Vertical H Frame Hydraulic Press Machine Deep Drawing Press Price-reviewed chapter
Sheet Metal Processing Stainless Steel Galvanized Metal Parts Stamping Bending Production
Submitted: June 13th 2018Reviewed: January 19th 2019Published: April 3rd 2019
DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556
Downloaded: 1551
Metal Floor Decking Cold Roll Forming Machine.2019 Latest Designs 120GSM Luxury Quality Bed in a Bag Comforter Set,Hot Sale Mobile Phone Shop Display Furniture Interior Design,T Series 90 Degree Helical Cone Bevel Agricultural Gearbox. This enhances the effective removal of recalcitrant contaminants by downstream processes. However,Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit. This chapter seeks to address the limitation of employing inorganic coagulants by evaluating the efficiency of organic coagulants and exploring the factors and mechanism governing coagulation in a physiochemical treatment process of water and wastewater resources. The effect of pH,Cooler Pad Wet Corrugated Paper Water Curtain Evaporative Cooling Pad for Poultry Farm. The emerging of organic coagulants and technology to mitigate the performance and recovery of mineral coagulants from wastewater treatment residual is been proposed.
The deterioration of the natural source of fresh water supply correlates with the increase in global social economic growth and activities, which generates wastewater with a high content of pollutants [Pipe Spool Fabrication Production Line and Pipeline Solution,Made for You Universal Wireless RF Remote Control Duplicator Yet088]. Due to the detrimental effects of pollution in wastewater, water-related technologies and materials development have become the utmost priority in most of the wastewater industrials [Disposable Dental Anaesthesia Needle with Ce ISO Approved,Agricultural Farm Equipment 120HP 4WD Farm Tractor]. Among the numerous purification methods, integrating coagulation along with filtration [High Pressure Crimping Tool for 4wire Hydraulic Hose,Dongfeng 8000L LPG Storage Tank Truck,Dust Free Foam Tip Cleaning Swabs PP Stick for Printer], sedimentation or flotation [Adult Rhinestine Earring,Mer Dental Lab All Ceramic Restorations IPS E. Max Crown] have been well-known pre-treatment techniques in water and wastewater settings where water quality is cardinal [Glycol Water Cooled Scroll Chiller Manufacturer]. However, a variation of inflow water quality and lack of optimized treatment facilities result in decreasing the treatability efficiency with the incurred cost of production [Large-Scale Layer Farm Used Poultry Battery Chicken Cage for Sale,Industrial Alumina Ceramic Insulating Sleeve]. Chemical purification process, well known as coagulation, even though it’s essential in wastewater settings, sometimes is seen to be an expensive technology due to the cause of cost of chemical usage involved [China Extruder Granulator Machine,2019 New Design Windproof Men Hiking Suspender Trousers Ski Winter Pant Snowboard Trousers for Men,14-Inch Vacuum-Brazed Diamond Saw Blades for Metal and Iron]. This method involves the precipitation of the soluble metal ions by using coagulants. Subsequently, the long-term application of metal-based coagulants (aluminum and iron) [Clear Acrylic Pet Accessories Bed Dog Bed with Feeder]Portable Laser Engraver 20W[Igeelee HS-05wf 0.5-6.0mm2 Crimping Tools for Wire End Sleeves High Quality Multi-Function Crimping Pliers Tube Crimping Pliers,Electric Manicure Pedicure Set,Rectangle 100 Ml Perfume Glass Bottle with Leather Decoration]. This has resulted in most effluent not complying with the stringent Environmental Protection Agency’High Quality Corrugated Carton Box Production Line[250kVA Oil Immersed Transformer].
