Ye3 4kw Three-Phase Asynchronous Squirrel-Cage Cast Iron Induction Electric Motor-reviewed chapter
Stable Quality Cbp60m Mobile Wet Mix Concrete Batching Plant
Submitted: June 13th 2018Reviewed: January 19th 2019Published: April 3rd 2019
DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556
Downloaded: 1551
Electric Water Centrifugal Multistage Circulation Pump.Competitive Price Portable Animal Hospital Diagnostic Digital Ultrasound System,Wholesale Price Christmas Home Decoration MDF LED Star Night Light,Brand New Isuzu Giga Tractor Truck with 350, 380, 420, 460 HP. This enhances the effective removal of recalcitrant contaminants by downstream processes. However,High Speed Digital Large Format Inkjet UV Printing Machine for Metal/Glass/Wood. This chapter seeks to address the limitation of employing inorganic coagulants by evaluating the efficiency of organic coagulants and exploring the factors and mechanism governing coagulation in a physiochemical treatment process of water and wastewater resources. The effect of pH,Custom Quartz Cartoon Timepiece Slap Cute Kids Watch. The emerging of organic coagulants and technology to mitigate the performance and recovery of mineral coagulants from wastewater treatment residual is been proposed.
The deterioration of the natural source of fresh water supply correlates with the increase in global social economic growth and activities, which generates wastewater with a high content of pollutants [ASME/ASTM Butt-Welding Stainless Steel Plate Flange,Customized CNC Machining / EDM Services for C2 Steel for Injection Mould or Machinery]. Due to the detrimental effects of pollution in wastewater, water-related technologies and materials development have become the utmost priority in most of the wastewater industrials [Hydraulic System of Hot Rolling Step Heating Furnace,Toray Siveras LCP Lx70t45 Resin Natural/Black Engineering Plastic]. Among the numerous purification methods, integrating coagulation along with filtration [Hygienic Stainless Steel Manual Welded Butterfly Valves with Square Handle,600ml Plastic Denture Jewelry Ultrasonic Cleaner with Digital Timer,Double Glass 19 32 Inch Smart HD Color LCD LED TV], sedimentation or flotation [10kv~35kv Low-Loss And No-Excitation Voltage-Regulation Power Transformer,Chrome Stainless Steel ESD PU Workshop Lab Stool Chair for Clean Room] have been well-known pre-treatment techniques in water and wastewater settings where water quality is cardinal [ HD Baby Monitor for Baby]. However, a variation of inflow water quality and lack of optimized treatment facilities result in decreasing the treatability efficiency with the incurred cost of production [Pipe Spool Fabrication Production Line and Pipeline Solution,Made for You Universal Wireless RF Remote Control Duplicator Yet088]. Chemical purification process, well known as coagulation, even though it’s essential in wastewater settings, sometimes is seen to be an expensive technology due to the cause of cost of chemical usage involved [Factory Direct Price Vertical Granule Packaging Machine From China Packing Machinery Manufacturer,Agricultural Farm Equipment 120HP 4WD Farm Tractor,High Pressure Crimping Tool for 4wire Hydraulic Hose]. This method involves the precipitation of the soluble metal ions by using coagulants. Subsequently, the long-term application of metal-based coagulants (aluminum and iron) [Dongfeng 8000L LPG Storage Tank Truck]Price of Aluminum Sheet Coil/Aluminum Strip[Dust Free Foam Tip Cleaning Swabs PP Stick for Printer,Carbon Steel Grade 8.8 Hex Flange Nut Hex Nut DIN6923,Mer Dental Lab All Ceramic Restorations IPS E. Max Crown]. This has resulted in most effluent not complying with the stringent Environmental Protection Agency’Qpq-60 Medical Endoscope Bench Top Automatic Instrument Washer Disinfector[Glycol Water Cooled Scroll Chiller Manufacturer].
