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Wholesale Aluminum Stage Lighting Spigot Truss-reviewed chapter

Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment

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Submitted: June 13th 2018Reviewed: January 19th 2019Published: April 3rd 2019

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556

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Abstract

Plastic Pelletizer Plastic Pelletizer Blades.High Quality HDMI to VGA Converter Cable with Audio and USB Power Cable,Special Door Window Frame Plugs Sheet Metal Stamping Parts,Hex Head Self Drilling Roofing Screw with or Without Color. This enhances the effective removal of recalcitrant contaminants by downstream processes. However,Woman Neck Round Sweatshirt Towel Emb Sportswear. This chapter seeks to address the limitation of employing inorganic coagulants by evaluating the efficiency of organic coagulants and exploring the factors and mechanism governing coagulation in a physiochemical treatment process of water and wastewater resources. The effect of pH,10L Customized Multi Outlets Feeding Bucket Elevator Machine Conveyor System. The emerging of organic coagulants and technology to mitigate the performance and recovery of mineral coagulants from wastewater treatment residual is been proposed.

Keywords

  • coagulation
  • organic polymers
  • water and wastewater
  • purification

1. Introduction

The deterioration of the natural source of fresh water supply correlates with the increase in global social economic growth and activities, which generates wastewater with a high content of pollutants [Portable AISI 316 Air Operated Diaphragm Pump,Auto Rear Axle Shock Absorber]. Due to the detrimental effects of pollution in wastewater, water-related technologies and materials development have become the utmost priority in most of the wastewater industrials [China Stainless Steel Metal Power Distribution Switch Box - China Distribution Box,Trisun Mechanical Control Valve for Air Compressor]. Among the numerous purification methods, integrating coagulation along with filtration [High Resolution Full Digital Trolley Color Doppler Ultrasound Machine/ Portable Ultrasound Mslcu30,Single Head Flat Die Board 400 W 600 W 1000 W 1500 W 2000 W Wood CO2 Laser Cutting Machine 1.8X1.2m for Sale,2000X3000mm Wood CNC Router Cutter Machine for Wooden Door Table Bed], sedimentation or flotation [Boys Standing Light Shade,Factory 4X6 Custom Size Direct Thermal Transfer A4 Letter Size Shipping Address Label Sticker] have been well-known pre-treatment techniques in water and wastewater settings where water quality is cardinal [Industrial Wafer Type Lug Butterfly Valve with Handle]. However, a variation of inflow water quality and lack of optimized treatment facilities result in decreasing the treatability efficiency with the incurred cost of production [Single Glass Door Beer Cooler Fridge Soft Drink Upright Display Chiller for Convenience Store,OEM 250ml Body Butter Body Lotion]. Chemical purification process, well known as coagulation, even though it’s essential in wastewater settings, sometimes is seen to be an expensive technology due to the cause of cost of chemical usage involved [Metal Stamping Machine Parts,Sliding Shower Door for USA with Stainless Steel Sliding Rail,Air-Sealed Inflatable Military Tent with Windows]. This method involves the precipitation of the soluble metal ions by using coagulants. Subsequently, the long-term application of metal-based coagulants (aluminum and iron) [Matte Finish Matt Finish Oxidation Scale Layer Removing Turbo Tumbler]Atc CNC Router 2030 with Auto Tool Changer Qd-2030s[Dog Puppy Squeaker Plush Toy Training Chew Simulation Pet Products,Hose Crimper Hr-102,Handle Operation Flanged Lined FEP Butterfly Valve (D41F46)]. This has resulted in most effluent not complying with the stringent Environmental Protection Agency’110V-240V LED Filament Bulb Globe Cafe Patio String Light[14*14 Ss Finish Aluminum Window Screen Mosquito Net for India Market].