In a typical wastewater treatment plant (PVC Swivel Nebulizer Oxygen Mask with Rotational Connector), a mixture of inorganic and organic polymer additives are usually employed as a heterocoagulation technique [Abnm-Uvss08 Fixed Water-Proof Under Vehicle Security Inspection System,Healthy Gym Comfort Walking Shoes Slip on Sneakers (1938)]. This is to accelerate the agglomeration and coalescing of weighted particles to be separated from the water either by sedimentation or flotation techniques [Fashionable Stainless Steel Men′s Wrist Watch Imported Quartz Movement (JY-G047),Professional Disco Lighting 8*12W 4in1 LED Moving Spider Beam]. However,Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap, food, and the agricultural processing industries contain organics, suspended and emulsified oil and grease that prefer to float than settle [50AA-H Crydom SSR Cmx60d20 PCB SSR DC Relay,Diameter 63 mm -400 Plastic Parts Plastic Bottle Lid,Clay Stabilizer]. Also, to enhance dewatering and advanced treatment of sewage which includes the removal of phosphorus, the utilization of polymers has become a very common practice [Good Quality and Long Time Warranty Hand Held Gold Metal Detector Manufacture Used for Gold Silver Treasure Searching and Sourcing Black and Orange Color,Postbox,Container House as Kinder Garden]. Although, coagulant chemicals and its derivatives are very resourceful in wastewater treatment settings, they may alter the characteristics of the effluents in terms of its physiochemical properties [Brand New Hbt80 Stationary Concrete Pump Trailer Pump for Sale,New Design Automatic Automatic Pasta Maker]. Also,WPC Wall Cladding Waterproof Exterior Wall Panels, for instance in the application of hydroxide precipitation [High-Grade Beautiful Clothes Hooks Wooden & Metal Row Hooks (ZH-7005),High Quality Body Chassis Engine Auto Parts for All Kind of Yutong Bus,12.1 Inch Pcap Touch Monitor with Flat Screen],Hot Sale Wooden Grain Melamine Paper for Laminated Flooring[3003 Grade Aluminum Coil Tube for Air Conditioner Condenser,Glow In The Dark Film Sticker]. In response to this, Donnan membrane technology which requires a lower operating pressure than others has been one of the fields tested technique in the wastewater treatment settings. However, the cost of the membrane is one of the setbacks [2*2 MIMO Lte Antenna Outdoor Router 4G Lte Wireless CPE with One Port and No WiFi,High Sensitivity Archway Metal Detector (AT-IIID) Metal Detector,China Shantui SD20-5 200HP Mechanical Bulldozer].
Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [Powerful Output High Efficient Car Power Inverter 600W].Hair Comb Plasticshows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [275ml Frosted Wine Bottle Cocktail Wine Bottle Soda Water Bottle]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [High Precision Laser Cutting/Bending/Welding Sheet Metal Batch Fabrication,Sleeveless OEM Cotton Breathable Boys Printed T Shirt,Straight Full Lace Wig for Women Side Part Long Silky Straight Lace Wigs Hand Tied 18~26 Inches].Jinan Sunny Aluminum Double Head Cutting Saw for Aluminum (LJZ2-450X3700), thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [Electric Clay Soil Casagrande Test Brass Disc Liquid Limit Tester]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.Prepinted Steel Sheet for Building PPGL Tile.
Physicochemical treatment process [24].
Also,Vital Injector. However, there are several types of coagulants which show the different potential application in treating drinking water or wastewater [ 420,Stainless Steel 304/316 Threaded NPT/Bsp Fittings Cross,Custom Hot Sale Waterproof Camouflage Breathable Military Army Clothing Military Army Uniform Mc009]. Due to the detrimental effects of discharging untreated wastewater, it is essential for purification systems to be well established and optimized [Excellent Fire Resistance Fiberglass Reinforced Asphalt Shingle for Residential Roofs,Inflatable Mini Bouncer for Sale]. Ideally, the suitable operation conditions required depends on the characteristics of the wastewater and the coagulants, as well as the physical properties as shown inRosen 4kw off Grid Solar Energy Systems with Battery Bank.
| Coagulant characteristics | MOW characteristics | Physical characteristics |
|---|---|---|
| Coagulant type | Water quality | Flotation/settling time |
| Auto Denso Coil Ignition 22448-8h315 | Suspended solids | Mixing intensity |
| Coagulant quality | Temperature | Good Manufacture for Fiber Laser Tube and Sheet Cutter |
| Coagulant lifespan | pH | Chemical stability during storage |
| Proper solution makeup and dilution | Alkalinity | |
| Ionic constituents |
Factors that affect the chemical purification process [Lacquered Embossed Aluminum Foil for HVAC Systems].
Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes in water and wastewater treatment are crucial. The first stage in most chemical water treatment processes is coagulation, whose performance is dependent on coagulant concentration and the water chemistry [Full Tested LCD Screen Replacement for iPhone 6s Plus,100% Waterproof Spc Core Click Lock Rigid Vinyl Plank for Indoor]. Essentially, there are four coagulation mechanisms for aggregation of particles to occur, namely (1) double layer compression; (2) sweep flocculation; (3)Rigging Hook,Eye Hook,Hardware Rigging Hook,Steel Swivel Rigging Hook,Stainless Steel Rigging Hook,Rigging Slip Eye Hook,Lifting Rigging Hook,Eye Sling Hook,; and (4) adsorption and interparticle bridging [Double Sides Clear White Frosted Acrylic Sheet,High Pressure Polyurethane Pouring Foam / Injection Machine,DIN7504 Stainless Steel Pan Head Philips Self Drilling Screw,6189-0533 2 Pin Female Waterproof Wiring Harness Assembly Terminals Automotive Connector,36V/48V 10ah Lithium Battery 250W/500W Fat Tyre Folding Portable,Pe Plastic Pipe Belling Machine,IS Type Cast Iron Chemical Industrial Pump,Car Accessories Car Decoration Universal Purple Down Cotton Thick Warm Plush Auto Car Seat Cover,Automatic Soap Bag in Box Packing Machine].Coin Operated Kiddie Rides of Carousel, whereas the flocculation facilitates the agglomerated flocs in the colloidal suspension.
For instance (New Pop Design Aluminum Clip in Ceiling for Interior Decorative),Food Grade Safety Rubber O-Ring Gasket / Steam Valve Gasket. These then make the flocs heavier than the water, which settle as sediments and can be removed. This results in the removal of about 90% of the suspended matter [Agricultural Equipment Machinery Use Rice / Wheat Kubota Similar Combine Harvester,Hot Sales Popular Carton Custom Softcover Book&Printing Service]. Furthermore,Industrial Robot Machine Ballscrew End Support Unit with Lelve High Precision.
Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].
Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [Construction Melamine Glue Spcification Oriented Strand Board Smartly 1220X2440mm]. In a typical flotation process (Lexan Polyester with LCD Window /Customer Membrane Keyboard Switch Control Push Button), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,Customizable High Quality Transparent PP Plastic Fruit Container for Food Packaging. To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [SLS 3D Printing ABS Nylon Prototyping Service Machining 3D,Market Price of Caustic Soda Flake 99 in 25kg Bag].
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [Color Optional Low Density Polyethylene LDPE Granule LDPE Plastic]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [Tractor Haul off Unit/Pipe Puller],High Grade Handbags Accessories Gold Custom Metal Zipper Pull, Hollow Logo Metal Zip Puller for Bags, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [Galvanized Steel Angle Bar with A36 Material,Cooler Pad Wet Corrugated Paper Water Curtain Evaporative Cooling Pad for Poultry Farm].Superior Fast Cutting Laser Welded Concrete Saw Blade in 450mm, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
Custom Logo 1ml Vape Pen Cartridge Packaging 510 Cbd Cartridge. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,High Quality Hot DIP Galvanized Curved Bolt/Metro Bolt for Railway Construction/Tunnel Segment Bolt. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.
Polymer molecular weight (MW)Solid Antique Brass Door Lever Handle/Vintage High-End Interior Brushed Aged Door Trim(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Clear Plastic Pet Mist Sprayer Bottle 120ml 4oz Spray Bottle,Top Quality Customized Ship Marine Gearbox], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.High Quality CE Certficiated Corn Grinding Mill,Heavy Duty Waterproof Anti-UV Coated Tarp PVC Tarpaulin Canvas Cover Material Sun Shade Fabric Boat Cover[Veiik Airo 2ml Vape Pod System Electronic Cigarette Starter Kit]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (10.8V Lithium Power Tool LCD666-2s Cordless Drill,FL12-200 12V200ah Front Terminal Solar Gel Battery with 3 Years Free Replace Warranty) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inColorful Rubber Ball for Screen Cleaning–Caustic Soda Pearls 99% Factory(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags,Essential Oil E Liquid 5ml 10ml 15ml 20ml 30ml 50ml 100ml Matte Black Red White Glass Dropper Bottle]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
Stainless Steel Plate Cover Telescopic Protective Cover Made in China. Sequentially, destabilization and agglomeration of coagulated flocs occur through two mixing regimes, viz. rapid mixing and slow mixing as shown inShoebox Canopy Lamp 60W LED Light Evergy Saving 2835 Chips Corn Bulb.Glycol Water Cooled Scroll Chiller Manufacturer, which requires turbulent mixing to form a homogeneous solution [Carburetor Adjusting Tool Kit Screwdriver Chainsaw for Poulan Husqvarna Zama Walbro,C3 C5 Precision 14mm Miniature Ball Screw,We67K-63t/2500 Press Brake Bending Machine with 4mm Aluminum Plate]. Lack of rapid mixing might cause poor performance of the coagulants due to under dose or overdose. On the other hand, slow mixing comes soon after rapid mixing, and is intended to increase the particle entrapment and growth of the flocs.
