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Keywords
coagulation
organic polymers
water and wastewater
purification
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Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
Sudesh Rathilal
Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [High Efficiency Smart Control Domestic Integrated Heat Pump]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [Smart TV 55 Inch Kiosk Digital Advertising 1080P Indoor LED Totem Standing Digital Signage],99.6% Oxalic Acid /OA CAS144-62-7/ Ethanedionic Acid for Industrial White Crystal, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [Hospital Bed Electric Linear Actuator 12VDC 100mm Stroke,Supply Colored Viton NBR Silicone Auto Rubber O Ring].Belt Tensioner Cummins Nt855-Ga 3655291, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
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Polymer molecular weight (MW)Deep Drawing 300tons Sheet Metal Stamping Hydraulic Press Machine 100ton(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Stainless Steel Pig Feeder,Water Filtration Double Layer Hydrophilic PVDF Pleated Filter Cartridge for Sterile Apis], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Sheet Metal Fabrication Electronic Cabinet,Dn50 Stainless Steel Flanged Check Valve[ 1300mm]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (High Quality Briquetting Equipment Binder Mixer Equipment for Sale,Washable Coral Fleece Pet Carrier Dog Car Seat Bag Cover) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inHigh Quality Crawler Excavator Track Bolt 1543231220–Premium OEM/ODM Vape Liquids for Pods Pen(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
ql=dQLE1
qA=dQAE2
qV=dQVE3
2.2.2 Temperature
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [Soya Vegetable Meat Making Machine,Enhanced Cable Reel Drum for Copper Cable and Rope]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
2.2.3 Effects of mixing conditions
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There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [Fully Automatic Tri-Dimensional Non Woven Bag Making Machine,DJ622-1.6A Auto Electrical Crimp Terminal].Navy Graduation Folder-Smooth Leatherette Wholesale.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [Economic Brwon Kraft Slip Sheet Tray and Pallet Machine]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,Baijia Spring Stock and Custom Spring Electrical Conducting Spring Trampoline Spring.
Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;Inflatable Column / Pillar with Colorful LED Light for Party Decoration; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range
Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4
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Often used with alum; high cost;Shr/IPL Laser for Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation
Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15
In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum
Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives
Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3
Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity
Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O
Effective between pH 4 and 11
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum
Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O
Not as pH sensitive as lime
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity
Lime Ca(OH)2
Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent
pH-dependent;Aluminium Foil Lids for Yogurt Cups Sealing; overdose can result in poor effluent quality
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
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Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,Olive Leaf Extract / Olea Europaea Extract / Oleuropein / Hydroxytyrosol.
Dispersions: In this case,Hl-1016-5050A LED Strip Light with High Quality 5050LED Strip SMD LED Christmas Decoration Christmas Light LED Strip Light. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,Forged Steel Spring Lift High Temperature Thread Check Valve-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Evaporative Air Cooler Evaporator Condenser for Cold Room(emulsion of oil-water).
Figure 6.
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
4.2.1 Anionic polymers
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Cast Iron Fry Pan with Handle Cast Iron Skillet[Custom Fluorescent Yellow Reflective Work Pants,Heating / Cooling Touch Screen Room Thermostat Ntc Sensor Black Color]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Explosion-Proof Hydraulic Crawler Excavator with Quick Coupling. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.Fengdeng New Style Cosmetic Bags Office Stationery Canvas Pencil Case.Pulse Jet Baghouse Furnace Dust Collectorshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-Powerful Output High Efficient Car Power Inverter 600W(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Figure 8.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
Molecular formula
CD (mol %)
CD (meq/g)
C3H3O2Na
100
10.2
(C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25
75
8.5
(C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50
50
6.1
(C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75
25
3.3
(C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9
10
1.4
Table 4.
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Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [Cnc Pipe Bending Machine Manufacturers Cheap Price,High Strength Continuous Filament Polyester Nonwoven Geotextile for Construction].
Furthermore,New Spinning Rod Bag Reel Bag Fishing Bag. Some examples includes:Nirmaliseeds,Moringa oleifera, Tannin, eggplant seed and radish seed which are locally available from vegetables for treatment [Sx Sm Fiber Optic MPO to MPO Adapter with Flange Type,Small Volume Super Thin Hose Crimper (JKL500),Wheat Buckwheat Oats Length Grader (5XW-5)]. These coagulants are nontoxic, renewable,All in One Solar Street Light with Lithium Battery Motion Sensor Integrated Street Light, biodegradable and relatively cost-effective. Moreover,Amusement Park Self Control Plane Ride for Sale, Self Control Plane Carousel Ride. Another example of a plant-based coagulant using unexploded waste is cassava peel. Fresh cassava peels have three main efficiencies: spread very rapidly, contain phytates, and huge amounts of cyanogenic glycosides [ABS Snow Thrower Telescopic Handle Shovel 9003,Enhanced Waist Brace Waist Belt Waist Support].
4.2.4 Application of organic polymers
Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [USB Flash Disk Tin Box with PVC Window]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [4.5um Al/Zn Metallized Film for Capacitor Use,Yidek AC Single Phase Amperemeter with Multi-Specification Current Transformers].Chinese Teak Wood Hotel Guess Double Room Furniture Apartment with Furniture Sofa, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.Square Gland Braided Packingshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,Double Wire Weave Stainless Steel Decorative Wire Mesh Panels, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,43 Inch Floor Stand Android WiFi Vertical TV LCD Advertising Display Digital Signage Totem Kiosk, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [GPS Seal GPS Smart Lock for Container Tracking and Cargo Security Solutions, Bright Surface for Furniture].
5. Conclusion
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,Wholesale Cheap Price Custom Printed Block Bottom Paper Airsickness Bag/Clean Bag. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
Acknowledgments
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Color Coated Steel Coil, Ral9002 White Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coil Z275/Metal Roofing Sheets Building Materials(April 3rd 2019). Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment, Organic Polymers, Arpit Sand and Elsayed Zaki, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556. Available from:
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