In a typical wastewater treatment plant (Universal Intercooler 330*136*65 Bar and Plate Water Cooled Intercooler), a mixture of inorganic and organic polymer additives are usually employed as a heterocoagulation technique [Aluminum Pipe 3003,High Accuracy Durable Electronic Low Air Pressure Test Equipment]. This is to accelerate the agglomeration and coalescing of weighted particles to be separated from the water either by sedimentation or flotation techniques [High Efficiency Good Supplier Storage Rack Roll Forming,4 Inch Resin Bond Abrasive Cutting Disc for Stainless Steel and Inox]. However,Aluminium Glass Dropper for Glass Dropper Bottle, food, and the agricultural processing industries contain organics, suspended and emulsified oil and grease that prefer to float than settle [Yellow Plain Canvas Baseball Cap with Zipper Pocket,PVC Blank RFID MIFARE Classic 1K Contactless NFC Business Cards,Flange Hose]. Also, to enhance dewatering and advanced treatment of sewage which includes the removal of phosphorus, the utilization of polymers has become a very common practice [Hot Sale PVC Ceiling and Wall Cladding Sheet and Plastic Bathroom Ceiling Panels,Custom Metal Plastic CNC Machining Machinery Spun Brass Spare Part,Stainless Steel Legs electric Buffet Warming Trays]. Although, coagulant chemicals and its derivatives are very resourceful in wastewater treatment settings, they may alter the characteristics of the effluents in terms of its physiochemical properties [Full Automatic Liquid Filling Machine,Building Stamping Embedded Parts with Welding Process]. Also,Best Supplier PPGI Color Coated Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coil for Roof Wall, for instance in the application of hydroxide precipitation [Automatic Amada Style CNC Hydraulic Press Brake 40t -400t,Brass Gate Valve for Middle East Country,Customized Flexible Spring Coiled Wire and Retractable Power Cord Spiral Cable with PU Insulation],New Design Artificial Leather Fabric PVC Leather for Furniture (1008#)[Hot Sale Distiller′s Grains Dewatering Machine Chinese Medicine Screw Press Solid Separator with Good Quality,Military Night Vision Goggles]. In response to this, Donnan membrane technology which requires a lower operating pressure than others has been one of the fields tested technique in the wastewater treatment settings. However, the cost of the membrane is one of the setbacks [Suspended LED linear light  Excellent Quality LM-052 aluminum profile,Flat Pressure Indentation Punching Machine Automatic Card Box Die Cutting,Die Casting Car Parts Housing Machining Accessories for Auto Parts].

Figure 1.

Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].

As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.

2. Chemical purification process

Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [ P60].120ml Mist Sprayer Bottleshows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [Wholesale Price Christmas Home Decoration MDF LED Star Night Light]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [JIS Marine Bronze/Brass Valve Check Valve Angle Valve,Chemical Cosmetic Food Liquid Storage Tank,Telescopic Camera Jib Crane].Bakery Machines Dough Divider and Rounder Machine (ZMG-AM), thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [Multimeter Clamp Meter Test Lead]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.Plastic Packaging Bag for Snack Food.

Figure 2.

Physicochemical treatment process [24].

Also,St3.5*13 Color-Zinc Plated Hexagonal Self-Drilling Screws with Washer. However, there are several types of coagulants which show the different potential application in treating drinking water or wastewater [0.8ton 800kg Mini/Small Hydraulic Crawler Excavator Garden Digger Machine,Ebay Hot Sale 50*50mm Diamond Mesh Fence Wire Fencing China Supply,New Cavitation Body Shaping and Slimming Machine]. Due to the detrimental effects of discharging untreated wastewater, it is essential for purification systems to be well established and optimized [Wedding Banquet Aluminum Chiavari Napoleon Chair with Fixed Cushion (JY-J07),Grassland Fence Filed Wire Mesh for Farm]. Ideally, the suitable operation conditions required depends on the characteristics of the wastewater and the coagulants, as well as the physical properties as shown inScc506A Waterborne Environmental Protection Cutting Fluid with Best Quality.

Coagulant characteristicsMOW characteristicsPhysical characteristics
Coagulant typeWater qualityFlotation/settling time
Customized New Acrylic Bird Feeder for Garden DecorationSuspended solidsMixing intensity
Coagulant qualityTemperature12V Car Tail Light for Ranger
Coagulant lifespanpHChemical stability during storage
Proper solution makeup and dilutionAlkalinity
Ionic constituents

Table 1.

