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Submitted: June 13th 2018Reviewed: January 19th 2019Published: April 3rd 2019
DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556
Downloaded: 1551
Sdlg LG936L Wheel Loader Spare Parts 4041000687 Hose Assembly.Food Grade EPDM Rubber Water Suction and Delivery Pipe Hose,Three Belt Squeeze Filter Press Design Calculation for Sale,Travel Duffel Bag, Foldable Weekender Bag with Shoes Compartment (grey). This enhances the effective removal of recalcitrant contaminants by downstream processes. However,Linear Module One Slide Linear Stage Ball Screw Block. This chapter seeks to address the limitation of employing inorganic coagulants by evaluating the efficiency of organic coagulants and exploring the factors and mechanism governing coagulation in a physiochemical treatment process of water and wastewater resources. The effect of pH,Single Glass Door Beer Cooler Fridge Soft Drink Upright Display Chiller for Convenience Store. The emerging of organic coagulants and technology to mitigate the performance and recovery of mineral coagulants from wastewater treatment residual is been proposed.
The deterioration of the natural source of fresh water supply correlates with the increase in global social economic growth and activities, which generates wastewater with a high content of pollutants [Latest New Model Superior Service Electric Meat Mincer,Hzs25 Concrete Batching Plant with Monitoring System & Printing System]. Due to the detrimental effects of pollution in wastewater, water-related technologies and materials development have become the utmost priority in most of the wastewater industrials [Snow Melting Agent 74% 94% Flakes/Powder Calcium Chloride,PVC/PP/PE Twin Screw Plastic Granules Extruding Granulator Machine]. Among the numerous purification methods, integrating coagulation along with filtration [Polyester Staple and Bamboo Printed Tablecloth,Fully Automatic Ozone Sterilizing Vegetable Washing Machine Bubble Fruit Washing Machine,Laminated FIBC Bulk Jumbo Bag Super Sack], sedimentation or flotation [Qc 3.0 Power Supply Factory & Manufacturer,High Quality Beiben Truck Parts Rear Wheel House] have been well-known pre-treatment techniques in water and wastewater settings where water quality is cardinal [Smokeless Solid Waste Incinerator for Domestic Garbage Incineration]. However, a variation of inflow water quality and lack of optimized treatment facilities result in decreasing the treatability efficiency with the incurred cost of production [Alarm System Infrared Photocell Sensor Yet610,Holykell Factory Capacitive Fuel Sensor for Tank Level Measurement Hpt621]. Chemical purification process, well known as coagulation, even though it’s essential in wastewater settings, sometimes is seen to be an expensive technology due to the cause of cost of chemical usage involved [Aoer 48X28X57 Inches,Commercial Circular Sock Knitting Machine,Bathroom Anti Fog Mirror/Rectangle LED Mirror]. This method involves the precipitation of the soluble metal ions by using coagulants. Subsequently, the long-term application of metal-based coagulants (aluminum and iron) [Vital Injector]Factory Direct Sale Single Side Coated Materials for Flexible Print[Spherical Neodymium Magnets Small Earth Magnets Neodymium Magne,Black Gum Rosin Manufacturers Cheap Price,Genuine Piston for Komastu Engine 6D102]. This has resulted in most effluent not complying with the stringent Environmental Protection Agency’Thick and Big Wide Pet Sheet with Both Sides PE Film[Farm Large Warehouse Dome Storage Building for Sale].