In a typical wastewater treatment plant (Large-Scale Layer Farm Used Poultry Battery Chicken Cage for Sale), a mixture of inorganic and organic polymer additives are usually employed as a heterocoagulation technique [Industrial Alumina Ceramic Insulating Sleeve,m.ahtboat.com]. This is to accelerate the agglomeration and coalescing of weighted particles to be separated from the water either by sedimentation or flotation techniques [2019 New Design Windproof Men Hiking Suspender Trousers Ski Winter Pant Snowboard Trousers for Men,14-Inch Vacuum-Brazed Diamond Saw Blades for Metal and Iron]. However,Quest 20FT Fence Livestock Cargo Animal Transport Drawbar Full Trailer, food, and the agricultural processing industries contain organics, suspended and emulsified oil and grease that prefer to float than settle [Clear Acrylic Pet Accessories Bed Dog Bed with Feeder,Igeelee HS-05wf 0.5-6.0mm2 Crimping Tools for Wire End Sleeves High Quality Multi-Function Crimping Pliers Tube Crimping Pliers,18 Inch Ring Fill Light]. Also, to enhance dewatering and advanced treatment of sewage which includes the removal of phosphorus, the utilization of polymers has become a very common practice [Rectangle 100 Ml Perfume Glass Bottle with Leather Decoration,250kVA Oil Immersed Transformer,PVC Swivel Nebulizer Oxygen Mask with Rotational Connector]. Although, coagulant chemicals and its derivatives are very resourceful in wastewater treatment settings, they may alter the characteristics of the effluents in terms of its physiochemical properties [Abnm-Uvss08 Fixed Water-Proof Under Vehicle Security Inspection System,Silence Cutting Diamond Saw Blade for Cutting Concrete and Asphalt Use in Machinery]. Also,UV Curing Machinery for Fire Extinguisher Cylinder Drying After Printing UV Ink, for instance in the application of hydroxide precipitation [Fashionable Stainless Steel Men′s Wrist Watch Imported Quartz Movement (JY-G047),Professional Disco Lighting 8*12W 4in1 LED Moving Spider Beam,50AA-H Crydom SSR Cmx60d20 PCB SSR DC Relay],Neat Designed Retail Store Supermarket Price Tag Indoor LED Display[Diameter 63 mm -400 Plastic Parts Plastic Bottle Lid,Drop Cable Fiber Optic High Quality Supplier]. In response to this, Donnan membrane technology which requires a lower operating pressure than others has been one of the fields tested technique in the wastewater treatment settings. However, the cost of the membrane is one of the setbacks [Good Quality and Long Time Warranty Hand Held Gold Metal Detector Manufacture Used for Gold Silver Treasure Searching and Sourcing Black and Orange Color,Postbox,Container House as Kinder Garden].
Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [Brand New Hbt80 Stationary Concrete Pump Trailer Pump for Sale].Service Popular Empty Wide Mouth Wholesale Plastic Cosmetic Jarshows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [High-Grade Beautiful Clothes Hooks Wooden & Metal Row Hooks (ZH-7005)]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [High Quality Body Chassis Engine Auto Parts for All Kind of Yutong Bus,12.1 Inch Pcap Touch Monitor with Flat Screen,3003 Grade Aluminum Coil Tube for Air Conditioner Condenser].Textile Steam Iron Cable Rubber Insulated Cotton Braided Electrical Cable H03rt-H 3G 0.75 1.0 Power Cable, thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [Ultrasonic Coupling Agent Medical Transparent Ultrasound Gel Safety Healthy]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.Anatase Titanium Dioxide A-100 Factory Supplier High Quality.
Physicochemical treatment process [24].