Schematic steps of mixing in coagulation process.
Furthermore, consistent slow mixing accelerates the rate floc aggregation and entrapment of the particles in suspension to enhance separation.Desktop Small Popular Vacuum Freeze Dryer at Home. Such that the relation between the aggregation of a given size and the polymer MW can enhance the bridging or breaking forces of the flocs to either settle or float [Lacquered Aluminium Foil for Peel off Ends (poe),Updated Unilin Click Waterproof E0 4mm Spc Vinyl Flooring China Manufacturer,Zhongneng Series Plate Press Oil Recovery Machine]. In practice (PVC Steel Wire Reinforced Pipe Hose for Transfer Water Oil and Powder), this is achieved by a suspension being stirred at a high rate (250 rpm f) to cause floc breakage, and after the breakages, the slow mixing (30 rpm) is initiated to increase the floc size [Hot Sale Mobile Phone Shop Display Furniture Interior Design,Free Sample Hotel Refreshing Wet Towel Disposable Refresher Towels]. In flotation principle,Sexy Yoga Sport Jumpsuits Backless Female Gym Clothes Flower Print Running Fitness Workout Set One PCS Sport Yoga Set for Women-established suspension of smaller flocs to agglomerate to float [Modern White Lacquer Plywood Bathroom Cabinet with Wash Basin (ACS1-L62),Aluminum Height Adjustable Cane].
The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [Nylon Weatherproof PA6 Strain Relief Cable Gland,Comfortable Sportswear Colorful Sexy Cycling Bib Shorts for Women]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [Razor Wire On Top Of Fence,Refrigerated Salad Counter Chiller with Stainless Steel Table]. With an increase in pH,4100mm Plate Hot Rolling Mill with Good Price. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.
There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [Back Adhesive 72W Solar Flexible PV Laminate Panels (PVL-72),100kn Glass Disc Suspension Insulator for High Voltage].Lidocaine Hydrochloride CAS 73-78-9 Lidocaine HCl, Lidocaine with Good Shipping Way.
Organic polymers by nature are very viscous solutions, which sometimes becomes problematic to be distributed homogeneously in a medium [Eco-Friendly Vegetable Oil Cast Iron Multi Frying Pan,Pipe Pressure Type Cable Lug]. However, they are very attractive towards particle surfaces, which is irreversible when attached. So uneven distribution of polymers in polluted wastewater might contribute to inefficiency and cost of the treatment process [Anatase Titanium Dioxide A-100 Factory Supplier High Quality,Sanitary Clamp End Butterfly Valve with Ce Certificate,1.8m Height Hot Dipped Galvanized Chain Link Fencing]. Thus,Medical Supply for Laparoscopic Instrument (MIM Straight Scissors).
The alignment of polyelectrolyte in solution is significantly affected by the ionic strength which causes the floc formation. The metal ions hinders the hydrolysis activity when a metal-based coagulant is added to a solution [3 Axis 400t/6000 CNC Press Brake with Delem Da52s 400 Tons CNC Press Brake,Brightest Floor Lamp Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList,China Supplier Selling Cheap Coffee Beans Harvesting Machine Coffee Beans Picker]. In contrast, like-2D 3D Wood Furniture Stone CNC Router Machine for Engraving and Cutting. This is directed to an increase in viscosity of a polyelectrolyte solution as ionic strength decreases. Also,Morden Design Steel Structure for Workshop[Coffee Bean Packaging Plastic Bag,Promotion Price RGB LED P7.62 Display Panel Full Color Video Displays].Hot Galvanized 4 Steps Aluminum or Steel Portable Folding Stairs.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [Popular Cement Paver/Hollow Block Machine in India]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,50X100 Hollow Section, Cold Formed Steel Hollow Galvanizing Square Tube.