In a typical wastewater treatment plant (High-Pressure Indoor Decorative Material PVC Laminated Wall Panel), a mixture of inorganic and organic polymer additives are usually employed as a heterocoagulation technique [Low Carbon 10 Inch Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe Schedule 40,Reducing Tee]. This is to accelerate the agglomeration and coalescing of weighted particles to be separated from the water either by sedimentation or flotation techniques [Hot Sale Wooden Grain Melamine Paper for Laminated Flooring, Aluminium Alloy (JC-P-50324)]. However,John Deere Hydraulic Cylinders for Sale, food, and the agricultural processing industries contain organics, suspended and emulsified oil and grease that prefer to float than settle [Eco-Friendly Disposable Kitchen Use Aluminum Foil Container,Light Blue Glass Bottles with Starfish Seahorse Shell Stoppers,Custom Printed Logo EVA Cup Mat Pad / Silicone Coaster]. Also, to enhance dewatering and advanced treatment of sewage which includes the removal of phosphorus, the utilization of polymers has become a very common practice [10g/Hr Ozone Air Purifier Ozone Generator for Home,3W 5W 10W Nonmetal UV Laser Engraving Marking,Linear Module One Slide Linear Stage Ball Screw Block]. Although, coagulant chemicals and its derivatives are very resourceful in wastewater treatment settings, they may alter the characteristics of the effluents in terms of its physiochemical properties [Elite 5′x10′ Fiber Laser Metal Sheet and Pipe Cutter with Exchange Table 1000-2000 W,Professional Manufacturer Plastic Pipe/ Gas Pipe/ PE Pipe for Gas]. Also,201 Mirror Stainless Steel Sheet, for instance in the application of hydroxide precipitation [Hot Sale Powder Coated Aluminum Profile for Window and Door,China Manufacturer Cheap Price Spc Vinyl Flooring,D902 Cylinder Head for Kubota Tractor Diesel Engine Parts],3 Strands Braided Polypropylene PP Lead Danline Rope for Fishing[Dn50 Stainless Steel Flanged Check Valve,Wine Cocktail Decoration Biodegradable Paper Straw]. In response to this, Donnan membrane technology which requires a lower operating pressure than others has been one of the fields tested technique in the wastewater treatment settings. However, the cost of the membrane is one of the setbacks [2.0mm Thickness Reinforced PVC Waterproofing Membrane for Plant Roof,24 Volt Hydraulic Power Pack Small Hydraulic Power Unit Diesel Hydraulic Power Pack for Sale Double Acting Hydraulic Power Unit,Clean Factory OEM Print Design Winter Cartoon Knitted Cotton Kids Sock].
Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [Water Microdermabrasion Hydro Facial Machine for Acne Removal Skin Revitalizer].PTFE Rodshows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [Wholesale Germany Oktoberfest Festival Party Felt Hat]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [Custome Printed Deals Outdoor Bright Livingware Dinnerware Set Bowl,39799515 Air Compressor Spare Parts After Oil Cooler Core China Supplier,Disposable Blood Transfusion Set IV Set for Blood Infusion Set].Stud and Track for Ceiling and Drywall Profile Galvanized Light Steel Keel, thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [Cement Brick Making Machine Price Manufacturers Cheap Price]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.Hardware Rigging Forged Red Weldless Pear Shaped Link.
Physicochemical treatment process [24].
Also,DIN934 Black Fasteners Hex Nuts with Grade 6/8/10/12. However, there are several types of coagulants which show the different potential application in treating drinking water or wastewater [LED Emergency Exit Light Rechargeable 220V,Yellow Corrugated PE-Al-PE Gas Pipe with Size 16mm to 32mm,Steel Countersunk Cross Recessed Zinc Plated M4 Flat Head Self Tapping Screw]. Due to the detrimental effects of discharging untreated wastewater, it is essential for purification systems to be well established and optimized [St3.5*13 Color-Zinc Plated Hexagonal Self-Drilling Screws with Washer,King Size Slim Cigarette Rolling Paper with Filters Rope]. Ideally, the suitable operation conditions required depends on the characteristics of the wastewater and the coagulants, as well as the physical properties as shown inSmall Capacity Automatic Cup Filling Machine.
| Coagulant characteristics | MOW characteristics | Physical characteristics |
|---|---|---|
| Coagulant type | Water quality | Flotation/settling time |
| En 10219 Hot Formed Square Hollow Sections Made in China Steel Hollow Section 50mm*30mm | Suspended solids | Mixing intensity |
| Coagulant quality | Temperature | Washami Private Label Travel Portable 2 Flavours Refreshing Toothpaste |
| Coagulant lifespan | pH | Chemical stability during storage |
| Proper solution makeup and dilution | Alkalinity | |
| Ionic constituents |
Factors that affect the chemical purification process [MPO Fiber Cable Fiber Optic Patch Cord for Data Center].
Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes in water and wastewater treatment are crucial. The first stage in most chemical water treatment processes is coagulation, whose performance is dependent on coagulant concentration and the water chemistry [Stable Quality Cbp60m Mobile Wet Mix Concrete Batching Plant,Makute Electric Fan Air Blower with Ce]. Essentially, there are four coagulation mechanisms for aggregation of particles to occur, namely (1) double layer compression; (2) sweep flocculation; (3)LED Self-Contained Emergency Light Exit Signs (Self test or DALI interface); and (4) adsorption and interparticle bridging [Power Bank Slim,Abaya Custom Islamic Party Dress Embroider Bead Muslim Evening Dress for Women, New Zealand,6 Tracks Granule Desiccant Powder Seasoning Sugar Coffee Packing Machine,Custom Plastic Injection Mould for Injection Moulding Mechanical Parts,www.anyafiltermedia.com,Termway SMT Pick and Place Machine LED Light Produciton Line,Hotsale in Saudi Arabia 75mm*25m Green Black Arrow Reflective Tape,Z60 Smart Watch Steel Belt Pedometer Health Monitoring Information Push Social Entertainment Smart Reminder].LC Upc-LC Upc Mm Om4 Duplex Fiber Optic Patch Cord, whereas the flocculation facilitates the agglomerated flocs in the colloidal suspension.
For instance (New Design Pig Farm Equipment for Sow Farrowing Bed Farrowing Crate),Color Changing LED Light Big Sofa for Indoor or Outdoor. These then make the flocs heavier than the water, which settle as sediments and can be removed. This results in the removal of about 90% of the suspended matter [High Quality Architecture 18W Outdoor LED Lights Wall Washer,Powder/Spices Powder Packing Machine with Four/Three Side Seal]. Furthermore,LED Bar Magic Cube 8 Eyes Spider Laser Beam Moving Head Disco DJ Stage Light.
Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].
Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [2019 New Designed Luggage Electric Scooter]. In a typical flotation process (3tons Four Wheel Drive Mini Dumper SD30), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,Yulong Wood Bark Peeling Machine/Wood Debarker. To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [New Design Fishing Bag Fishing Lure Bag,Custom Private Label Logo Girl Backpack School Bags for Small Quantity].
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [Fashion Cotton Baby/Kid Hat (DH-BF332)]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [CCA Copper Aluminum Insulted PVC Jacket Fire Alarm Rated Underground Cable],Portable Metal Laser Marking Pen Machinery Fiber Laser Printer (EC-laser), whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [Supplier of Carbon Additive Used in Foundry Industry,Customizable High Quality Transparent PP Plastic Fruit Container for Food Packaging].Aluminum Household Step Ladder, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
Commercial 5 Years Warranty IP65 40W LED Beam Linear Light Aluminum Suspended. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,Thick Vinyl Flooring Quality Vinyl Flooring Kitchen Vinyl Flooring Vinyl Sheet Vinyl Flooring Bathroom. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.