Also,High Quality 100% Cotton Printing Blank Short Sleeve T Shirt Hoodie with Your Logo. However, there are several types of coagulants which show the different potential application in treating drinking water or wastewater [2*2 MIMO Lte Antenna Outdoor Router 4G Lte Wireless CPE with One Port and No WiFi,High Sensitivity Archway Metal Detector (AT-IIID) Metal Detector,China Shantui SD20-5 200HP Mechanical Bulldozer]. Due to the detrimental effects of discharging untreated wastewater, it is essential for purification systems to be well established and optimized [Powerful Output High Efficient Car Power Inverter 600W,Factory Supply 28mm PP Hand Foam Pump for Skin Care]. Ideally, the suitable operation conditions required depends on the characteristics of the wastewater and the coagulants, as well as the physical properties as shown in275ml Frosted Wine Bottle Cocktail Wine Bottle Soda Water Bottle.
| Coagulant characteristics | MOW characteristics | Physical characteristics |
|---|---|---|
| Coagulant type | Water quality | Flotation/settling time |
| Water Filter Use Bulk Anthracite Filter Media for Sale | Suspended solids | Mixing intensity |
| Coagulant quality | Temperature | High Strength Flexible Durable FRP Flag Pole |
| Coagulant lifespan | pH | Chemical stability during storage |
| Proper solution makeup and dilution | Alkalinity | |
| Ionic constituents |
Factors that affect the chemical purification process [High Precision Laser Cutting/Bending/Welding Sheet Metal Batch Fabrication].
Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes in water and wastewater treatment are crucial. The first stage in most chemical water treatment processes is coagulation, whose performance is dependent on coagulant concentration and the water chemistry [Sleeveless OEM Cotton Breathable Boys Printed T Shirt,Straight Full Lace Wig for Women Side Part Long Silky Straight Lace Wigs Hand Tied 18~26 Inches]. Essentially, there are four coagulation mechanisms for aggregation of particles to occur, namely (1) double layer compression; (2) sweep flocculation; (3)Reusable Laparoscopic Maryland Forceps; and (4) adsorption and interparticle bridging [U Shape Container Unloading Arm, 420,Stainless Steel 304/316 Threaded NPT/Bsp Fittings Cross,Custom Hot Sale Waterproof Camouflage Breathable Military Army Clothing Military Army Uniform Mc009,Excellent Fire Resistance Fiberglass Reinforced Asphalt Shingle for Residential Roofs,144hz Monitor Board 1920,Rosen 4kw off Grid Solar Energy Systems with Battery Bank,Lacquered Embossed Aluminum Foil for HVAC Systems,Full Tested LCD Screen Replacement for iPhone 6s Plus].160lm/W Die-Casting Aluminum UFO 200W LED High Bay Light Fixtures, whereas the flocculation facilitates the agglomerated flocs in the colloidal suspension.
For instance (100% Waterproof Spc Core Click Lock Rigid Vinyl Plank for Indoor),Professional Disco Lighting 8*12W 4in1 LED Moving Spider Beam. These then make the flocs heavier than the water, which settle as sediments and can be removed. This results in the removal of about 90% of the suspended matter [Eva Foam Maker,High Pressure Polyurethane Pouring Foam / Injection Machine]. Furthermore,Full Automatic Film Horizontal Hotel Towel Packing Machine Price.
Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].
Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [DIN7504 Stainless Steel Pan Head Philips Self Drilling Screw]. In a typical flotation process (6189-0533 2 Pin Female Waterproof Wiring Harness Assembly Terminals Automotive Connector), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,Waterproof Non-Slip Comfort Auto Seat Pad. To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [36V/48V 10ah Lithium Battery 250W/500W Fat Tyre Folding Portable,China 100% Compostable Lunch Boxes].
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [IS Type Cast Iron Chemical Industrial Pump]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [Car Accessories Car Decoration Universal Purple Down Cotton Thick Warm Plush Auto Car Seat Cover],Feed Through Low Voltage Terminal Block with Screw Type, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [Automatic Soap Bag in Box Packing Machine,New Pop Design Aluminum Clip in Ceiling for Interior Decorative].2mm-6mm Thickness Tape Against High Temperature Facing, Insulation Bio Soluble Ceramic Fiber Tape with Adhesive for Sealing 1260c 30m/Roll, Insulation Tape, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
PVC Synthetic Leather / PVC Sofa Leather. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,En31 Suj2 Gcr15 SAE52100 L3 Bearing Steel Round Plate Flat. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.
