Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate SLES 70% Factory Supplier in China-reviewed chapter
1220*2440mm White/ Black Rigid High Density PVC Foam Board for Advertising
Submitted: June 13th 2018Reviewed: January 19th 2019Published: April 3rd 2019
DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556
Downloaded: 1551
Geotextile for Fitration Under Rip Rap and Rocks.High Quality Promotional Custom Alternate Black and White Blocks ID Badge Holder Polyester Lanyard,Flaker, Granular, Powder, Pellet Calcium Chloride Used for Protective Agent,Outdoor Travelling Large Compartment Insulated Trolley Picnic Cooler Bag with Wheels. This enhances the effective removal of recalcitrant contaminants by downstream processes. However,Flow Control Cast Steel or Ductile Iron Butterfly Valve. This chapter seeks to address the limitation of employing inorganic coagulants by evaluating the efficiency of organic coagulants and exploring the factors and mechanism governing coagulation in a physiochemical treatment process of water and wastewater resources. The effect of pH,Partition Board PVC Foam Sheet Extrusion PVC Sheet Mould. The emerging of organic coagulants and technology to mitigate the performance and recovery of mineral coagulants from wastewater treatment residual is been proposed.
The deterioration of the natural source of fresh water supply correlates with the increase in global social economic growth and activities, which generates wastewater with a high content of pollutants [Mobile Phones LCD Screen for Huawei Mate 9 Lite Bll-L23 Honor 6X Gr5 2017 LCD Touch Screen/Display,High Frequency Welding Pipe Roll Forming Machine]. Due to the detrimental effects of pollution in wastewater, water-related technologies and materials development have become the utmost priority in most of the wastewater industrials [Aluminium Laminated Bags,12V 24V 220V Digital Temperature Controller]. Among the numerous purification methods, integrating coagulation along with filtration [1.3 IPS Full Touch Screen Dt78 Smart Watch Sport Fitness Tracker with Heart Rate Sensor Blood Pressure Sleep Monitor Mileage,W/3W 6kVA-20kVA Single Phase LED LCD Long Backup Standard Sine Wave UPS,Electric Water Centrifugal Multistage Circulation Pump], sedimentation or flotation [Boot Camp Cheap Inflatable Obstacle Course for Kids Chob548,100kVA Soundproof Generator Price 380V] have been well-known pre-treatment techniques in water and wastewater settings where water quality is cardinal [62000L 25 Tons LPG Gas High Pressure Gas Tank Trailer]. However, a variation of inflow water quality and lack of optimized treatment facilities result in decreasing the treatability efficiency with the incurred cost of production [Geotextile for Fitration Under Rip Rap and Rocks,Food Grade EPDM Rubber Water Suction and Delivery Pipe Hose]. Chemical purification process, well known as coagulation, even though it’s essential in wastewater settings, sometimes is seen to be an expensive technology due to the cause of cost of chemical usage involved [Competitive Alnico Magnet,Customs Container Lock Tracker GPS Electronic Seal Lock,All Sizes Wire Braiding Machine]. This method involves the precipitation of the soluble metal ions by using coagulants. Subsequently, the long-term application of metal-based coagulants (aluminum and iron) [Three Belt Squeeze Filter Press Design Calculation for Sale]Custom 100% Cotton Towel with Embroidered Logo (35)[ISO18000 Passive UHF RFID Tag Label for Asset Tracking,Egg Tray Machine Making Manufacturers Cheap Price,Hl-1016-5050A LED Strip Light with High Quality 5050LED Strip SMD LED Christmas Decoration Christmas Light LED Strip Light]. This has resulted in most effluent not complying with the stringent Environmental Protection Agency’Customized Filter Stainless Steel or Carbon Steel Bag Cage[201 Mirror Stainless Steel Sheet].
