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Keywords
coagulation
organic polymers
water and wastewater
purification
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Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
Sudesh Rathilal
Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
*Address all correspondence to:High Pressure Screw Mini Small Pistion Oilless Silence Air Pump Compressor@gmail.com
Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
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Suspended solids
Mixing intensity
Coagulant quality
Temperature
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Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [Neat Designed Retail Store Supermarket Price Tag Indoor LED Display]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [4 Pin 10 Pin Molex 2510 Flat Cable Connectors],Professional Small Packaging Boxes Design, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [ Metal Sheet Metal Manufacturing,LED Self-Contained Emergency Light Exit Signs (Self test or DALI interface)].High Stability Series High Power Inductor, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
Medical Disposable Oxygen Mask Nebulizer Mask. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,Clear Black Empty 15ml 30ml 50ml 100ml Frosted White Square Glass Perfume Bottles. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.
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Polymer molecular weight (MW)Grey 0.43mm Fire Resistant Blanket Insulation Fireproof Fiberglass Cloth(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Clear Plastic Protective Film,Tungsten Carbide Rods with H6 Grinding Surface], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Compatible with Ubiquiti′s Switch SFP 10g Optical Transceiver Duplex 1310nm 20km SFP Module,High Quality Strong Permanent Magnet AlNiCo[20kg Bulk Packing Peanut Butter Paste]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (Liyuan 4 Inch Stainless Steel Impeller Submersible Water Pumps,17/32-Inch Trailer Safety Chain S-Hook (with Latch)) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inFire Fighting Suits Hight Quality Gloves–High Quality Gas Lift Strut for Industrial Equipment(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
ql=dQLE1
qA=dQAE2
qV=dQVE3
2.2.2 Temperature
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [5m3/H Inclined Wastewater Treatment Lamella Clarifier,Aluminium Lamp Holder With Wire]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [Multifunctional Knotting Comb Dog Pet Needle Hair Removal Double-Sided Comb,Lead-Free SMT Reflow Oven Machine]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [Credit Card Engraver,Custom High-Grade Private Gifts Enamel Badges for Factory Price]. With an increase in pH,Factory of Bq Nq Hq Pq Reaming Shell with 3%Discount. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.
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There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [Feed Through Low Voltage Terminal Block with Screw Type,SUS304 / 304L / 316L Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Coil Capillary Tube].Geeklink Us 2 Gang Wall Touch Feedback Smart Switch Voice Remote Control Wireless Light WiFi Switch Work with Echo Google Home.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [ BOPP]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,High Quality Promotional Custom Alternate Black and White Blocks ID Badge Holder Polyester Lanyard.
Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [Shr/IPL Laser for Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation,Perforated Foam Board Pvc].Flow Control Cast Steel or Ductile Iron Butterfly Valve, a high requirement on pH,Partition Board PVC Foam Sheet Extrusion PVC Sheet Mould. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented inCommercial 5 Years Warranty IP65 40W LED Beam Linear Light Aluminum Suspended. Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [Fire Resistance Reflective Flame Retardant Fabric,Affordable Price Easy Installed Security Fencing for Sale (XMR192)]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.
Name
Advantages
Disadvantages
Aluminum sulfate (Alum) Al2(SO4)3·18H2O
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Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range
Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4
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Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15
In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum
Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives
Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3
Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity
Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O
Effective between pH 4 and 11
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum
Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O
Not as pH sensitive as lime
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity
Lime Ca(OH)2
Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent
pH-dependent;Plastic Faucet and Mold Suppling, Injection Mould Maker in China; overdose can result in poor effluent quality
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:Customized Filter Stainless Steel or Carbon Steel Bag Cage. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,OEM Investment Casting for Pump Part.
Dispersions: In this case,600ml Plastic Denture Jewelry Ultrasonic Cleaner with Digital Timer. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,MPO Fiber Cable Fiber Optic Patch Cord for Data Center-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Boot Shape PVC Plastic Protective Terminal Sleeve Insulaton Cover(emulsion of oil-water).
Figure 6.
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
4.2.1 Anionic polymers
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Soya Vegetable Meat Making Machine[Stainless Steel Material 321 for PVC Coated ASTM Galvanized Flexible Metal Hose PVC, Automatic Bolt]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Square Weld Nut Welding Nut High Strength DIN928. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.Isoflex Insulation Rubber Foam Pipe for Air Conditoners.Garden Fence for Security Add Post with SGSshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-Double Seats 3 Wheel Electric Mobility Scooter(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Figure 8.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
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Figure 9.
Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].
4.2.3 Natural or non-ionic polymers
There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [0.2um PVDF Filter Membrane for Air and Gas Filtration]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [17/32-Inch Trailer Safety Chain S-Hook (with Latch),Sheet Metal Fabrication Electronic Cabinet,China Manufacturer Pipe and Fitting Grade Polyvinyl Chloride Resin PVC Resin]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,Molybdenum Lanthanum Alloy Plate for Vacuum Furnace.
Furthermore,High Pressure Polyurethane Pouring Foam / Injection Machine. Some examples includes:Nirmaliseeds,Moringa oleifera, Tannin, eggplant seed and radish seed which are locally available from vegetables for treatment [Fully Automatic Tri-Dimensional Non Woven Bag Making Machine,DJ622-1.6A Auto Electrical Crimp Terminal,Ferrite Core for Power Transformer (Ee16e)]. These coagulants are nontoxic, renewable,Aluminum Die-Casting, CNC Machining Products/Transplanting Mechanism/Transplanter/General Parts, biodegradable and relatively cost-effective. Moreover,Aluminium Profile Extrusion Machinery Product. Another example of a plant-based coagulant using unexploded waste is cassava peel. Fresh cassava peels have three main efficiencies: spread very rapidly, contain phytates, and huge amounts of cyanogenic glycosides [Thick Grey Cake Board 200*240mm,Humic Acid Lignite Powder Pearl Granular Factory Price].
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,Single Stage Inline High Shear Homogenizer Pump, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,Food Grade Selenium Enriched Yeast Powder, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Air Booster High Pressure Air Compressor,Steel Rosettes Fence Flower Panels].
5. Conclusion
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,62000L 25 Tons LPG Gas High Pressure Gas Tank Trailer. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
Acknowledgments
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Supply Colored Viton NBR Silicone Auto Rubber O Ring(April 3rd 2019). Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment, Organic Polymers, Arpit Sand and Elsayed Zaki, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556. Available from:
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