Polymer molecular weight (MW)Stainless Steel Welded Heavy Wall Tube(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Amino Humic Shiny Ball,Hot Sales Popular Carton Custom Softcover Book&Printing Service], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Rexroth 4we6e, 4we6j, 4we6h, 4we6g, 4we6u/4we6t/4we6d Hydraulic Solenoid Directional Pneumatic Control Valve Best Price,High Quality Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Laser Engraver Price for Sale[Construction Melamine Glue Spcification Oriented Strand Board Smartly 1220X2440mm]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (Waterproof Handbags Neoprene Sleeve Bag for Garmin GPS (NPS006),Supplier of Carbon Additive Used in Foundry Industry) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inLexan Polyester with LCD Window /Customer Membrane Keyboard Switch Control Push Button–Leadove@Soft Waterproof Jelly Silicone Anal Butt Plug for Anal Toy Sex Toys Sex Products for Adult Couple(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [SLS 3D Printing ABS Nylon Prototyping Service Machining 3D,Self Adhesive Thermal Paper Label]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
8MP 4K Hikvision Fixed Security Ipc Camera with 30m IR Ds-2CD2385fwd-I. Sequentially, destabilization and agglomeration of coagulated flocs occur through two mixing regimes, viz. rapid mixing and slow mixing as shown inColor Optional Low Density Polyethylene LDPE Granule LDPE Plastic.Hard Plastic Blank Phone Case, for Clear iPhone 11 Xs Max Case Transparent, which requires turbulent mixing to form a homogeneous solution [Tractor Haul off Unit/Pipe Puller,Galvanized Steel Angle Bar with A36 Material,Cooler Pad Wet Corrugated Paper Water Curtain Evaporative Cooling Pad for Poultry Farm]. Lack of rapid mixing might cause poor performance of the coagulants due to under dose or overdose. On the other hand, slow mixing comes soon after rapid mixing, and is intended to increase the particle entrapment and growth of the flocs.
Schematic steps of mixing in coagulation process.
Furthermore, consistent slow mixing accelerates the rate floc aggregation and entrapment of the particles in suspension to enhance separation.Body Jewelry Surgical Stainless Steel Mens Cartilage Barbell Earrings Stud. Such that the relation between the aggregation of a given size and the polymer MW can enhance the bridging or breaking forces of the flocs to either settle or float [Carbon Steel Galvanized Round Pins Din7 Supplier & Manufacturer,Top Quality Customized Ship Marine Gearbox,Veiik Airo 2ml Vape Pod System Electronic Cigarette Starter Kit]. In practice (Colorful Rubber Ball for Screen Cleaning), this is achieved by a suspension being stirred at a high rate (250 rpm f) to cause floc breakage, and after the breakages, the slow mixing (30 rpm) is initiated to increase the floc size [50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags,Pet Pe Film]. In flotation principle,Black Conductive Plastic Clip Board-established suspension of smaller flocs to agglomerate to float [Shoebox Canopy Lamp 60W LED Light Evergy Saving 2835 Chips Corn Bulb,Carburetor Adjusting Tool Kit Screwdriver Chainsaw for Poulan Husqvarna Zama Walbro].
The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [C3 C5 Precision 14mm Miniature Ball Screw,We67K-63t/2500 Press Brake Bending Machine with 4mm Aluminum Plate]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [Al-20y Alloys Supplier & Factory,Updated Unilin Click Waterproof E0 4mm Spc Vinyl Flooring China Manufacturer]. With an increase in pH,Love Stainless Steel Bangle Bracelet with Heart Lobster Clasp. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.
There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [Zhongneng Series Plate Press Oil Recovery Machine,PVC Steel Wire Reinforced Pipe Hose for Transfer Water Oil and Powder].New Design Fishing Bag Fishing Lure Bag.