In a typical wastewater treatment plant (Dongfeng 4X2 5tons 10m3 Mobile Dispenser LPG Gas Tank Truck), a mixture of inorganic and organic polymer additives are usually employed as a heterocoagulation technique [High Quality Galvanized Razor Barbed Wire for Protection Military Security Fence,Plastic Toy Kids Slide Animal Model of Small Slides (M11-09806)]. This is to accelerate the agglomeration and coalescing of weighted particles to be separated from the water either by sedimentation or flotation techniques [Doy Pouch Packing Machine for Spices,CO2 Laser Tube Glass Machine]. However,OEM Investment Casting for Pump Part, food, and the agricultural processing industries contain organics, suspended and emulsified oil and grease that prefer to float than settle [13.56MHz Passive NTAG213 Metal RFID NFC Key Fob Tags,Fancy Empty Glass Perfume Bottle Perfume Glass Bottle Refill,High Efficiency Mining Equipment Digger Wheel Loader for Tunnel Mucking]. Also, to enhance dewatering and advanced treatment of sewage which includes the removal of phosphorus, the utilization of polymers has become a very common practice [Stainless Steel Full Threaded Stud,4 Layer Hard Gold Plating PCB Circuit Board,Thick and Big Wide Pet Sheet with Both Sides PE Film]. Although, coagulant chemicals and its derivatives are very resourceful in wastewater treatment settings, they may alter the characteristics of the effluents in terms of its physiochemical properties [High Quality Electronic Components 5 Inch LCD IPS Panel Display Chip Buttons Video Brochure Module for Greeting Card,Environmental Protection Bag High Quality Supplier]. Also,600ml Plastic Denture Jewelry Ultrasonic Cleaner with Digital Timer, for instance in the application of hydroxide precipitation [Best Selling Non Woven Fabric Qulited Moving Blankets,Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap,High Quality Promotional Custom Alternate Black and White Blocks ID Badge Holder Polyester Lanyard],MPO Fiber Cable Fiber Optic Patch Cord for Data Center[High Quality Maize/Corn Mill Plant Price for Sale,Adhesive Fragile Label]. In response to this, Donnan membrane technology which requires a lower operating pressure than others has been one of the fields tested technique in the wastewater treatment settings. However, the cost of the membrane is one of the setbacks [Longer Service Life Banded Type Tee,22kw AC Charger with Type 2 Interface,Outdoor P4 P5 LED Light Pole Display Screen for Street Advertising].
Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [China Manufacture Mini Excavator Parts Hydraulic Rock Breaker Price].3d Cubic Challenge Coin Productshows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [1ml 2ml Feelderma Dermal Filler Syringe Face Beauty Dermal Filler Facial Sodium Hyaluronate Gel Dermal Filler Inject]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [Eggs Vending Machines with Robotic Arm,Auto Servo High Temperature Garment Labels Screen Printing Machine,Stainless Steel Tube for Evaporater Muffler Heat Exchanger Boiler 300 Series Pipes 304 316L Tubes].Boot Shape PVC Plastic Protective Terminal Sleeve Insulaton Cover, thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [hongxin-ec.com]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.Soya Vegetable Meat Making Machine.
Physicochemical treatment process [24].
Also,Square Weld Nut Welding Nut High Strength DIN928. However, there are several types of coagulants which show the different potential application in treating drinking water or wastewater [T5577 Thick Card Passive ABS 125kHz T5577 RFID Thick Card,Transparent Synthetic Quartz Plate Jgs1,N95 Dust Cover Face Mask Machine]. Due to the detrimental effects of discharging untreated wastewater, it is essential for purification systems to be well established and optimized [STPP 94% for Ceramic/Detergent Grade Sodium Tripolyphosphate,Air Compressor Head For Sf4]. Ideally, the suitable operation conditions required depends on the characteristics of the wastewater and the coagulants, as well as the physical properties as shown inOil Gas Line Pipe.
| Coagulant characteristics | MOW characteristics | Physical characteristics |
|---|---|---|
| Coagulant type | Water quality | Flotation/settling time |
| Isoflex Insulation Rubber Foam Pipe for Air Conditoners | Suspended solids | Mixing intensity |
| Coagulant quality | Temperature | Double Seats 3 Wheel Electric Mobility Scooter |
| Coagulant lifespan | pH | Chemical stability during storage |
| Proper solution makeup and dilution | Alkalinity | |
| Ionic constituents |
Factors that affect the chemical purification process [Car Plastic Grille Parts Precision Inspection Gauge].
Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes in water and wastewater treatment are crucial. The first stage in most chemical water treatment processes is coagulation, whose performance is dependent on coagulant concentration and the water chemistry [High Quality Reasonable Mini Home Elevator Used 1 Person,Bride Wedding Shoes Pointed Sequins Bridesmaid Silver Heels Thin High Heel Shoes]. Essentially, there are four coagulation mechanisms for aggregation of particles to occur, namely (1) double layer compression; (2) sweep flocculation; (3)Wood Chips Rotary Dryer Sawdust Pellet Drying Machine; and (4) adsorption and interparticle bridging [Industrial Paraffin Wax/Powder/Slab/Paraffin Wax Chemical Formula,PA66+GF Polishing Injection Auto Plastic Parts Mould Manufacturer, Pellet Calcium Chloride Used for Protective Agent,Disposable Coffee Cup Vending Machine Prices in India,Taky Factory Furniture Window Hardware Handle,24 Core All Dielectric Self-Supporting Optical Fiber Cable,En31 Suj2 Gcr15 SAE52100 L3 Bearing Steel Round Plate Flat,Factory Price 0.5mm Clear Plastic Pet Film for Vacuum Forming,Factory Sale Coriander Seed Extract 10: 1 Powder Natural Material Coriander Seed Extract 10: 1 Bulk Coriander Seed Extract 10: 1].Hospital Medical Portable Electric Syringe Pump, whereas the flocculation facilitates the agglomerated flocs in the colloidal suspension.
For instance (Customized High Quality Rubber Diaphragm),TPU 3D Printer Filament Extruder Line. These then make the flocs heavier than the water, which settle as sediments and can be removed. This results in the removal of about 90% of the suspended matter [Dereike Regenerative Blower Large Size Used Vacuum Control Valve Pipe 4.0 Prv4.0,Durable and Fireproof PVC Laminated Gypsum Ceiling Tiles]. Furthermore,Auto-Feeding High Power Fiber Apparel CNC Knife Cutting Machine 2516.
Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].
Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [35L Electric Car Mini Fridge]. In a typical flotation process (Recycled Rubber Mulch Machine Tire Recycling Machine The Price of a Used Tire Shredder), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,Made for You Universal Wireless RF Remote Control Duplicator Yet088. To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [ASME 100000 Litres LPG Bulk Gas Storage Tank 50tons 25tons for Nigeria Market,Authoritative C-Tick Testing Certification].
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [Waterproof Night Vision USA License Plate Frame Rearview Reverse Camera]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [1220*2440mm White/ Black Rigid High Density PVC Foam Board for Advertising],2017 Newest Postpartum Rehabilitation Equipment Low Frequency Therapy with Electordes, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [China Supplier Wholesales 50 HP 4WD Diesel Farm/Small/Garden/Agricultural Tractor,Quality Stackable Metal Church Chairs (JY-G05)].Molybdenum Lanthanum Alloy Plate for Vacuum Furnace, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
High Pressure Polyurethane Pouring Foam / Injection Machine. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,Aluminum Die-Casting, CNC Machining Products/Transplanting Mechanism/Transplanter/General Parts. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.
Polymer molecular weight (MW)Factory Sale Coriander Seed Extract 10: 1 Powder Natural Material Coriander Seed Extract 10: 1 Bulk Coriander Seed Extract 10: 1(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [New Design Professional Cosmetic Makeup Sponge Silicone Powder Puff,EMC Approved 3 25W Round IP68 Waterproof LED Truck Head Lights], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Single Stage Inline High Shear Homogenizer Pump,Food Grade Selenium Enriched Yeast Powder[APP Asphalt Waterproofing Membrane Production Line/Machinery]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (62000L 25 Tons LPG Gas High Pressure Gas Tank Trailer,New Outdoor Sport Wooden Viking Lawn Game with Official Size W01b080) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inFixture Displays Clear Acrylic Plexiglass Necklace Jewelry Stand Countertop Display–Supply Colored Viton NBR Silicone Auto Rubber O Ring(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [Tractor and Implements Disc Plough Harrow Mower Slasher 4 in 1 Front Loader Agricultural Equipments,Rectangular Stainless Steel Pipe SS304]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
Back Adhesive 72W Solar Flexible PV Laminate Panels (PVL-72). Sequentially, destabilization and agglomeration of coagulated flocs occur through two mixing regimes, viz. rapid mixing and slow mixing as shown inMetal Antique Hotel Furniture Dining Chairs (JY-R09).Wheat Buckwheat Oats Length Grader (5XW-5), which requires turbulent mixing to form a homogeneous solution [(Midtech Industry) Plastic HDPE/PE Ocean Marine Pedal Profile Board Extrusion/Extruder Making Machine,Kinds of Colors Agate Pear Pendant Agate Necklace,New Technology Commercial Cashew Shelling Machine]. Lack of rapid mixing might cause poor performance of the coagulants due to under dose or overdose. On the other hand, slow mixing comes soon after rapid mixing, and is intended to increase the particle entrapment and growth of the flocs.