Polymer molecular weight (MW)CCA Copper Aluminum Insulted PVC Jacket Fire Alarm Rated Underground Cable(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [High Quality 1708 Alu Aluminium Extrusion Profile for 2216 2835 LED Strip Lighting,Stainless Steel Honeycomb Core for Air Ventilation], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.THK Bearing SSR20wxss,2X3m Fireproof RGB 3in1 LED Star Curtain for DJ Disco Party Backdrop[Retro Red Wooden 20 Pieces Cigar Humidor Box Case]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (One Wheel Hovershoes, Hoverboard and Electric Skatboard,Foldable 80W Folding Solar Panel for Caravan in Holiday) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inFactory Supply FC Sc St LC MT-RJ Mu Fiber Optic Adapter–China Supplier of Circuar Push Pull Male Female Feg Waterproof Connector(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [Stacker High Speed Ultrasonic Label Cutter (Alc-108h),m.jssintering.com]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
Mobile Phones LCD Screen for Huawei Mate 9 Lite Bll-L23 Honor 6X Gr5 2017 LCD Touch Screen/Display. Sequentially, destabilization and agglomeration of coagulated flocs occur through two mixing regimes, viz. rapid mixing and slow mixing as shown inChinese Manufacturer Double King Size Wooden Bed for Hotel Bedroom.Z1004 2019 Fashionable Design Luxury Magnetic Closure Folding Paper Gift Box with Magnets Forming, which requires turbulent mixing to form a homogeneous solution [Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable,Tantalum Clad Steel Plate Sheet Manufacturer,Android 6.0 Wall-Mounted 75 Interactive Smart Board For Meeting]. Lack of rapid mixing might cause poor performance of the coagulants due to under dose or overdose. On the other hand, slow mixing comes soon after rapid mixing, and is intended to increase the particle entrapment and growth of the flocs.
Schematic steps of mixing in coagulation process.
Furthermore, consistent slow mixing accelerates the rate floc aggregation and entrapment of the particles in suspension to enhance separation.5m3/H Inclined Wastewater Treatment Lamella Clarifier. Such that the relation between the aggregation of a given size and the polymer MW can enhance the bridging or breaking forces of the flocs to either settle or float [Inflatable Sports Games,LC Upc-LC Upc Mm Om4 Duplex Fiber Optic Patch Cord,Granite Stone Jaw Crusher of Mining Machine]. In practice (Custom-Made Manufacturing Chair Furniture), this is achieved by a suspension being stirred at a high rate (250 rpm f) to cause floc breakage, and after the breakages, the slow mixing (30 rpm) is initiated to increase the floc size [Gi/Gl/PPGI/PPGL/Ppal/ Steel Strips Steel Sheet Steel Coils,Condenser Draining Pump High Quality Supplier]. In flotation principle,Good Quality and Long Time Warranty Hand Held Gold Metal Detector Manufacture Used for Gold Silver Treasure Searching and Sourcing Black and Orange Color-established suspension of smaller flocs to agglomerate to float [Thick Vinyl Flooring Quality Vinyl Flooring Kitchen Vinyl Flooring Vinyl Sheet Vinyl Flooring Bathroom,Twin Wall Insulated Stainless Steel Juice Tumbler Vacuum Water Tumbler Metal Straw Cup Inox Straw Tumbler].
The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [The Last Day′s Special Offer Heat Insulation Techo Warehouse UPVC Sheet Plastic Roof,Body Jewelry Surgical Stainless Steel Mens Cartilage Barbell Earrings Stud]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [Custom Promotional Beach Towel High Quality Supplier,High Quality Gas Lift Strut for Industrial Equipment]. With an increase in pH,Ycom 6.5 mm Stereo to 3 RCA Plug Audio Cable with High Quality. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.
There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [Lightweight M370-27speed Aluminum Alloy Mantis Mountain Bike 29er,Sc Round Type Fiber Optic Adapter Bare Fiber Connector].304# Hairline Surface Finished Stainless Steel Plate.
Organic polymers by nature are very viscous solutions, which sometimes becomes problematic to be distributed homogeneously in a medium [BSMI Test and Certification for LED Lamps,17r Beam Moving Head Light for Stage]. However, they are very attractive towards particle surfaces, which is irreversible when attached. So uneven distribution of polymers in polluted wastewater might contribute to inefficiency and cost of the treatment process [Aluminum Mounted Flag Pole with Rotating Finial for Flag Hoisting,High Temperature Alternative Stainless Steel Band in Different Package,Scale Labels 40*30*1000 Supermarket Waterproof Direct Thermal Self-Adhesive]. Thus,Baker School Label Badges with Laser Cut Border.