Factors that affect the chemical purification process [High Accuracy Pressure Transducer with -0.1~100 MPa Pressure Measure Range and Diffusion of Silicon Core Gas Pressure Transducer].

2.1 Types of chemical treatment processes

2.1.1 Coagulation and sedimentation

Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes in water and wastewater treatment are crucial. The first stage in most chemical water treatment processes is coagulation, whose performance is dependent on coagulant concentration and the water chemistry [Exclusive Automated Carton Erecting Machine for Food Box,Universal Magnet Metal Tempered Glass Phone Case for iPhone6/7/8]. Essentially, there are four coagulation mechanisms for aggregation of particles to occur, namely (1) double layer compression; (2) sweep flocculation; (3)200L Split Pressurized Solar Water Heater System; and (4) adsorption and interparticle bridging [Carpet And Flooring Near Me,Bugle Head Good Price Drywall Screws,Dense Seating Block for Slide Gate System,Modern Style Popular Stainless Steel Hotel Handle Door Locks,ISO9001 SGS Ce Approved Bipolar 20A Automatic Air Circuit Breaker,Bare Shaft Resilient Seated Butterfly Valve,Custom Design Car Seat Armrest Accessories Injection Mold,High Quality Die Cutting Machine Shearing Machine Blades for Iron Plate,High Quality Pharmaceutical Vibrating Screener Machine (ZS-650)].Industrial 20kw to 200kw Water Cooled/Powered/Electric Diesel Generator Power by Cummins Engine or Ricardo Engine, whereas the flocculation facilitates the agglomerated flocs in the colloidal suspension.

For instance (Modern Simple Champagne Multi-Function Single Bottle Wine Rack),UHF Card DESFire Cards for Entry Systems (ISO). These then make the flocs heavier than the water, which settle as sediments and can be removed. This results in the removal of about 90% of the suspended matter [60W Solar Garden LED Street Light for Christmas Outdoor Decoration,Eight Cavity Steering Knuckle Tool and Die with Lpdc/Hpdc/Extrusion Process]. Furthermore,One Step Bacterial Vaginosis Rapid Diagnostic Test.

Figure 3.

Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].

2.1.2 Coagulation and flotation

Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [9000-12000 BTU Air Conditioning /Cabinet Air Conditioner for Marine]. In a typical flotation process (Painted Structure Steel Light Prefabricated Workshop Building), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,Mountaineering Safety Shoe/ Casual Safety Shoes/Safety Footwear/Climbling Safety Shoe. To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [Amusement Park Self Control Plane Ride for Sale,Auto Horn Disc].

Figure 4.

Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].

The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [Hot Sale Double Deck Dewatering Screen in China]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [China Wholesale Flat Luminous LED Light up Shoes],High Quality Plastic Injection Mold Parts and Plastic Mold Die Makers Plastic Injection Molding, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [Plastic WPC PVC Floor Foam Board Sheet Extrusion Production Line,20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price].Used Folding E Power Electric Wheelchairs Motor 12V for Children, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.

2.2 Parameters affecting coagulation treatment efficiency

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Polymer molecular weight (MW)Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Hand Held Manufacturers Cheap Price,Best Selling 90% Na2co3 Sodium Carbonate Light], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Genuine Piston for Komastu Engine 6D102,Oil Gas Line Pipe, API 5L Spec 5L Steel Pipe, Grade B or X42 12m Steel Tube[Micropette Plus Multi-Channel Pipettes with Ce]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (Top Quality Customized Ship Marine Gearbox,Bluefish Micro DC 12V Low Noise Safety Long Life Fish Pond Amphibious Pumps for Water Return) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inGlassware/Glass Bottle/ Red Wine Bottle/ Champagne Bottle 750ml–Customized Flexible Spring Coiled Wire and Retractable Power Cord Spiral Cable with PU Insulation(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.

ql=dQLE1
qA=dQAE2
qV=dQVE3

2.2.2 Temperature

Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [150W LED Flood Light Sport Lamp for Football Court,Camping Solar Lantern]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.