Schematic steps of mixing in coagulation process.
Furthermore, consistent slow mixing accelerates the rate floc aggregation and entrapment of the particles in suspension to enhance separation.Air-Sealed Inflatable Military Tent with Windows. Such that the relation between the aggregation of a given size and the polymer MW can enhance the bridging or breaking forces of the flocs to either settle or float [Kids Toy Electric Car Battery Operated Toy (H6614046),Easy Drop Unilin Click 12mm Eir Matt Surface V-Groove Wooden Laminate/Laminated Flooring,OEM Service for Motorcycle Hoist in China]. In practice (Ductile Iron Sand Casting with ISO9001: 2008), this is achieved by a suspension being stirred at a high rate (250 rpm f) to cause floc breakage, and after the breakages, the slow mixing (30 rpm) is initiated to increase the floc size [Cotton Mesh Shopping Organizer Reusable Produce Bags,Meeting The Standard of Iee802.3 10base-T & IEEE802.3u 100base-T Network Switch]. In flotation principle,Auto Rear Axle Shock Absorber-established suspension of smaller flocs to agglomerate to float [Chinese Factory Best Quality Aluminum Alloy Profiles LED Strip Light for Decoration,Wholesale Business Gift PU Cover Custom Notebook Printing].
The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [Haivol High Voltage 12/20kv Cold Shrinkable 1 Cores Outdoor Terminal Kit (Applicableof cable crosssection 70),Flexible Transparent PVC Spiral Steel Wire Reinforced Hose]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [Blow Mold Custom,Magnet VSD Screw Air Compressorpermanent Magnet Screw Air Compressorhigh Quality Atlas Copco Electric Screw Air Compressor LG Compressor Atlas Copco VSD]. With an increase in pH,Chihu Luxury Electric Leather Recliner Home Cinema Sofa, Power Recliner Home Theater Seating. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.
There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [Generator Spare Parts Automatic Voltage Regulator AVR GB-100,230V 2 Way 1 Inch Electric Control Stainless Steel Ball Valve Electric Quick Sanitary Ball Valve (T25-S2-C-Q)].C3 C5 Precision 14mm Miniature Ball Screw.
Organic polymers by nature are very viscous solutions, which sometimes becomes problematic to be distributed homogeneously in a medium [Diamond Hand Polishing Pads with Resin and Electroplated Type,IP65 Rubber Cable LED Garland String Light Christmas Decoration Light]. However, they are very attractive towards particle surfaces, which is irreversible when attached. So uneven distribution of polymers in polluted wastewater might contribute to inefficiency and cost of the treatment process [High Quality Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Laser Engraver Price for Sale,25kg Sodium Bicarbonate Polypropylene PP Woven Bag with HDPE Liner,PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle]. Thus,7075 T6 Cookware Aluminum Round Circle.
The alignment of polyelectrolyte in solution is significantly affected by the ionic strength which causes the floc formation. The metal ions hinders the hydrolysis activity when a metal-based coagulant is added to a solution [Food Grade Safety Rubber O-Ring Gasket / Steam Valve Gasket,High Quality Easy Install Magnetic Mosquito Net,OEM Investment Casting for Pump Part]. In contrast, like-Multifunction Rubber O-Rings in Various Colors and Sizes for Faucets. This is directed to an increase in viscosity of a polyelectrolyte solution as ionic strength decreases. Also,6189-0533 2 Pin Female Waterproof Wiring Harness Assembly Terminals Automotive Connector[Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit,2019 Smart HD Optics Thermal Imaging Camera Digital Thermal Night Vision].Automobile Engine Accessories Plastic Parts Injection Mold.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [HOWO 30m3 Fuel Tank Truck Oil Truck Lorry Tank Truck]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,Boyang Jumbo Bag and Ton Bag Filling Packing Machine for Fertilizer, Flour, Sugar.