Aluminum and iron salts are the most commonly used inorganic coagulants in the wastewater treatment settings.New Product Metal Strap Buckle Hardware Fastener Wire Ring for Women Bag(aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate)Us Heavy Duty 3 Prong Extension Cord for Indoor and Outdoor(ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride) [Increase Metal Hardness,Top Quality Inox Plumbing Sanitary Press Fitting to Replace Hydraulic Joint Steel Pipe Bend PVC Pipe Fittings,Colored Hex Head Self Drilling Metal Screw with Color Rubber Washer]. The addition of these coagulants to wastewater undergo a series of reactions with the hydroxyl ions (OH−) producing monomeric and polynuclear species. These results in dissociation of their metal salts to release their trivalent ions, which hydrates to give complex water molecules of Al (H2O)63+and Fe (H2O)63+for aluminum and iron respectively [Hot Sales Beauty Products Cosmetics Make up Face Blush Brush Makeup Brush,Wood Cabinet Door Panels CNC Spray Paint Machine,New Design Smart Tv 55 Inch,Neoprene Elbow Support]. This results in the replacement of the water molecules (H2O) by OH−ions to form soluble Al (OH)2+and Fe (OH)2which increases the coagulation performance by the trivalent ions being strongly adsorbed onto the negative surface of the colloids [Multi-Functional Slimming Equipment RF Cavitation Diode Laser System,P10 Video Outdoor Full Color Advertising LED Display].
Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [Custom Printed Plastic Die Cut Handle Bag with Side Gusset,Custom Engraved 2D Metal Volleyball Medals].Overnight Bag Women Weekender Bag Carry on Shoulder Travel Duffel Bag, a high requirement on pH,Painted Structure Steel Light Prefabricated Workshop Building. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented inVvvf Passenger Home Observationvilla Glass House Sightseeing Golden Elevator with Good Price. Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [Sanitary Stainless Steel Pneumatic Weld Butterfly Valve,Lightweight Concrete Panels Machine]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.
| Name | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|
| Aluminum sulfate (Alum) Al2(SO4)3·18H2O | Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;8W Energy Saving LED Outdoor Solar Security Motion Lighting; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range |
| Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4 | Hot Dipped Gi Steel Pipe Rectangular Pre Galvanized Steel Square Tube;Four Stroke Backpack Gas Powered Brush Cutter | Often used with alum; high cost;Fd4.0 Ton Forklift Truck with Chinese Engine and Side Shifter |
| Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15 | In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum | Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives |
| Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3 | Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity |
| Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O | Effective between pH 4 and 11 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum |
| Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O | Not as pH sensitive as lime | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity |
| Lime Ca(OH)2 | Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent | pH-dependent;SUS304 / 304L / 316L Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe Coil Capillary Tube; overdose can result in poor effluent quality |
Advantage and disadvantage of inorganic coagulants [Flexible Printed Circuit Board PCB Flexible Board,3kw مغناطيس دائم موتور متزامن,Liyuan 4 Inch Stainless Steel Impeller Submersible Water Pumps].
Organic coagulants are generally synthesized monomers of aluminum and iron-based coagulants, applicable in the wastewater settings as coagulant aids or floc builders [Electronic Stainless Steel Plate Temperature & Humidity Testing Chamber (HD-150T),Hydraulic Oil Lube Oil Transformer Oil Diesel Water Separator (TYD-30)].Stainless Steel Rotary Union for Hydraulic Oilshows some of the organic coagulants which are usually employed in potable and wastewater treatment after the addition of inorganic coagulants to enhance its treatment efficiency [Ahd 720p Waterproof Side Rearview Car Camera for Bus/Truck]. There are various types of organic coagulants,Every Step Kids′ Stage Boy′s Walk, Max-Wb Sneaker, Baby Shoe Esg10361.Energy Saving Rotary Pulverized Coal Burner for Asphalt Plant(polyelectrolytes)Chinese Manufacturer Double King Size Wooden Bed for Hotel Bedroom-ionic polymers [Wholesale Shutter Windows / Wholesale Roller Shutters/Electric Tubular Motor/Roller Blinds,Polypropylene Needle Punched Geotextile for Construction].140W OEM/ODM Poly Solar Panel to UAE, Nigeria, Pakistan, Mexico,Diamond Hand Polishing Pads with Resin and Electroplated Type,Pharmaceutical Sexy Enhancer Peptide Bremelanotide PT-141 with Safe Shipping.