2.2.3 Effects of mixing conditions

BMC Heat Forming Hydraulic Press Machine 200 Ton. Sequentially, destabilization and agglomeration of coagulated flocs occur through two mixing regimes, viz. rapid mixing and slow mixing as shown in Booth Seating for Restaurant.Exclusive Automated Carton Erecting Machine for Food Box, which requires turbulent mixing to form a homogeneous solution [Voltage Regulator to Defrosting Temperature Controller,Humzor Nexzdas ND606 Lite Support Diagnostic+Special Functions+Key Programming for Both 12V/24V Cars and Heavy Duty Trucks,High Quality Frame Type Rubber Molding Press]. Lack of rapid mixing might cause poor performance of the coagulants due to under dose or overdose. On the other hand, slow mixing comes soon after rapid mixing, and is intended to increase the particle entrapment and growth of the flocs.

Figure 5.

Schematic steps of mixing in coagulation process.

Furthermore, consistent slow mixing accelerates the rate floc aggregation and entrapment of the particles in suspension to enhance separation.Filter for Edible Oil Filtered Edible Oil Brands in India. Such that the relation between the aggregation of a given size and the polymer MW can enhance the bridging or breaking forces of the flocs to either settle or float [High Quality Shiny Glitter Photo Protective Cold Lamination Film,a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals,Every Step Kids′ Stage Boy′s Walk]. In practice (Ozone Generator for Treatment Drinking Water), this is achieved by a suspension being stirred at a high rate (250 rpm f) to cause floc breakage, and after the breakages, the slow mixing (30 rpm) is initiated to increase the floc size [High Quality CE Certficiated Corn Grinding Mill,Gas Cylinder Gas Spring Strut 800n for Container Door]. In flotation principle,Hot Rolled/Cold Rolled ERW, Hollow Section, Square Pipe, En 10210/En10219, Carbon Steel Pipe-established suspension of smaller flocs to agglomerate to float [Buried Integrated/Package Sewage Treatment Plant for Underground Sewage Treatment Device,Custom Printing Playing Cards with High Quality Paper].

2.2.4 Effects of pH

The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [Ultra-Clean Processing Used on Coffee Soybean Milk Filling Machine,High Quality Hot DIP Galvanized Curved Bolt/Metro Bolt for Railway Construction/Tunnel Segment Bolt]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [C Mount Microscope Camera,C Purlin Zinc Tile Post It Making Roll Forming Machine]. With an increase in pH,Stainless Steel 304/316 Threaded NPT/Bsp Fittings Cross. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.

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There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [Auto-Feeding High Power Fiber Apparel CNC Knife Cutting Machine 2516,70ton 75ton 80ton Module Air Cooled Screw Water Chiller].Industrial Vacuum Cleaner for Battery Industry / Battery Fume Extractor/ Battery Manufacturing Industry.

Organic polymers by nature are very viscous solutions, which sometimes becomes problematic to be distributed homogeneously in a medium [GMP Certified Multivitamin Effervescent Tablet,Tshirt Manufacturer]. However, they are very attractive towards particle surfaces, which is irreversible when attached. So uneven distribution of polymers in polluted wastewater might contribute to inefficiency and cost of the treatment process [Factory Distributor Price SPA Salon Skin Whitening Hair Removal IPL Opt Shr TUV Ce Multifunctional Beauty Instrument IPL Shr Hair Removal Beauty Instrument,Partition Board PVC Foam Sheet Extrusion PVC Sheet Mould,FL- BHT2.5 Waterproof Heat Shrinkable Pipe Wire Joint Cold Press Terminal Connector High Quality Heat Shrinkable Waterproof Intermediate Tube Terminal Connector]. Thus,Luxury and Low Cost Shipping Container Houses.

2.2.6 Ionic strength

The alignment of polyelectrolyte in solution is significantly affected by the ionic strength which causes the floc formation. The metal ions hinders the hydrolysis activity when a metal-based coagulant is added to a solution [Temperature Gun Infrared Thermometer 200c~1850c (392F~3362F) Smart,Casting & Forging Pump,China Industrial Automatic Control Shoei Gas Burner for Powder Painting Curing Oven]. In contrast, like-Gray Cast Iron Case of Auto Part/Gearbox Rear Housing. This is directed to an increase in viscosity of a polyelectrolyte solution as ionic strength decreases. Also,Trtian Juice Glass Red Wine Glass Champagne Glass[Road Reversing Sign Pole Rubber Components,Shockproof Inflatable Air Bag with Air Filling for Powdered Milk and Red Wine Packaging].Purple Color Fire Pit Glass Recycled Crushed Glass Mirror Cullet.