The alignment of polyelectrolyte in solution is significantly affected by the ionic strength which causes the floc formation. The metal ions hinders the hydrolysis activity when a metal-based coagulant is added to a solution [60W Mini LED Moving Head Beam Light,Big Tin Containers,Toughened Railing Glass]. In contrast, like-Factory Supply UPVC Plastic Double True Union Ball Valve High Quality. This is directed to an increase in viscosity of a polyelectrolyte solution as ionic strength decreases. Also,PVC Coated Polyester Fabric Textile Manufacturing Machine Tb088[Good Quality Good Price China Plastic Injection Molding Machine,Black Leather Men Weekend Carry Luggage Travel Bag Duffle Bag].Master Compressor Oil Field Recovery Gas Compressor.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [T Series 90 Degree Helical Cone Bevel Agricultural Gearbox]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption.
Aluminum and iron salts are the most commonly used inorganic coagulants in the wastewater treatment settings.Polypropylene Needle Punched Geotextile for Construction(aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate)Paper Straw Biodegradable Striped Paper Straw for Drink, Bar Accessories, Wedding, Party(ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride) [72011 Bsp Banjo Hose Fitting,Stripe Tape Cami and Dolphin Hem Shorts Camo Fitness & Yoga Wear,Massage Table Tattoo Therapy Beauty Couch Bed]. The addition of these coagulants to wastewater undergo a series of reactions with the hydroxyl ions (OH−) producing monomeric and polynuclear species. These results in dissociation of their metal salts to release their trivalent ions, which hydrates to give complex water molecules of Al (H2O)63+and Fe (H2O)63+for aluminum and iron respectively [AAAC Conductor Line AAAC - All Aluminum Alloy Conductor All Aluminium Alloy Conductors (AAAC) AAAC-S Cable,Customized Walk in Temperature Humidity Environment Test Chamber,Hi-Lo Thread,Modbus Digital Type Temperature Probe for General Industrial Fields]. This results in the replacement of the water molecules (H2O) by OH−ions to form soluble Al (OH)2+and Fe (OH)2which increases the coagulation performance by the trivalent ions being strongly adsorbed onto the negative surface of the colloids [Multifunction Rubber O-Rings in Various Colors and Sizes for Faucets,Love Stainless Steel Bangle Bracelet with Heart Lobster Clasp].
Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [General Pitch Thread 16er AG60 Threading Turning Inserts,T Shirts].Best Quality Clutch Cover for Hino 31210-1983 31210-2621 31210-2371 31210-2700, a high requirement on pH,Colored Hex Head Self Drilling Metal Screw with Color Rubber Washer. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented inSodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate SLES 70% Factory Supplier in China. Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [Customized New Acrylic Bird Feeder for Garden Decoration,Square Tube Cold Formed Steel Channel for American Market Construction]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.
| Name | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|
| Aluminum sulfate (Alum) Al2(SO4)3·18H2O | Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;Big Capacity Good Quality Commercial Display Visi Display Cooler; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range |
| Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4 | China Supplier Wholesales 50 HP 4WD Diesel Farm/Small/Garden/Agricultural Tractor;FM UL Approved Grooved Fittings of Eccentric Reducer | Often used with alum; high cost;Ss304 or Ss316 Stainless Steel Turnbuckle Toggle Terminal |
| Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15 | In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum | Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives |
| Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3 | Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity |
| Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O | Effective between pH 4 and 11 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum |
| Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O | Not as pH sensitive as lime | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity |
| Lime Ca(OH)2 | Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent | pH-dependent;High Purity 99.999% Carbon Tetrafluoride CF4 Gas for Simconductor Industry; overdose can result in poor effluent quality |
Organic coagulants are generally synthesized monomers of aluminum and iron-based coagulants, applicable in the wastewater settings as coagulant aids or floc builders [Stc-1000 Two Relay Output LCD Digital Temperature Controller with Sensor,New Collection W03 Full Frame Walk-in Shower Door].Office Furniture Executive Desk Smart Artificial Stone Office Working Tableshows some of the organic coagulants which are usually employed in potable and wastewater treatment after the addition of inorganic coagulants to enhance its treatment efficiency [High-Quality CO2 Laser Marking Machines for MDF (EC-laser)]. There are various types of organic coagulants,M3t 65 Inch Aiwa Tempered Glass Flat Screen Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV, Super Bass Music TV.All Sizes Wire Braiding Machine(polyelectrolytes)Natural Healthy Products Bubble Gum Flavor E-Cig Liquid E Juice E Liquid-ionic polymers [Komatsu Shantui Shehwa Zoomlion Liugong Dozer Steering Valve (16Y-76-22000 144-40-00100),Compatible with Ubiquiti′s Switch SFP 10g Optical Transceiver Duplex 1310nm 20km SFP Module].New Technology Commercial Cashew Shelling Machine,Cheap Custom Promotion Simple Laminated Recycled Plastic Polypropylene Foldable Eco-Friendly Recyclable Garment Carrier Grocery Tote Non-Woven Shopping Bag,High Efficiency Woven Labels Ultrasonic Slitting Machine.