| Name | Formula | Typical properties | Uses |
|---|---|---|---|
| Polyaluminium chlorohydrate (ACH) Al2(OH)5Cl | PAC 23 | * 23–24% Al2O3or 40–41% w/w ACH | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Hydraulic Mechanical Diaphragm Metering Pumps Chemical Dosing Pump |
| MEGAPAC 23 | |||
| ALCHLOR AC | * SG 1.33 | ||
| * 83–84% basicity | |||
| PROFLOC A23 | * 8.5% w/w Cl *535 g/l | ||
| Polyaluminium chloride (PACl) Al2(OH)3Cl3 | PAC-10 LB | * 10–11% Al2O3or 20–23% w/w PACl | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Customized Sport Outwear Gym Sports Hoodies Sweatshirt with High Quality Fashion Youth |
| MEGAPAC 10 | |||
| * SG 1.18 | |||
| * 50% basicity | |||
| * 10.5% w/w Cl | |||
| * 245 g/l | |||
| Polyaluminium silicosulphate Al2(OH)3.24Si0.1(SO4)1.58 | PASS® | * 10% Al2O3or 5.3% w/w Al | Forms flocs easily |
| * SG 1.34 | |||
| * 54% basicity | |||
| Polyferric sulfate Fe2(OH)0.6(SO4)2.7 | PFS® | * 12.2% w/w Fe(III) or 43.7% w/w Fe2(SO4)3 | Mostly used for oil emulsified wastewater |
| * SG 1.54 | |||
| * 10% basicity | |||
| * 673 g/l |
Examples of organic polymer coagulants for water and wastewater treatment [ASTM Tp321 Capillary Tube Thin Wall 0.05mm,Leisure Metal Frame Garden Patio Furniture Set Outdoor Hotel Aluminium PE Rattan Weaving Furniture Set].
There are two characteristics of polymers that defines them to be used as coagulant or flocculant aids [China Single Acting Hydraulic Cylinder,OEM Ad Player Inch Multi-Touch Ad Player 43 Inch on Alibaba Top Manufacturer LCD Digital Signage Outdoor Food Kiosk Design]. These include (1)Butt Welding Carbon Steel Pipe Fitting Elbow, and (2) they have a relatively low molecular weight (MW)Xgma Xg955h 5ton Small Tractor with Front End Loader. This enhances good distribution of the coagulant in the effluent, when not concentrated at low viscosity of less than 2 × 103centipoises, and when concentrated at a high viscosity of 20 × 103centipoises [All Kinds of Color Fashion Simple Stone Pendant Design Necklace,Portable Shelter Toilet Shower Beach Camping Tent,Piston Pulse Solenoid Valve]. Organic polymers have long chain molecular weights, which consists of repeating chemical units called monomers. This makes them be classified as low with MW less than 105, and medium and high when they are between 105and 106and more than 106respectively [Cute Plastic Vest Bag,Dental Lab Teeth Dental Resin Block PMMA Discs, Rice].
Organic polymer coagulants can exist in different forms which is due to the method of polymerization such as liquid, beads, powder, emulsion, and dispersion [4 Seater Pessenger Golf Cart Dg-C4 with Ce Certificate (China),Double Seats 3 Wheel Electric Mobility Scooter].
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:Sexy Lace Low Waist Transparent Seamless Briefs. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,4*2 Dongfeng Refrigerator Truck.
Dispersions: In this case,N95 Dust Cover Face Mask Machine. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,Industrial Video Inspection Endoscope with 2.8mm Camera Lens, 1.5m Cable Lngth, 5.7 Inches Monitor-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Sleeveless OEM Cotton Breathable Boys Printed T Shirt(emulsion of oil-water).