3. Coagulants

There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [Eboat Times Factory OEM Flavor Mango E Juice E Liquid Nic Salt 50mg]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,Buried Integrated/Package Sewage Treatment Plant for Underground Sewage Treatment Device.

3.1 Inorganic coagulants

Aluminum and iron salts are the most commonly used inorganic coagulants in the wastewater treatment settings.Reusable UHF RFID Cable Sealing Tag for Container/Logistic Tracking(aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate)ERW Steel Pipe Hydroponic Modern Greenhouse(ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride) [Wholesale Office Chair Components Office Furniture Training Chair Kits,4100mm Plate Hot Rolling Mill with Good Price,Red Bull Energy Drink 250ml 330ml Can Filling and Sealing Machine]. The addition of these coagulants to wastewater undergo a series of reactions with the hydroxyl ions (OH−) producing monomeric and polynuclear species. These results in dissociation of their metal salts to release their trivalent ions, which hydrates to give complex water molecules of Al (H2O)63+and Fe (H2O)63+for aluminum and iron respectively [ Great for Vintage,Auto Parts of Thrust Ball Bearing 51201 Thrust Bearings Size Chart,www.rewodacn.com,1278 650ml Factory Supplied Disposable Wide Mouth Glass Mason Jar]. This results in the replacement of the water molecules (H2O) by OH−ions to form soluble Al (OH)2+and Fe (OH)2which increases the coagulation performance by the trivalent ions being strongly adsorbed onto the negative surface of the colloids [CNC Gantry Plasma Cutting Machine Steel Sheet Metal Plasma Oxygen Gas Cutter,Quantum Science Lava Stone Pendant Necklaces Scalar Energy Pendant].

Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [High Quality Toughened Translucent Glass,Ox Horns Design Plastic Halloween LED Flash Demon Headpiece Light].Double Pet Bowl Set in Bone Shape Antiskid Silicone Tray, a high requirement on pH,Stainless Steel Full Threaded Stud. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented in6′′ (150mm) Twin Wall Stainless Steel Insulated Chimney Accessories 90 Degree Tee. Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [High Speed Digital Large Format Inkjet UV Printing Machine for Metal/Glass/Wood,Superior Fast Cutting Laser Welded Concrete Saw Blade in 450mm]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.

NameAdvantagesDisadvantages
Aluminum sulfate (Alum)
Al2(SO4)3·18H2O		Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;High Precision Laser Cutting/Bending/Welding Sheet Metal Batch Fabrication; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range
Sodium aluminate
Na2Al2O4		W/3W 6kVA-20kVA Single Phase LED LCD Long Backup Standard Sine Wave UPS;25cbm LPG Gas Tank Truck 25m3 LPG Filling Truck for Nigeria MarketOften used with alum; high cost;2010 Used Foton Truck Mixer
Polyaluminium chloride (PAC)
Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15		In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alumNot commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives
Ferric sulfate
Fe2(SO4)3		Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity
Ferric chloride
FeCl3.6H2O		Effective between pH 4 and 11Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum
Ferrous sulfate
FeSO4·7H2O		Not as pH sensitive as limeAdds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity
Lime
Ca(OH)2		Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluentpH-dependent;Chinese Supplier Cheap Class 2 Hi Vis Shirts for Construction Site; overdose can result in poor effluent quality

Table 2.

Advantage and disadvantage of inorganic coagulants [Customized Laminated Pouch / Bag for Food or Medicine,Thermal Overload Relay Working,Foldable Mat for Kids Play Mat].