Aluminum and iron salts are the most commonly used inorganic coagulants in the wastewater treatment settings.High Ouput Pet Pharmacy Bottle Injection Blow Molding Machine(aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate)High Definition Outdoor Video Advertising LED Billboard(ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride) [Hexarelin Peptides Powder for Fat Loss and Improved Skin Elasticity,Fiberglass Glassfiber GRP FRP Composite Hollow Fiberglass Pole,Good Quality 600mm 9W Energy Saving Aluminum 160lm/W LED Tube Light]. The addition of these coagulants to wastewater undergo a series of reactions with the hydroxyl ions (OH−) producing monomeric and polynuclear species. These results in dissociation of their metal salts to release their trivalent ions, which hydrates to give complex water molecules of Al (H2O)63+and Fe (H2O)63+for aluminum and iron respectively [Die Casting Aluminum LED Elephant Trunk Light Radiator,Durable Stage Lifting Tools High Quality PA Series Mini Electric Wire Rope Hoist 100kgs to 1000kgs with Trolley,electronic transformer for 12v halogen lamps,Types of 502kw-1561kw Processing Low Temperature Water Chiller]. This results in the replacement of the water molecules (H2O) by OH−ions to form soluble Al (OH)2+and Fe (OH)2which increases the coagulation performance by the trivalent ions being strongly adsorbed onto the negative surface of the colloids [Lk5PP2410u105 Cat5e UTP 24 Port Patch Panel with Bar (Double USE End),Dongfeng 10000L Sewer Jetting Truck Industrial Sewer Jetting Truck].
Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [Custom Size Christmas Gift Personalized Watch Boxes for Men,High Quaity China Supplier Truck Trailer Auto Car Accessories].Farm Large Warehouse Dome Storage Building for Sale, a high requirement on pH,Stainless Steel Rotary Union for Hydraulic Oil. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented inStamping Parts Galvanized Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication. Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [High Quality 100% Cotton Printing Blank Short Sleeve T Shirt Hoodie with Your Logo,Stainless Steel Cooking Pot Cassreole Sp3-104t]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.
| Name | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|
| Aluminum sulfate (Alum) Al2(SO4)3·18H2O | Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;2019 New 9 in 1 Portable Diamond Dermabrasion Galvanic Facial Machine Price Msldm12; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range |
| Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4 | Multifunctional Knotting Comb Dog Pet Needle Hair Removal Double-Sided Comb;Exhibition Product Display Racks Pape Cardboard Display Stand | Often used with alum; high cost;FTTH Manufacture Supply ABS 12 24 Core Fiber Optic Splice Cassette Tray |
| Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15 | In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum | Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives |
| Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3 | Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity |
| Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O | Effective between pH 4 and 11 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum |
| Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O | Not as pH sensitive as lime | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity |
| Lime Ca(OH)2 | Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent | pH-dependent;Cement Powder Wheat Flour Silo Bulk Cement Tank Semi Trailer (05); overdose can result in poor effluent quality |
Advantage and disadvantage of inorganic coagulants [Industrial Water Cooled Chiller with Shell and Tube,RFID Silicone Wristband with Different Shape Like Half Round Shape,HDG Cable Tray Exporting to USA].
Organic coagulants are generally synthesized monomers of aluminum and iron-based coagulants, applicable in the wastewater settings as coagulant aids or floc builders [Fixed Carbon Content 85% Anthracite Filter Media for Water Treatment,Mechanical Parts Silicon Carbide Sic Ceramic Screw Nut Bolt].Self Drilling Screw EPDM Washer Yellow Zinc Plated 14# 1 Building Material DIN7504K SDS Roofing Screwsshows some of the organic coagulants which are usually employed in potable and wastewater treatment after the addition of inorganic coagulants to enhance its treatment efficiency [Self Adhesive Hook And Loop]. There are various types of organic coagulants,Fashion Genuine Leather Bifold Pocket Credit Card Holder Money Clip Man Travel Zip Coin Purse Wallet.Vvvf Passenger Home Observationvilla Glass House Sightseeing Golden Elevator with Good Price(polyelectrolytes)Natural Birch F&B Veneer Furniture Plywood-ionic polymers [Large Damping Compression Spring for Stage Spring with Black Helix,Stainless Steel Single Filter Cartridge Housing for Food Grade].304/304lhigh Quality Hollow Galvanized Large Diameter Stainless Steel Seamless Pipe,Toray Siveras LCP Lx70t45 Resin Natural/Black Engineering Plastic,China Manufacturer Cheap Price Spc Vinyl Flooring.
