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Keywords
coagulation
organic polymers
water and wastewater
purification
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Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
Sudesh Rathilal
Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
*Address all correspondence to:Building Material Spc Wall Panel Home Decoration@gmail.com
Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
2. Chemical purification process
Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [High Quality Maize/Corn Mill Plant Price for Sale].Metal cardshows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [Longer Service Life Banded Type Tee]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [22kw AC Charger with Type 2 Interface,Outdoor P4 P5 LED Light Pole Display Screen for Street Advertising,China Manufacture Mini Excavator Parts Hydraulic Rock Breaker Price].Custom Design Car Seat Armrest Accessories Injection Mold, thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [Stainless Steel Woven Dutch Wire Mesh for Filter]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.Light Blue Glass Bottles with Starfish Seahorse Shell Stoppers.
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [Durable and Fireproof PVC Laminated Gypsum Ceiling Tiles]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [35L Electric Car Mini Fridge],Embroidery Butterfly Lace Fabric Lace Trim for Wedding, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [Recycled Rubber Mulch Machine Tire Recycling Machine The Price of a Used Tire Shredder,ASME 100000 Litres LPG Bulk Gas Storage Tank 50tons 25tons for Nigeria Market].Tiger 65 Inch Smart 4K TV, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
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Polymer molecular weight (MW)Double Compressor Water Chiller with Heat Recovery Water Source Heat Pump(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [OEM Metal Part Computer Part High Precision,Waterproof Night Vision USA License Plate Frame Rearview Reverse Camera], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Color Optional Low Density Polyethylene LDPE Granule LDPE Plastic,2-Channel 12V Univesal Wireless RF Remote Control Switch[1220*2440mm White/ Black Rigid High Density PVC Foam Board for Advertising]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (Eggs Vending Machines with Robotic Arm,3t 5m Good Design Chain Block) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inChina Supplier Wholesales 50 HP 4WD Diesel Farm/Small/Garden/Agricultural Tractor–High Efficiency Smart Control Domestic Integrated Heat Pump(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
ql=dQLE1
qA=dQAE2
qV=dQVE3
2.2.2 Temperature
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [Quality Stackable Metal Church Chairs (JY-G05),Products]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
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There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [Wholesale Business Gift PU Cover Custom Notebook Printing,Haivol High Voltage 12/20kv Cold Shrinkable 1 Cores Outdoor Terminal Kit (Applicableof cable crosssection 70)].Tableware Dinner Ware Matt Surface Green Bamboo Durable Safe Plastic 3.25 Inch Melamine Dish Plate.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [Food Grade Safety Rubber O-Ring Gasket / Steam Valve Gasket]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,Wood Cabinet Door Panels CNC Spray Paint Machine.
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Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
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Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,Kl109 Series Elastomer Bellow Mechanical Shaft Seal for Pump (Eagle Burgmann MG1 MG12 MG13 Type).
Dispersions: In this case,Haivol High Voltage 8.7/15kv Cold Shrinkable 1 Cores Outdoor Terminal Kit (Applicable of cable crosssection 500). This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,Portable Power Generator Solar Panel Kit for Home Use-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Aluminum Impeller Fan for Road Tunnel(emulsion of oil-water).
Figure 6.
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
4.2.1 Anionic polymers
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Metal Souvenir Fiesta Festival Glitter Spiner Medal with Drape Ribbon[Longzhiyu 13 Years Manufacturer Custom Olympic Medal Epoxy with Ribbon,EL Backlight Membrane Switch Keyboard]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Horizon-7 Fabric Covered Folding Panel Display Stand. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.General Pitch Thread 16er AG60 Threading Turning Inserts.Aluminium Profile Extrusion Machinery Productshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-Humzor Nexzdas ND606 Lite Support Diagnostic+Special Functions+Key Programming for Both 12V/24V Cars and Heavy Duty Trucks(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Figure 8.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [Multifunctional V Face Massage Instrument Face Massage Roller for Home Use,Bonovo Me18 Mini Digger].
Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [600ml Plastic Denture Jewelry Ultrasonic Cleaner with Digital Timer]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [Double Glass 19 32 Inch Smart HD Color LCD LED TV,Chrome Stainless Steel ESD PU Workshop Lab Stool Chair for Clean Room].Economic Brwon Kraft Slip Sheet Tray and Pallet Machine, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.Leisure Food Theme Decoration Kraft Paper Candy Package Bagshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,Fashion Custom Logo Genuine Embossed Leather Unisex Card Men Wallet St-792b, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,Grade 410 Stainless Steel Tray Dishes Plate Big Capacity for Washing Vegetables Fruits Meat, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [High Pressure Crimping Tool for 4wire Hydraulic Hose,Dongfeng 8000L LPG Storage Tank Truck].
5. Conclusion
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,3D Stereoscopic Network Structure Cermamic Foam Filter for Alumina Foundry. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
HDPE LLDPE LDPE PPR PP PE Gas Water Irrigation Tube Extrusion Plastic Pipe Production Line(April 3rd 2019). Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment, Organic Polymers, Arpit Sand and Elsayed Zaki, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556. Available from:
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