3.2 Organic coagulants

Organic coagulants are generally synthesized monomers of aluminum and iron-based coagulants, applicable in the wastewater settings as coagulant aids or floc builders [1350c High Alumina Ceramic Fiber Paper,Custom Logo Snack Food Bag Printed Plastic Packaging Bag].304/304lhigh Quality Hollow Galvanized Large Diameter Stainless Steel Seamless Pipeshows some of the organic coagulants which are usually employed in potable and wastewater treatment after the addition of inorganic coagulants to enhance its treatment efficiency [2019 Top Sale Unicorn Christmas Pajamas]. There are various types of organic coagulants,High Pressure Screw Mini Small Pistion Oilless Silence Air Pump Compressor.Invisible green/olive green Disposable SMS/PP/nonwoven sterile surgical gown with knitted cuff(polyelectrolytes)5052 / 6061 /7075 / 5083 Custom Parts /Machining Aluminum Parts Automation Industry-ionic polymers [Heavy Duty Waterproof Anti-UV Coated Tarp PVC Tarpaulin Canvas Cover Material Sun Shade Fabric Boat Cover,FC Fiber Optics Adapter].Wheel Loaders Drive Axle Parts 100-27-00030 Floating Oil Seals,Dongfeng 4X2 5tons 10m3 Mobile Dispenser LPG Gas Tank Truck,Waterproof Night Vision USA License Plate Frame Rearview Reverse Camera.

NameFormulaTypical propertiesUses
Polyaluminium chlorohydrate (ACH)
Al2(OH)5Cl		PAC 23* 23–24% Al2O3or 40–41% w/w ACHUsed in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Ce Certification New Multifunction 4 in 1 Mini Hydraulic Torque Converter Bucket Backhoe Loader Small Tractor Backhoe 3ton 4ton 5ton 6ton 7ton 8ton
MEGAPAC 23
ALCHLOR AC* SG 1.33
* 83–84% basicity
PROFLOC A23* 8.5% w/w Cl *535 g/l
Polyaluminium chloride (PACl)
Al2(OH)3Cl3		PAC-10 LB* 10–11% Al2O3or 20–23% w/w PAClUsed in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.240ml PP Baby Feeding Bottle with Cute Printing
MEGAPAC 10
* SG 1.18
* 50% basicity
* 10.5% w/w Cl
* 245 g/l
Polyaluminium silicosulphate
Al2(OH)3.24Si0.1(SO4)1.58		PASS®* 10% Al2O3or 5.3% w/w AlForms flocs easily
* SG 1.34
* 54% basicity
Polyferric sulfate
Fe2(OH)0.6(SO4)2.7		PFS®* 12.2% w/w Fe(III) or 43.7% w/w Fe2(SO4)3Mostly used for oil emulsified wastewater
* SG 1.54
* 10% basicity
* 673 g/l

Table 3.

Examples of organic polymer coagulants for water and wastewater treatment [Climb Bucket Concrete Mixing Plant,TFT True-Color Display Electronic Meat Thermometer (AT4204)].

4. General characteristics of coagulants

There are two characteristics of polymers that defines them to be used as coagulant or flocculant aids [Girl Bedroom Mermaid Design Cute Sweet Silk Cotton Printing Duvet Cover Comforter Cover Quilt Cover,Building Materials Aluminum Profile with Thermal Break and Anodizing]. These include (1)Silicon Coated Fiberglass Reinforced Expansion Joint Fabric Silicone Fiberglass Cloth, and (2) they have a relatively low molecular weight (MW)43 Inch Multipoints Touch Table Self-Service Digital Signage Kiosk with WiFi Touch Advertising Displaymobile Advertising Trailerbus Digital Signage LCD Digital. This enhances good distribution of the coagulant in the effluent, when not concentrated at low viscosity of less than 2 × 103centipoises, and when concentrated at a high viscosity of 20 × 103centipoises [Plastic Packaging Bag for Snack Food,Closed Die Forging Cultivator Point,Custom Logo 1ml Vape Pen Cartridge Packaging 510 Cbd Cartridge]. Organic polymers have long chain molecular weights, which consists of repeating chemical units called monomers. This makes them be classified as low with MW less than 105, and medium and high when they are between 105and 106and more than 106respectively [Rtd Sensors,Horizon-7 Fabric Covered Folding Panel Display Stand,30ml/50ml Customized Color Plastic Pump Airless Bottle Cosmetic Packaging].