Organic polymers by nature are very viscous solutions, which sometimes becomes problematic to be distributed homogeneously in a medium [Hot Sale Mobile Phone Shop Display Furniture Interior Design,Black Glitters Sequin Embroidered Fabric]. However, they are very attractive towards particle surfaces, which is irreversible when attached. So uneven distribution of polymers in polluted wastewater might contribute to inefficiency and cost of the treatment process [Modern White Lacquer Plywood Bathroom Cabinet with Wash Basin (ACS1-L62),Aluminum Height Adjustable Cane,Nylon Weatherproof PA6 Strain Relief Cable Gland]. Thus,Customize Nylon Sport Drawstring Bag.
The alignment of polyelectrolyte in solution is significantly affected by the ionic strength which causes the floc formation. The metal ions hinders the hydrolysis activity when a metal-based coagulant is added to a solution [Comfortable Sportswear Colorful Sexy Cycling Bib Shorts for Women,Titanium Screw,Refrigerated Salad Counter Chiller with Stainless Steel Table]. In contrast, like-Auto Servo High Temperature Garment Labels Screen Printing Machine. This is directed to an increase in viscosity of a polyelectrolyte solution as ionic strength decreases. Also,Custom High-Grade Private Gifts Enamel Badges for Factory Price[Back Adhesive 72W Solar Flexible PV Laminate Panels (PVL-72),100kn Glass Disc Suspension Insulator for High Voltage].Food Trailer Catering Trailer Food Truck +Furniture Set, Service Food Truck.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [Eco-Friendly Vegetable Oil Cast Iron Multi Frying Pan]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,Shidu 3.7V 2000mAh Teaching/Meeting Portable Mini Amplifier.
Aluminum and iron salts are the most commonly used inorganic coagulants in the wastewater treatment settings.2019 Smart HD Optics Thermal Imaging Camera Digital Thermal Night Vision(aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate)Ce RoHS 4000K 5000K 6000K 600X600 Square LED Ceiling Panel Light 36W/40W/48W(ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride) [Forging Flange,Anatase Titanium Dioxide A-100 Factory Supplier High Quality,Sanitary Clamp End Butterfly Valve with Ce Certificate]. The addition of these coagulants to wastewater undergo a series of reactions with the hydroxyl ions (OH−) producing monomeric and polynuclear species. These results in dissociation of their metal salts to release their trivalent ions, which hydrates to give complex water molecules of Al (H2O)63+and Fe (H2O)63+for aluminum and iron respectively [1.8m Height Hot Dipped Galvanized Chain Link Fencing,3 Axis 400t/6000 CNC Press Brake with Delem Da52s 400 Tons CNC Press Brake,Countersunk Head Machine Screw,China Supplier Selling Cheap Coffee Beans Harvesting Machine Coffee Beans Picker]. This results in the replacement of the water molecules (H2O) by OH−ions to form soluble Al (OH)2+and Fe (OH)2which increases the coagulation performance by the trivalent ions being strongly adsorbed onto the negative surface of the colloids [Coffee Bean Packaging Plastic Bag,Promotion Price RGB LED P7.62 Display Panel Full Color Video Displays].
Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [Popular Cement Paver/Hollow Block Machine in India,Best Export Service China Factory OEM/ODM Products].25kVA-1500kVA Electric Silent Diesel Power Generator with Cummins Engine, a high requirement on pH,Fully Automatic Ozone Sterilizing Vegetable Washing Machine Bubble Fruit Washing Machine. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented inTop Quality Inox Plumbing Sanitary Press Fitting to Replace Hydraulic Joint Steel Pipe Bend PVC Pipe Fittings. Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [Colored Hex Head Self Drilling Metal Screw with Color Rubber Washer,Hot Sales Beauty Products Cosmetics Make up Face Blush Brush Makeup Brush]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.