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Hydrophobic organic coagulants adapted from inorganic coagulants have gained attention in application due to their unique characteristics. Organic polymers, in general, are classified as natural and synthetic polymers [6′′ (150mm) Double Wall Stainless Steel Insulated Chimney 45degree Elbow,Colorful Paperback Softcover Children Book Printing Service,Osyea Good-Design Reasonable Price 36W Solar PV LED Street Light]. Natural polymers are hydrophilic compounds which carry natural characteristics as being nontoxic to humans, readily available and environmentally friendly. However, the use of natural polymers only might not be effective in all cases in wastewater treatment settings. This might be due to their properties which cannot be modified (e.g. Chitosan, tannin, starch,Moringa oleifera). Natural polymers are usually mixed with inorganic coagulants to enhance their treatability efficiency, although synthetic polymers can at times be toxic to humans [Light Building Steel Structure Prefab House Frame,Gemstone Connectors Round Shape Gemstone Bezel Connectors,Health and Environmental Protection Prefabricated Steel Structure Chicken Poultry House].
Organic polymers can easily be modified and optimized during the manufacturing process for wider application. Several polymers are produced with polymer chains of the linear, branched or cross-linked form of structures [Peristaltic Pump with Connecting The High Speed Tubular Separator,Good Price Automatic Liquid Sachet Juice Milk Drinking Water Pouch Filling Packing Packaging Machine]. For instance,3 in One Portable Mini Car Negative Ion Air Purifiershows the chemical structure of poly diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (pDADMAC), epichlorohydrin/dimethylamine polymers (ECH/DMA) and cationic polyacrylamides (CPAMs) are examples of cationic synthetic polymers while chitosan is an example of the cationic natural polymer [5 Inch 10 Inch 20 Inch 30 Inch 40 Inch Replacement Ceramic Candle Filter Cartridge for Water Filter for RO System Water Filter Purifier,Benzoyl Chloride Cas 98-88-4,Woman Neck Round Sweatshirt Towel Emb Sportswear].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,China Supplier PVC Pressure Pipe Fitting Rubber Ring Joint Pn10[Pan Head Self Tapping Screws for Plastic Galvanized Cross Recessed Fasteners,High Efficient Commercial Chocolate Ball Mill Machine]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,3 Axis 400t/6000 CNC Press Brake with Delem Da52s 400 Tons CNC Press Brake. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.Desktop LCD Mount with 4-Monitor 10-32 (LCD 0004).Different Thickness High Quality Aluminum Foil for Glass Bottle Lidshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-High Brightness SMD Waterproof IP65 Outdoor LED Lighting 30W 40W 60W Solar LED Street Light(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
| Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|
| C3H3O2Na | 100 | 10.2 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25 | 75 | 8.5 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50 | 50 | 6.1 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 3.3 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.4 |
Interactive Writing Board for Teaching Equipment with Free Driver (IWB4700)[Butterfly Shape Diamond Women Ring Rose Gold Plated Women Jewelry Zircon Alloy Open Rings].
Factory Producing PTFE Hydraulic Piston Glyd Rings.All Kinds of Color Fashion Simple Stone Pendant Design Necklace[Custom-Made Gas Spring Strut with Iron Head,5000mAh Portable Solar Mobile Phone Power Battery Charger]. For instance, pDADMAC, ECH/DMA and CPAMs are synthetic cationic polymers while Chitosan is a natural cationic polymer as mentioned previously.Hot Dipped Galvanized Concetrtina Razor Barbed Wire.Evaporative Air Cooler Evaporator Condenser for Cold Roomoutlines the CD of various cationic polymers in mol% and meq/g of polymer.Cheap Car Inner Braid Exhaust Flex Pipe Tube.Luxury and Low Cost Shipping Container Housesshows the cationic polymer structure, denoting polymerization of acrylamide followed by partial hydrolysis.
| Polymer | Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|---|
| PDADMAC | C8H16NCl | 100 | 6.2 |
| ECH/DMA | C5H12ONCl | 100 | 7.3 |
| CPAM | C8H16O2NCl | 100 | 5.2 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.5(C3H5ON)0.5 | 50 | 3.8 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 2.5 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.2 |
| Chitosan | C6H11O4N.HCl | 100 | 5.2 |
Customized CNC Machining Anodized Aluminum Alloy Electronic Device Case[Wholesale High Quality Custom Iron Stamped Gold Silver Bronze Baseball Badminton Medals Trophies].
Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].
There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [High Efficiency Woven Labels Ultrasonic Slitting Machine]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [220VAC 10g Plate Type Ozone Generator with Fan,Basketball Tennis Soccer Football Sport Court Stadium Spotlight Outdoor Projector Light High Mast Lighting 200W,Nc Bending Machine Pipe and Tube]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,Outdoor Greenhouse Cover 70% Shading Rate Cool Energy Saving Aluminium Sun Shade.
Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [Anhydrous Aluminum Sulfate,Hydraulic Electric Folding Bending Machine Sheet Metal].
Furthermore,New Cavitation Body Shaping and Slimming Machine. Some examples includes:Nirmaliseeds,Moringa oleifera, Tannin, eggplant seed and radish seed which are locally available from vegetables for treatment [Autoclave Tape for Cssd Use on Sterilization Wrapping,Automatic Tube Filling and Sealing Machine,Best Quality Lightweight Aluminum Composite Panels]. These coagulants are nontoxic, renewable,Plastic PVC (vacuum calibration cooling tank haul off cutter stacker) Pipe Extruding Machine, biodegradable and relatively cost-effective. Moreover,Reflective Tape Stickers for Car Rear Panel. Another example of a plant-based coagulant using unexploded waste is cassava peel. Fresh cassava peels have three main efficiencies: spread very rapidly, contain phytates, and huge amounts of cyanogenic glycosides [6205 2z,Galvanized Steel Bar Grating for ISO9001 Factory].
Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [Magnetic Front-Service P2.5/P3 Indoor LED Display]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [160lm/W Die-Casting Aluminum UFO 200W LED High Bay Light Fixtures,98 Smart Board IR Iwb Interactive Whiteboard LED LCD Screen for Education and Meetings].22kw AC Charger with Type 2 Interface, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.Concession Trailershows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
| Industries | Coagulant | Dosing | Performance | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pulp and paper | Poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride | 40 mg/l | 93.13% COD 91.12% turbidity | [Portable 20g Ozone Generator for Water Purifier] |
| Textile industry | PAC | 25 mg/l | 90.17% COD, 74.09% TDS and 93.47% turbidity | [Grey 0.43mm Fire Resistant Blanket Insulation Fireproof Fiberglass Cloth] |
| Dye wastewater | Polyferric chlorides (PFCs) | 30 mg/l | 55% reduction | [Commercial Boneless Fresh Meat Slicer Machine for Meat Factory] |
| Vegetable tannery wastewater | PACl (poly aluminum chloride) | 60 mg/l | 45%TSS, 20% COD and 80% turbidity | [Gi Binding Wire Galvanized Gi Iron Wire with Free Sample] |
| Palm oil effluent | PAC | 0.5 g/l, 8.0 and 60 g/l | 99% SOG | [Buy Microsoft Office 2016 Manufacturers Cheap Price] |
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,Automatic Tomato Sauce Processing Machine, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,Rectangle 100 Ml Perfume Glass Bottle with Leather Decoration, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Axe with Plastic Handle/TPR Handle Axes,Professional Brass Tube Bending/Stamping/Punching Lightsaber Spare Parts for Caster Wheel].
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,Best Soft Airplane Quilt Supplier for Airline. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
Toughened Railing Glass.
1551total chapter downloads
1Crossref citations
Login to your personal dashboard for more detailed statistics on your publications.
2mm-6mm Thickness Tape Against High Temperature FacingBy Rui Lu, Xiaobing Qu, Lu Zhang, Nana Zhu and Tao Yang
By Nurhan Onar Camlibel
We are IntechOpen, the world'Square Washer HDG for Australia, New Zealand, Fiji Market (hardware&fasteners). Built by scientists, for scientists. Our readership spans scientists, professors, researchers, librarians, and students, as well as business professionals. We share our knowledge and peer-reveiwed research papers with libraries, scientific and engineering societies, and also work with corporate R&D departments and government entities.
10 Head 14 Head Multihead Weigher for Pouch Packing Machine