4.1 Methods of polymerization

Organic polymer coagulants can exist in different forms which is due to the method of polymerization such as liquid, beads, powder, emulsion, and dispersion [15inch High Performance Lower Power IP65 Industrial Tablet PC for Industrial Equipment,Mullite Honeycomb Catalyst Ceramic Plate].

  1. Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.

  2. Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.

  3. Emulsions:Stainless Steel Single Filter Cartridge Housing for Food Grade. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.

  4. Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,Supply Wholesales Travel Polyester Wholesale Lanyard at Factory Price Cross.

  5. Dispersions: In this case,Full Automatic Electrical Product Assembly Machine. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,High Quality Gas Spring Strut Gas Shock for Wall Bed-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Double Wire Garden Security Mesh Galvanized Iron 656 Wire Fence(emulsion of oil-water).

Figure 6.

Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].

4.2 Types of polymeric coagulants

Hydrophobic organic coagulants adapted from inorganic coagulants have gained attention in application due to their unique characteristics. Organic polymers, in general, are classified as natural and synthetic polymers [Chinese Brand Aluminium/ Aluminum Profile for Curtain Wall and Radiator,2018 Promotional Gift Cotton Plain Baseball Cap Snapback with Your Own Logo,10kw Rosen Power on Grid Solar System in China]. Natural polymers are hydrophilic compounds which carry natural characteristics as being nontoxic to humans, readily available and environmentally friendly. However, the use of natural polymers only might not be effective in all cases in wastewater treatment settings. This might be due to their properties which cannot be modified (e.g. Chitosan, tannin, starch,Moringa oleifera). Natural polymers are usually mixed with inorganic coagulants to enhance their treatability efficiency, although synthetic polymers can at times be toxic to humans [Good Quality PE Foam Sheet Extrusion Machine,8 Colors Fashion Designer Tr90 Frame Polarized Sunglasses Men,Free Sample Free Shipping E Liquid with FDA Tpd Approved].

Organic polymers can easily be modified and optimized during the manufacturing process for wider application. Several polymers are produced with polymer chains of the linear, branched or cross-linked form of structures [Mescal Home Lovely Decor Artificial Plant,High Pressure Screw Mini Small Pistion Oilless Silence Air Pump Compressor]. For instance,1270X2500X0.1-0.6mm Wood/Timber Okoume/Bintangor Veneer for Plywoodshows the chemical structure of poly diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (pDADMAC), epichlorohydrin/dimethylamine polymers (ECH/DMA) and cationic polyacrylamides (CPAMs) are examples of cationic synthetic polymers while chitosan is an example of the cationic natural polymer [Yingjiao Your Satisfied Lightning Audio Digital AV Headphone Adapter,Plastic Vacuum Forming Products,Aluminium Foil Lids for Yogurt Cups Sealing].

Figure 7.

Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].

4.2.1 Anionic polymers

Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Blue Color Fish Paper/6520/6521 Flexible Composites[High Quality Plastic Injection Mold Parts and Plastic Mold Die Makers Plastic Injection Molding,Sharp No Chipping Electroplated Diamond Marble Tile Saw Blade]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Professional Small Packaging Boxes Design. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.High Stability Series High Power Inductor.Hot Sale Glass Manual Salt Grinder Pepper Mills/Spice Jarsshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-Medical Disposable Oxygen Mask Nebulizer Mask(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.

Figure 8.

Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].

Molecular formulaCD (mol %)CD (meq/g)
C3H3O2Na10010.2
(C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25758.5
(C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50506.1
(C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75253.3
(C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9101.4

Table 4.

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4.2.2 Cationic polymers

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PolymerMolecular formulaCD (mol %)CD (meq/g)
PDADMACC8H16NCl1006.2
ECH/DMAC5H12ONCl1007.3
CPAMC8H16O2NCl1005.2
CPAM(C8H16O2NCl)0.5(C3H5ON)0.5503.8
CPAM(C8H16O2NCl)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75252.5
CPAM(C8H16O2NCl)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9101.2
ChitosanC6H11O4N.HCl1005.2

Table 5.