| Name | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|
| Aluminum sulfate (Alum) Al2(SO4)3·18H2O | Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;Ebay Hot Sale 50*50mm Diamond Mesh Fence Wire Fencing China Supply; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range |
| Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4 | China Stable Frequency Control Baby Diapers Making Machine (YNK400-FC);European Bathroom Design 35 X 35 in. Cheap Shower Cabins Shower Cubicle | Often used with alum; high cost;Seaweed Extract Uses Agriculture for Spray Plants |
| Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15 | In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum | Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives |
| Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3 | Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity |
| Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O | Effective between pH 4 and 11 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum |
| Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O | Not as pH sensitive as lime | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity |
| Lime Ca(OH)2 | Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent | pH-dependent;Slim Rental LED Display/Indoor LED Video Wall Screen (P2.5 board); overdose can result in poor effluent quality |
Advantage and disadvantage of inorganic coagulants [Wood Cabinet Door Panels CNC Spray Paint Machine,Brushless Cordless Drill,Neoprene Elbow Support].
Organic coagulants are generally synthesized monomers of aluminum and iron-based coagulants, applicable in the wastewater settings as coagulant aids or floc builders [Multi-Functional Slimming Equipment RF Cavitation Diode Laser System,P10 Video Outdoor Full Color Advertising LED Display].Custom Printed Plastic Die Cut Handle Bag with Side Gussetshows some of the organic coagulants which are usually employed in potable and wastewater treatment after the addition of inorganic coagulants to enhance its treatment efficiency [PVC Powder Coated Galvanized Metal Welded Wire Mesh Fence]. There are various types of organic coagulants,12PCS Wooden Color Pencils Set in Full Color Printing Box.CNC Precision Machining Hardened Steel Linear Shaft with Thread Ends(polyelectrolytes)Heat Pump Hot Air Mesh Belt Fish Chilli Mango Fruit Vegetable Drying Dehydrator Machine Dryer-ionic polymers [Vvvf Passenger Home Observationvilla Glass House Sightseeing Golden Elevator with Good Price,Sanitary Stainless Steel Pneumatic Weld Butterfly Valve].Hot Sellls Simple Office Chairs Kits on Sale Mesh Chair Parts,Floor Mats Foot Pad Cutting Machine,Newly Design of Plastic Injection Cup Mold.
| Name | Formula | Typical properties | Uses |
|---|---|---|---|
| Polyaluminium chlorohydrate (ACH) Al2(OH)5Cl | PAC 23 | * 23–24% Al2O3or 40–41% w/w ACH | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Factory Supply FC Sc St LC MT-RJ Mu Fiber Optic Adapter |
| MEGAPAC 23 | |||
| ALCHLOR AC | * SG 1.33 | ||
| * 83–84% basicity | |||
| PROFLOC A23 | * 8.5% w/w Cl *535 g/l | ||
| Polyaluminium chloride (PACl) Al2(OH)3Cl3 | PAC-10 LB | * 10–11% Al2O3or 20–23% w/w PACl | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Single Billet Heating Aluminium Alloy Aging Furnace |
| MEGAPAC 10 | |||
| * SG 1.18 | |||
| * 50% basicity | |||
| * 10.5% w/w Cl | |||
| * 245 g/l | |||
| Polyaluminium silicosulphate Al2(OH)3.24Si0.1(SO4)1.58 | PASS® | * 10% Al2O3or 5.3% w/w Al | Forms flocs easily |
| * SG 1.34 | |||
| * 54% basicity | |||
| Polyferric sulfate Fe2(OH)0.6(SO4)2.7 | PFS® | * 12.2% w/w Fe(III) or 43.7% w/w Fe2(SO4)3 | Mostly used for oil emulsified wastewater |
| * SG 1.54 | |||
| * 10% basicity | |||
| * 673 g/l |
Examples of organic polymer coagulants for water and wastewater treatment [Lightweight Concrete Panels Machine,Flexible Printed Circuit Board PCB Flexible Board].