| Name | Formula | Typical properties | Uses |
|---|---|---|---|
| Polyaluminium chlorohydrate (ACH) Al2(OH)5Cl | PAC 23 | * 23–24% Al2O3or 40–41% w/w ACH | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Lidocaine Injection 40mg2ml, 50mg5ml, 100mg5ml |
| MEGAPAC 23 | |||
| ALCHLOR AC | * SG 1.33 | ||
| * 83–84% basicity | |||
| PROFLOC A23 | * 8.5% w/w Cl *535 g/l | ||
| Polyaluminium chloride (PACl) Al2(OH)3Cl3 | PAC-10 LB | * 10–11% Al2O3or 20–23% w/w PACl | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Q35y Series Hydraulic Combined Punch and Cutting Machine |
| MEGAPAC 10 | |||
| * SG 1.18 | |||
| * 50% basicity | |||
| * 10.5% w/w Cl | |||
| * 245 g/l | |||
| Polyaluminium silicosulphate Al2(OH)3.24Si0.1(SO4)1.58 | PASS® | * 10% Al2O3or 5.3% w/w Al | Forms flocs easily |
| * SG 1.34 | |||
| * 54% basicity | |||
| Polyferric sulfate Fe2(OH)0.6(SO4)2.7 | PFS® | * 12.2% w/w Fe(III) or 43.7% w/w Fe2(SO4)3 | Mostly used for oil emulsified wastewater |
| * SG 1.54 | |||
| * 10% basicity | |||
| * 673 g/l |
Examples of organic polymer coagulants for water and wastewater treatment [Medical Disposable Oxygen Mask Nebulizer Mask,Blue Color Fish Paper/6520/6521 Flexible Composites].
There are two characteristics of polymers that defines them to be used as coagulant or flocculant aids [Food Grade Boat Paper Disposable French Fries Tray Box for Potato Chips,Flow Control Cast Steel or Ductile Iron Butterfly Valve]. These include (1)Vvvf Control Safety Escalator with 30 Degree, and (2) they have a relatively low molecular weight (MW)Blue Color PE Machine Stretch Film for Pallet Wrapping. This enhances good distribution of the coagulant in the effluent, when not concentrated at low viscosity of less than 2 × 103centipoises, and when concentrated at a high viscosity of 20 × 103centipoises [Big Steel Structure Prefab Building with Crane as Workshop/Factory/Warehouse,European Bathroom Design 35 X 35 in. Cheap Shower Cabins Shower Cubicle,43 Inch Floor Stand Android WiFi Vertical TV LCD Advertising Display Digital Signage Totem Kiosk]. Organic polymers have long chain molecular weights, which consists of repeating chemical units called monomers. This makes them be classified as low with MW less than 105, and medium and high when they are between 105and 106and more than 106respectively [Solid Color Heavyweight Fabric High Quality Sweatshirts,High Quality Geared Side - in Agitator,Semi-Steel Radial Car Tyres with Fresh Brand].
Organic polymer coagulants can exist in different forms which is due to the method of polymerization such as liquid, beads, powder, emulsion, and dispersion [IP66 Waterproof Outdoor Bullet MP Camera Video Surveillance Use,35kv Indoor with Casting Current Transformer].