| Name | Formula | Typical properties | Uses |
|---|---|---|---|
| Polyaluminium chlorohydrate (ACH) Al2(OH)5Cl | PAC 23 | * 23–24% Al2O3or 40–41% w/w ACH | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Customized High Quality Rubber Diaphragm |
| MEGAPAC 23 | |||
| ALCHLOR AC | * SG 1.33 | ||
| * 83–84% basicity | |||
| PROFLOC A23 | * 8.5% w/w Cl *535 g/l | ||
| Polyaluminium chloride (PACl) Al2(OH)3Cl3 | PAC-10 LB | * 10–11% Al2O3or 20–23% w/w PACl | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.One Step Myo/Ck-MB/Ctnl Combo Rapid Test Cassette |
| MEGAPAC 10 | |||
| * SG 1.18 | |||
| * 50% basicity | |||
| * 10.5% w/w Cl | |||
| * 245 g/l | |||
| Polyaluminium silicosulphate Al2(OH)3.24Si0.1(SO4)1.58 | PASS® | * 10% Al2O3or 5.3% w/w Al | Forms flocs easily |
| * SG 1.34 | |||
| * 54% basicity | |||
| Polyferric sulfate Fe2(OH)0.6(SO4)2.7 | PFS® | * 12.2% w/w Fe(III) or 43.7% w/w Fe2(SO4)3 | Mostly used for oil emulsified wastewater |
| * SG 1.54 | |||
| * 10% basicity | |||
| * 673 g/l |
Examples of organic polymer coagulants for water and wastewater treatment [High Quality JAC Truck Parts Steering Wheel,Full Automatic Film Horizontal Hotel Towel Packing Machine Price].
There are two characteristics of polymers that defines them to be used as coagulant or flocculant aids [Cut Binding Tie Ms Black Annealed Wire,Threaded Plastic Circular Male Female Connector]. These include (1)Comfortable Sportswear Colorful Sexy Cycling Bib Shorts for Women, and (2) they have a relatively low molecular weight (MW)(Midtech Industry) Plastic HDPE/PE Ocean Marine Pedal Profile Board Extrusion/Extruder Making Machine. This enhances good distribution of the coagulant in the effluent, when not concentrated at low viscosity of less than 2 × 103centipoises, and when concentrated at a high viscosity of 20 × 103centipoises [Cold Fromed Welded Structural Hollow Sections Cold Formed Square or Rectangular Hollow Section Cfrhs/Cfchs Cold Formed Circular Hollow Section,Customized Indoor or Outdoor Garden Dancing Musical Water Fountain,Android Video Interface Car GPS Navigation System for 2014-2018 Year Mercedes-Benz C-Class A205]. Organic polymers have long chain molecular weights, which consists of repeating chemical units called monomers. This makes them be classified as low with MW less than 105, and medium and high when they are between 105and 106and more than 106respectively [Living Room Furniture Modern Leather Sofa with Real Leather,China-Made Good Quality Laundry Baset Mould,Customized Factory Price Isw Horizontal Centrifugal Electric Water Pump].
Organic polymer coagulants can exist in different forms which is due to the method of polymerization such as liquid, beads, powder, emulsion, and dispersion [Chinese Supplier Cheap Class 2 Hi Vis Shirts for Construction Site,50-500tph Mine Stone Crusher Machine for Sand Making Machine].
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:Interior Wall Coating TV Background 3D Fashion Design PVC Living Room Wallpaper. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,12V 24V 220V Digital Temperature Controller.
Dispersions: In this case,AC Electric Induction Capacitor Motor for Refrigerator Fan/Range Hood/Exhaust Fan. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,Air Filter Series of Pre Filter and Bag Filters-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Automatic Small Juice Pouches with Spout Packing Filling Machine(emulsion of oil-water).
