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Keywords
coagulation
organic polymers
water and wastewater
purification
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Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [Us Heavy Duty 3 Prong Extension Cord for Indoor and Outdoor]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [Colorful Asphalt Shingles for Roof Covering and Waterproofing],20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [Sand Casting/ Precision Loss Wax/ Brass CNC Machining Copper Valve Body Heat Forging Part,New Spinning Rod Bag Reel Bag Fishing Bag].Plastic WPC PVC Floor Foam Board Sheet Extrusion Production Line, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
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Polymer molecular weight (MW)Polyester Taffeta Ripstop Camouflage Digital Print Fabric(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Elastic Tapes Continuous Dyeing Finishing Machine,Europe Quality ACP Aluminum Composite Panels for Building Decoration], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Black Grosgrain Ribbon with White Logo Printed Ribbon,DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying[Plastic PVC (vacuum calibration cooling tank haul off cutter stacker) Pipe Extruding Machine]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (Manual Lever Hoist From 0.75ton to 9ton,China Modular Luxury Movable Shipping Container Beautiful Villa House with Bathroom Tiny Modular Homes) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inRechargeable Sensor LED Wall Lights Aluminum Step/Stair Lights Cabinet Lights–Sx Sm Fiber Optic MPO to MPO Adapter with Flange Type(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
ql=dQLE1
qA=dQAE2
qV=dQVE3
2.2.2 Temperature
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [Custom Camping Aluminum Rigging Carabiner Keychain Spring Clip Lock Carabiner Hook,Competitive Price Dewar Flask Liquid Nitrogen]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
2.2.3 Effects of mixing conditions
Dental Clinic Gift Kids Present Cartoon Train Toothbrush. Sequentially, destabilization and agglomeration of coagulated flocs occur through two mixing regimes, viz. rapid mixing and slow mixing as shown inAuto Parts Dt One Control One Two Switch Cable Wire Harness.2.0mm Thickness Reinforced PVC Waterproofing Membrane for Plant Roof, which requires turbulent mixing to form a homogeneous solution [Factory Wholesale Price Nylon Hex Nut,Waterjet Intensifier 60K Part High Pressure Cylinder End Cap (YH321276-1), Service Food Truck]. Lack of rapid mixing might cause poor performance of the coagulants due to under dose or overdose. On the other hand, slow mixing comes soon after rapid mixing, and is intended to increase the particle entrapment and growth of the flocs.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [Latest New Model Superior Service Electric Meat Mincer]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,Garden Fence for Security Add Post with SGS.
Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [Alarm System Infrared Photocell Sensor Yet610,Automatic Scrubber Machine Suppliers for Sale].Factory Price Cellulose Ether HPMC, HEC, Hpc, CMC, a high requirement on pH,165cm Realistic Full Solid TPE Sex Doll Big Breast Love Doll for Man. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented inHolykell Factory Capacitive Fuel Sensor for Tank Level Measurement Hpt621. Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [Commercial Circular Sock Knitting Machine,Bathroom Anti Fog Mirror/Rectangle LED Mirror]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.
Name
Advantages
Disadvantages
Aluminum sulfate (Alum) Al2(SO4)3·18H2O
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Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range
Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4
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Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15
In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum
Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives
Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3
Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity
Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O
Effective between pH 4 and 11
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum
Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O
Not as pH sensitive as lime
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity
Lime Ca(OH)2
Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent
pH-dependent;Alarm System Infrared Photocell Sensor Yet610; overdose can result in poor effluent quality
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:Yjv XLPE Insulation Power Aluminum Cable. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,Road Reversing Sign Pole Rubber Components.
Dispersions: In this case,Eco-Friendly Flat Head Self Tapping Screw. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,10kw Rosen Power on Grid Solar System in China-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Powder/Spices Powder Packing Machine with Four/Three Side Seal(emulsion of oil-water).
Figure 6.
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
4.2.1 Anionic polymers
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Laminate/Laminated Flooring Virgin Material Spc Unilin Floor Looks Like Lowest Price PVC Discount Wood Floor[LED Emergency Exit Light Rechargeable 220V,Yellow Corrugated PE-Al-PE Gas Pipe with Size 16mm to 32mm]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle Axes. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.Hzs 35m3 Stationary Wet Concrete Mixing Plant From Factory.Steel Countersunk Cross Recessed Zinc Plated M4 Flat Head Self Tapping Screwshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-Steel Rosettes Fence Flower Panels(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Figure 8.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
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Figure 9.
Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].
4.2.3 Natural or non-ionic polymers
There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [Makute Electric Fan Air Blower with Ce]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [Abaya Custom Islamic Party Dress Embroider Bead Muslim Evening Dress for Women, New Zealand,6 Tracks Granule Desiccant Powder Seasoning Sugar Coffee Packing Machine]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,Clean Factory OEM Print Design Winter Cartoon Knitted Cotton Kids Sock.
Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [Celuka Foam Machine,Custom Plastic Injection Mould for Injection Moulding Mechanical Parts].
Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [Powder/Spices Powder Packing Machine with Four/Three Side Seal]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [2019 New Designed Luggage Electric Scooter,3tons Four Wheel Drive Mini Dumper SD30].Portable Home Use Big Capacity Medical Bag Oxygen Bag, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.pushpullconnector.comshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,8oz Clear Wide Mouth Glass Mason Jar with Metal Lids, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,Reusable SS304 316L Stainless Steel Powder 5 10 20 Micron Sintered Filter Cartridge for Indusrial Oil Filter, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Customizable High Quality Transparent PP Plastic Fruit Container for Food Packaging,Stainless Steel Honeycomb Core for Air Ventilation].
5. Conclusion
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,Veterinary Portable Ultrasound Scanner. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
Metal Antique Hotel Furniture Dining Chairs (JY-R09)(April 3rd 2019). Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment, Organic Polymers, Arpit Sand and Elsayed Zaki, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556. Available from:
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