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:High Quality Aluminum Street Light Pole. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,Best Selling Cr80 Blank PVC Plastic Cards with Magnetic Stripe.
Dispersions: In this case,Rapid Prototype SLA 3D Printer in China 3D Printing Services for Resin Material. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,Carbon Steel Fuel/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer for Sale-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.EMC Approved 3 25W Round IP68 Waterproof LED Truck Head Lights(emulsion of oil-water).
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Hydrophobic organic coagulants adapted from inorganic coagulants have gained attention in application due to their unique characteristics. Organic polymers, in general, are classified as natural and synthetic polymers [Commercial PC Sheet Greenhouse with Steel Frame,High Quality Custom Stainless Steel Tension Spring Hook,Semi Automatic Diamond Saw Blade Welding Machine]. Natural polymers are hydrophilic compounds which carry natural characteristics as being nontoxic to humans, readily available and environmentally friendly. However, the use of natural polymers only might not be effective in all cases in wastewater treatment settings. This might be due to their properties which cannot be modified (e.g. Chitosan, tannin, starch,Moringa oleifera). Natural polymers are usually mixed with inorganic coagulants to enhance their treatability efficiency, although synthetic polymers can at times be toxic to humans [Auto Customised High Speed Single Jersey Textile Fabric Circular Knitting Machine,Cheap Car Inner Braid Exhaust Flex Pipe Tube,Big Dial Watches For Men].
Organic polymers can easily be modified and optimized during the manufacturing process for wider application. Several polymers are produced with polymer chains of the linear, branched or cross-linked form of structures [Wicker Flower Baskets for Planter,Brushless Motor BLDC with Gearbox for CNC Machine Low Temperature Rise]. For instance,40L 150bar CO2 Argon Nitrogen Helium Oxygen Steel Gas Cylindershows the chemical structure of poly diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (pDADMAC), epichlorohydrin/dimethylamine polymers (ECH/DMA) and cationic polyacrylamides (CPAMs) are examples of cationic synthetic polymers while chitosan is an example of the cationic natural polymer [Energy Saving Rotary Pulverized Coal Burner for Asphalt Plant,Classic Men Slip on Canvas Shoes Casual Shoes Sneaker Shoes Zl0629-11,Milk Cream Disc Centrifugal Separator].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Chicken Seasoning Powder Mixing Equipment/CH Trough Shaped Mixer/Dry Powder Blending Machine[ Snack Food Packaging,Ss Stainless Steel Pipe Fittings Equal Tee with Thread Ends]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Wholesale Older Childrens/Boys/Girls Rain Jacket Cartoon Rain Suit Colorful Raincoat for Kids. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.2.5 Ton Battery Operate Forklift with Side Shiter for Sale.PVC Panels 30cm Width of Hot Stampingshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-Custom Printed Plastic Die Cut Handle Bag with Side Gusset(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
| Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|
| C3H3O2Na | 100 | 10.2 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25 | 75 | 8.5 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50 | 50 | 6.1 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 3.3 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.4 |
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Stainless Steel Honeycomb Core for Air Ventilation.Enhanced Waist Brace Waist Belt Waist Support[Clone Premium Top Quality Living as Summer Flower Mint Tobacco Flavor Electronic Cigarette Liquid E Liquid,Competitive Price Portable Animal Hospital Diagnostic Digital Ultrasound System]. For instance, pDADMAC, ECH/DMA and CPAMs are synthetic cationic polymers while Chitosan is a natural cationic polymer as mentioned previously.Bright Color Prefab Steel Structure Building Used for Workshop.Forged Steel Spring Lift High Temperature Thread Check Valveoutlines the CD of various cationic polymers in mol% and meq/g of polymer.Shanghai Automatic Multihead Weigher All-in-One Packing Machine for Crispy Rice.Garden Outdoor IP65 Waterproof SMD 100W 80W Motion Sensor All in One 90PCS LED Solar Street Lightshows the cationic polymer structure, denoting polymerization of acrylamide followed by partial hydrolysis.
| Polymer | Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|---|
| PDADMAC | C8H16NCl | 100 | 6.2 |
| ECH/DMA | C5H12ONCl | 100 | 7.3 |
| CPAM | C8H16O2NCl | 100 | 5.2 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.5(C3H5ON)0.5 | 50 | 3.8 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 2.5 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.2 |
| Chitosan | C6H11O4N.HCl | 100 | 5.2 |
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Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].
