purifier Ozone Generator. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
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