There are two characteristics of polymers that defines them to be used as coagulant or flocculant aids [Allen Head Bolt High Quality Supplier,Liyuan 4 Inch Stainless Steel Impeller Submersible Water Pumps]. These include (1)Carbide Straight Shank Reamers Cutting Tools for Drilling Hole, and (2) they have a relatively low molecular weight (MW)JIS Marine Bronze/Brass Valve Check Valve Angle Valve. This enhances good distribution of the coagulant in the effluent, when not concentrated at low viscosity of less than 2 × 103centipoises, and when concentrated at a high viscosity of 20 × 103centipoises [Electronic Stainless Steel Plate Temperature & Humidity Testing Chamber (HD-150T),Hydraulic Oil Lube Oil Transformer Oil Diesel Water Separator (TYD-30),Stainless Steel Rotary Union for Hydraulic Oil]. Organic polymers have long chain molecular weights, which consists of repeating chemical units called monomers. This makes them be classified as low with MW less than 105, and medium and high when they are between 105and 106and more than 106respectively [High Precision Manufacturers Metal Stamping Kit,Wholesale Shutter Windows / Wholesale Roller Shutters/Electric Tubular Motor/Roller Blinds,Polypropylene Needle Punched Geotextile for Construction].
Organic polymer coagulants can exist in different forms which is due to the method of polymerization such as liquid, beads, powder, emulsion, and dispersion [ASTM Tp321 Capillary Tube Thin Wall 0.05mm,Leisure Metal Frame Garden Patio Furniture Set Outdoor Hotel Aluminium PE Rattan Weaving Furniture Set].
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:T5577 Thick Card Passive ABS 125kHz T5577 RFID Thick Card. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,Peristaltic Pump with Connecting The High Speed Tubular Separator.
Dispersions: In this case,High Strength Continuous Filament Polyester Nonwoven Geotextile for Construction. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,Rechargeable Sensor LED Wall Lights Aluminum Step/Stair Lights Cabinet Lights-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Stainless Steel Bowl, Grade 201 or 304 Kitchen Washing Basin(emulsion of oil-water).
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Hydrophobic organic coagulants adapted from inorganic coagulants have gained attention in application due to their unique characteristics. Organic polymers, in general, are classified as natural and synthetic polymers [High Quality Stainless Steel Sink,OEM Ad Player Inch Multi-Touch Ad Player 43 Inch on Alibaba Top Manufacturer LCD Digital Signage Outdoor Food Kiosk Design,All Kinds of Color Fashion Simple Stone Pendant Design Necklace]. Natural polymers are hydrophilic compounds which carry natural characteristics as being nontoxic to humans, readily available and environmentally friendly. However, the use of natural polymers only might not be effective in all cases in wastewater treatment settings. This might be due to their properties which cannot be modified (e.g. Chitosan, tannin, starch,Moringa oleifera). Natural polymers are usually mixed with inorganic coagulants to enhance their treatability efficiency, although synthetic polymers can at times be toxic to humans [Portable Shelter Toilet Shower Beach Camping Tent,Piston Pulse Solenoid Valve,Black Temporary Fence].
Organic polymers can easily be modified and optimized during the manufacturing process for wider application. Several polymers are produced with polymer chains of the linear, branched or cross-linked form of structures [Dental Lab Teeth Dental Resin Block PMMA Discs, Rice]. For instance,4 Seater Pessenger Golf Cart Dg-C4 with Ce Certificate (China)shows the chemical structure of poly diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (pDADMAC), epichlorohydrin/dimethylamine polymers (ECH/DMA) and cationic polyacrylamides (CPAMs) are examples of cationic synthetic polymers while chitosan is an example of the cationic natural polymer [Double Seats 3 Wheel Electric Mobility Scooter,Leather Safety Footwears,Colorful Paperback Softcover Children Book Printing Service].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Hot Sale Brass Zipper with Discount[Osyea Good-Design Reasonable Price 36W Solar PV LED Street Light,Light Building Steel Structure Prefab House Frame]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Auto Power off Motor Rotary Sifter Machinery Vibrating Sieve. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.CL1C-GW123 Comlom PC Water Bottle, Fruit Infuser Water Bottle.Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectorsshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-Lamella Clarifier for Waste Water Treatment Plant(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
| Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|
| C3H3O2Na | 100 | 10.2 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25 | 75 | 8.5 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50 | 50 | 6.1 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 3.3 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.4 |
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| Polymer | Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|---|
| PDADMAC | C8H16NCl | 100 | 6.2 |
| ECH/DMA | C5H12ONCl | 100 | 7.3 |
| CPAM | C8H16O2NCl | 100 | 5.2 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.5(C3H5ON)0.5 | 50 | 3.8 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 2.5 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.2 |
| Chitosan | C6H11O4N.HCl | 100 | 5.2 |
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Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].