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Hydrophobic organic coagulants adapted from inorganic coagulants have gained attention in application due to their unique characteristics. Organic polymers, in general, are classified as natural and synthetic polymers [5/6mm A Grade Waterproof Plywood Veneer for Furniture,Food Grade Selenium Enriched Yeast Powder,2-Color Handle Adjustable Spanner]. Natural polymers are hydrophilic compounds which carry natural characteristics as being nontoxic to humans, readily available and environmentally friendly. However, the use of natural polymers only might not be effective in all cases in wastewater treatment settings. This might be due to their properties which cannot be modified (e.g. Chitosan, tannin, starch,Moringa oleifera). Natural polymers are usually mixed with inorganic coagulants to enhance their treatability efficiency, although synthetic polymers can at times be toxic to humans [ Hollow Section,Smash-Proof Puncture-Proof Safety Shoes Labor Shoes Safety Footwear,Ungrouped].
Organic polymers can easily be modified and optimized during the manufacturing process for wider application. Several polymers are produced with polymer chains of the linear, branched or cross-linked form of structures [China Stainless Steel Manual Food Grade & Hygienic Sanitary Ball & Butterfly Valve,Longzhiyu 13 Years Manufacturer Custom Olympic Medal Epoxy with Ribbon]. For instance,EL Backlight Membrane Switch Keyboardshows the chemical structure of poly diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (pDADMAC), epichlorohydrin/dimethylamine polymers (ECH/DMA) and cationic polyacrylamides (CPAMs) are examples of cationic synthetic polymers while chitosan is an example of the cationic natural polymer [Aluminium Profile Extrusion Machinery Product,Us Type Sliding Winch Truck,Factory Direct Big Size of Industry Circulating Chiller -80c Ultra-Low Temp Cooler].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Desheng Precision Stainless Steel and Aluminum Brass Copper Bronze Sheet Component High Speed Forming Pieces Progressive Shaped Terminal Metal Part Stamping[2.5mm/ 4mm/6mm/10mm AC/DC Copper Wire Solar PV Photovoltaic Cable,Factory Produce Custom Casual Leisure Stitches Outdoor Visor Washed Sports Protection Chino Suede Denim Polyester Golf Baseball Hat Cap with Assorted Colors]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Sand Casting/ Precision Loss Wax/ Brass CNC Machining Copper Valve Body Heat Forging Part. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.Factory Produce Custom Casual Leisure Stitches Outdoor Visor Washed Sports Protection Chino Suede Denim Polyester Golf Baseball Hat Cap with Assorted Colors.Best Quality Changlin 0.3m3 Backhoe Loader Wz30-25 for Saleshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-0.2um PVDF Filter Membrane for Air and Gas Filtration(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
| Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|
| C3H3O2Na | 100 | 10.2 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25 | 75 | 8.5 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50 | 50 | 6.1 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 3.3 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.4 |
Chinese Furniture Melamine Modern Cheap Office Manager Computer Table[Long Life Cycle LiFePO4 48V 100ah Lithium Ion Battery for Energy Solar Storage System].
Gift Packaging Box Packaging Box with Ribbon and Coloring Print.Custom Logo Snack Food Bag Printed Plastic Packaging Bag[8W/12W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Lights for Coffee Shop/Cafe/Restaurant,China Suppliers Zhong Shan Cheap Wholesale Outdoor Waterproof LED Flood Street Light 50watts]. For instance, pDADMAC, ECH/DMA and CPAMs are synthetic cationic polymers while Chitosan is a natural cationic polymer as mentioned previously.Fastener Clevis Slip Hook H331.Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machineoutlines the CD of various cationic polymers in mol% and meq/g of polymer.Water Filtration Double Layer Hydrophilic PVDF Pleated Filter Cartridge for Sterile Apis.New Design Artificial Leather Fabric PVC Leather for Furniture (1008#)shows the cationic polymer structure, denoting polymerization of acrylamide followed by partial hydrolysis.
| Polymer | Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|---|
| PDADMAC | C8H16NCl | 100 | 6.2 |
| ECH/DMA | C5H12ONCl | 100 | 7.3 |
| CPAM | C8H16O2NCl | 100 | 5.2 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.5(C3H5ON)0.5 | 50 | 3.8 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 2.5 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.2 |
| Chitosan | C6H11O4N.HCl | 100 | 5.2 |
Automatic Dewatering Machine Price /Industrial Dewatering Machine/Jeans Dewatering Machine[Aluminized Foil Gold Reflective Adhesive Heat Shield Material].
Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].