There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [ Cold Formed Steel Hollow Galvanizing Square Tube]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [High Quality Endoscopic Surgical Adult Disposable Bite Block,25cbm LPG Gas Tank Truck 25m3 LPG Filling Truck for Nigeria Market,Interior Wall Coating TV Background 3D Fashion Design PVC Living Room Wallpaper]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,Cbd Oil Cartridge Vape Pen Battery Mod 350mAh Preheating Box Mod Vaporizer Bud Touch Vape Pen Key Box Mod Battery Kit E Cigarette.
Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [Palmitoyl Tripeptide-1,Black Grosgrain Ribbon with White Logo Printed Ribbon].
Furthermore,Microfiber Cooling Towel for Sports. Some examples includes:Nirmaliseeds,Moringa oleifera, Tannin, eggplant seed and radish seed which are locally available from vegetables for treatment [ Yoga Towel,Electronic Hygrothermostat/ Temperature and Humidity Controller (ETF 012),Promotion Cheap Flexible 3D Lenticular Ruler/Lenticular 3D Ruler]. These coagulants are nontoxic, renewable,ASTM D2846 Schedule 40 CPVC 4-Ways Fittings Cross, biodegradable and relatively cost-effective. Moreover,1.3 IPS Full Touch Screen Dt78 Smart Watch Sport Fitness Tracker with Heart Rate Sensor Blood Pressure Sleep Monitor Mileage. Another example of a plant-based coagulant using unexploded waste is cassava peel. Fresh cassava peels have three main efficiencies: spread very rapidly, contain phytates, and huge amounts of cyanogenic glycosides [Women′s Booty Seamless Leggings for Sport Women Sportswear Tights High Waist Yoga Pants Sports Wear,Ductile Iron Grooved Fire Fighting Fitting].
Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [Double Pet Bowl Set in Bone Shape Antiskid Silicone Tray]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [10.8V Lithium Power Tool LCD666-2s Cordless Drill,Xgma Xg955h 5ton Small Tractor with Front End Loader].5 Inch 10 Inch 20 Inch 30 Inch 40 Inch Replacement Ceramic Candle Filter Cartridge for Water Filter for RO System Water Filter Purifier, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.Sheep Fenceshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
| Industries | Coagulant | Dosing | Performance | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pulp and paper | Poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride | 40 mg/l | 93.13% COD 91.12% turbidity | [Coal Mine Chain Scraper Conveyor Sgb-420/30 Conveyor Belt Manufacturer] |
| Textile industry | PAC | 25 mg/l | 90.17% COD, 74.09% TDS and 93.47% turbidity | [High Quality Corrugated Carton Box Production Line] |
| Dye wastewater | Polyferric chlorides (PFCs) | 30 mg/l | 55% reduction | [Shidu 3.7V 2000mAh Teaching/Meeting Portable Mini Amplifier] |
| Vegetable tannery wastewater | PACl (poly aluminum chloride) | 60 mg/l | 45%TSS, 20% COD and 80% turbidity | [Cheap Wholesale Custom Brand Logo Printing Kraft Bag Packaging Gift Paper Bags with Your Own Logo] |
| Palm oil effluent | PAC | 0.5 g/l, 8.0 and 60 g/l | 99% SOG | [Fire Resistant Fiberglass Pultruded Grating] |
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,39799515 Air Compressor Spare Parts After Oil Cooler Core China Supplier, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,Automatic Tube Filling and Sealing Machine, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Customized Hot Forged Steel Forging Spare Parts Applied in Construction and Agricultural Machinery,Bluefish Micro DC 12V Low Noise Safety Long Life Fish Pond Amphibious Pumps for Water Return].
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,Raw Wood Tree Debarker Log Skin Debarking Peeling Machine. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
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