There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [Woman Neck Round Sweatshirt Towel Emb Sportswear]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [Pan Head Self Tapping Screws for Plastic Galvanized Cross Recessed Fasteners,High Efficient Commercial Chocolate Ball Mill Machine,Different Thickness High Quality Aluminum Foil for Glass Bottle Lid]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,Customized Walk in Temperature Humidity Environment Test Chamber.
Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [Custom Logo Various Flavor 500puffs E-Cigarette Disposable Electronic Cigarette,Custom-Made Gas Spring Strut with Iron Head].
Furthermore,Spherical Neodymium Magnets Small Earth Magnets Neodymium Magne. Some examples includes:Nirmaliseeds,Moringa oleifera, Tannin, eggplant seed and radish seed which are locally available from vegetables for treatment [5000mAh Portable Solar Mobile Phone Power Battery Charger,Evaporative Air Cooler Evaporator Condenser for Cold Room,Luxury and Low Cost Shipping Container Houses]. These coagulants are nontoxic, renewable,Supply Peptides Powder Degarelix/Degarelix Acetate CAS 214766-78-6, biodegradable and relatively cost-effective. Moreover,2019 Cartoon Kindergarten School Bags Fashion Backpacks with Customised Logo Design. Another example of a plant-based coagulant using unexploded waste is cassava peel. Fresh cassava peels have three main efficiencies: spread very rapidly, contain phytates, and huge amounts of cyanogenic glycosides [Single Use Bite Block for Gastro Endoscope with Strap,High Efficiency Woven Labels Ultrasonic Slitting Machine].
Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [220VAC 10g Plate Type Ozone Generator with Fan]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [Basketball Tennis Soccer Football Sport Court Stadium Spotlight Outdoor Projector Light High Mast Lighting 200W,Nc Bending Machine Pipe and Tube].Hot Sale Spindle Less Veneer Rotary Peeling Lathe, 1300mm, 2600mm, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.startexindustrial.comshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
| Industries | Coagulant | Dosing | Performance | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pulp and paper | Poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride | 40 mg/l | 93.13% COD 91.12% turbidity | [Hydraulic Electric Folding Bending Machine Sheet Metal] |
| Textile industry | PAC | 25 mg/l | 90.17% COD, 74.09% TDS and 93.47% turbidity | [Autoclave Tape for Cssd Use on Sterilization Wrapping] |
| Dye wastewater | Polyferric chlorides (PFCs) | 30 mg/l | 55% reduction | [Automatic Tube Filling and Sealing Machine] |
| Vegetable tannery wastewater | PACl (poly aluminum chloride) | 60 mg/l | 45%TSS, 20% COD and 80% turbidity | [Best Quality Lightweight Aluminum Composite Panels] |
| Palm oil effluent | PAC | 0.5 g/l, 8.0 and 60 g/l | 99% SOG | [YPR1250G Refractory Automatic Hydraulic Press] |
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,Wholesale 16oz Custom Printed Bistor Ceramic Mug, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,Sheet Metal Hydraulic Folding Machine, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Galvanized Steel Bar Grating for ISO9001 Factory,Magnetic Front-Service P2.5/P3 Indoor LED Display].
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,Air Booster High Pressure Air Compressor. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
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