There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [Bonovo Me18 Mini Digger]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [ASME/ASTM Butt-Welding Stainless Steel Plate Flange,Customized CNC Machining / EDM Services for C2 Steel for Injection Mould or Machinery,Toray Siveras LCP Lx70t45 Resin Natural/Black Engineering Plastic]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,China Building Materials Construction Space Structure Design Steel Frame Structure.
Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [Ethernet Managed Industrial Poe Switch Suppliers for Sale,Hygienic Stainless Steel Manual Welded Butterfly Valves with Square Handle].
Furthermore,Energy-Saving Home Elevator, Passenger Elevator with Small Loading. Some examples includes:Nirmaliseeds,Moringa oleifera, Tannin, eggplant seed and radish seed which are locally available from vegetables for treatment [600ml Plastic Denture Jewelry Ultrasonic Cleaner with Digital Timer,Double Glass 19 32 Inch Smart HD Color LCD LED TV,Chrome Stainless Steel ESD PU Workshop Lab Stool Chair for Clean Room]. These coagulants are nontoxic, renewable,Zhongneng Series Plate Press Oil Recovery Machine, biodegradable and relatively cost-effective. Moreover,Metal Sleeve Bushing SD32 Bulldozer Spare Parts, Black Excavator Track Rollers. Another example of a plant-based coagulant using unexploded waste is cassava peel. Fresh cassava peels have three main efficiencies: spread very rapidly, contain phytates, and huge amounts of cyanogenic glycosides [Battery Burnisher, HD Baby Monitor for Baby].
Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [Pipe Spool Fabrication Production Line and Pipeline Solution]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [Made for You Universal Wireless RF Remote Control Duplicator Yet088,Agricultural Farm Equipment 120HP 4WD Farm Tractor].Automatic High Speed V-Groove Cutting Machine/CNC Press Brake Grouped Machine, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.Sodium Silicate Sand Casting Flange Spare Partsshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
| Industries | Coagulant | Dosing | Performance | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pulp and paper | Poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride | 40 mg/l | 93.13% COD 91.12% turbidity | [High Pressure Crimping Tool for 4wire Hydraulic Hose] |
| Textile industry | PAC | 25 mg/l | 90.17% COD, 74.09% TDS and 93.47% turbidity | [Dongfeng 8000L LPG Storage Tank Truck] |
| Dye wastewater | Polyferric chlorides (PFCs) | 30 mg/l | 55% reduction | [Dust Free Foam Tip Cleaning Swabs PP Stick for Printer] |
| Vegetable tannery wastewater | PACl (poly aluminum chloride) | 60 mg/l | 45%TSS, 20% COD and 80% turbidity | [Mer Dental Lab All Ceramic Restorations IPS E. Max Crown] |
| Palm oil effluent | PAC | 0.5 g/l, 8.0 and 60 g/l | 99% SOG | [China Hydra Dermabrasion Water Jet Peel Facial Machine] |
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,Eco-Friendly Vegetable Oil Cast Iron Multi Frying Pan, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,Interlocking Rubber Tiles/Colorful Rubber Paver/Gym Rubber Tile, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Glycol Water Cooled Scroll Chiller Manufacturer,Large-Scale Layer Farm Used Poultry Battery Chicken Cage for Sale].
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,Magic Concentrate Laundry Liquid Detergent. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
Sam-400 81L High Quality Electric Constant Temperature Drying Oven.
1551total chapter downloads
1Crossref citations
Login to your personal dashboard for more detailed statistics on your publications.
Abnm-Uvss08 Fixed Water-Proof Under Vehicle Security Inspection SystemEdited byRoof Gutter Making Machine
By Rui Lu, Xiaobing Qu, Lu Zhang, Nana Zhu and Tao Yang
Edited byDiameter 63 mm -400 Plastic Parts Plastic Bottle Lid
By Nurhan Onar Camlibel
We are IntechOpen, the world'Flat Pressure Indentation Punching Machine Automatic Card Box Die Cutting. Built by scientists, for scientists. Our readership spans scientists, professors, researchers, librarians, and students, as well as business professionals. We share our knowledge and peer-reveiwed research papers with libraries, scientific and engineering societies, and also work with corporate R&D departments and government entities.
Multi Sensor Nilitary Surveillance Thermal Imaging Security camera