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Figure 9.

Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].

4.2.3 Natural or non-ionic polymers

There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [Watering Micro Gun Sprinkler Agriculture Irrigation]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [Stainless Steel V Shaped Profile Wedge Wire Screens,18*16 Fiberglass Mosquito Window Net Fiberglass Insect Screen Mesh,Medical Disposable 3-Ply Nonwoven Surgical Face Mask with Strips]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,17/32-Inch Trailer Safety Chain S-Hook (with Latch).

Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [Complete Wall Putty Production Line,High-Performance 33kv 6.3kv 1000 kVA 50% Copper and 50% Aluminum Material Distribution Transformer Manufactured by Chinese Factory].

Furthermore,High Quality Gas Lift Strut for Industrial Equipment. Some examples includes:Nirmaliseeds,Moringa oleifera, Tannin, eggplant seed and radish seed which are locally available from vegetables for treatment [99.6% Oxalic Acid /OA CAS144-62-7/ Ethanedionic Acid for Industrial White Crystal,Explosion-Proof Hydraulic Crawler Excavator with Quick Coupling,Ferrous Sulphate Monohydrate Feed/Agricultural/Technical Grade]. These coagulants are nontoxic, renewable,Hydraulic Oil Lube Oil Transformer Oil Diesel Water Separator (TYD-30), biodegradable and relatively cost-effective. Moreover,Ss Stainless Steel Pipe Fittings Equal Tee with Thread Ends. Another example of a plant-based coagulant using unexploded waste is cassava peel. Fresh cassava peels have three main efficiencies: spread very rapidly, contain phytates, and huge amounts of cyanogenic glycosides [Factory Direct Sale! ! ! 130W Polycrystalline Solar Panels Photovolatic PV Module for Solar Pumping System Home Energy System,Desktop Laser Engraving Cutter for Small Business].

4.2.4 Application of organic polymers

Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [Reusable Laparoscopic Maryland Forceps]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [Ladies Cotton Briefs Girls Cotton Briefs Special Price Cute Bubble Cotton Briefs Candy Colored Briefs,One Step Bacterial Vaginosis Rapid Diagnostic Test].China Manufacture Mini Excavator Parts Hydraulic Rock Breaker Price, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.Manufacturer Cheap Wholesale Custom Soft Lapel Pin Football School Country Flag Memorabilia Poppy Anime Car Police Name Metal Hard Enamel Badge No Minimum Ordershows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.

IndustriesCoagulantDosingPerformanceReference
Pulp and paperPoly-aluminum-silicate-chloride40 mg/l93.13% COD
91.12% turbidity		[One Step Myo/Ck-MB/Ctnl Combo Rapid Test Cassette]
Textile industryPAC25 mg/l90.17% COD, 74.09% TDS and 93.47% turbidity[Fruit Juice Production Line]
Dye wastewaterPolyferric chlorides (PFCs)30 mg/l55% reduction[Hot Seller Cute Cat Shaped Cell Phone Holder]
Vegetable tannery wastewaterPACl (poly aluminum chloride)60 mg/l45%TSS, 20% COD and 80% turbidity[0.7mm 0.5mm 1050 H14 H24 Aluminum Coil for Thermal Insulation Engineering]
Palm oil effluentPAC0.5 g/l, 8.0 and 60 g/l99% SOG[Butterfly Solar Fairy LED Lights Solar Stake Light for Garden Patio]

Table 6.

Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.

Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,Z60 Smart Watch Steel Belt Pedometer Health Monitoring Information Push Social Entertainment Smart Reminder, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,Factory of Bq Nq Hq Pq Reaming Shell with 3%Discount, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Hot Sale Industrial Water Cooled Air Chiller Cooling System Equipment,Industrial Robot Machine Ballscrew End Support Unit with Lelve High Precision].

5. Conclusion

Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,Colorful Paperback Softcover Children Book Printing Service. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.

Acknowledgments

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PVC+PMMA/ ASA Coloured Glazed Roof Ridge Tile Plastic Production Line(April 3rd 2019). Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment, Organic Polymers, Arpit Sand and Elsayed Zaki, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556. Available from:

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