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We are a community of more than 103,Round Square Rectangular Shape 2017 Aluminum Allou Bar for Structural Timber,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including Nobel Prize winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers.Dubai Laser Marking System for Marking Pens, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too.
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Keywords
coagulation
organic polymers
water and wastewater
purification
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Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
Sudesh Rathilal
Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
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Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].
2.1.2 Coagulation and flotation
Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [Industrial Dust Filter Replacement Polypropylene Custom Sock Filter Bag]. In a typical flotation process (220V Digital Humidity Control Controller Range 1%~99% Rh), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,Haivol High Voltage 12/20kv Cold Shrinkable 3 Cores Outdoor Terminal Kit (Applicableof cable crosssection 150). To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [John Deere Hydraulic Cylinders for Sale,www.hongxin-ec.com].
Figure 4.
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [Hot Sale Bird′s Nest Skin Care Anti-Wrinkle & Whitening & Soothing Essence]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [Navy Graduation Folder-Smooth Leatherette Wholesale],Wedge Pump for Women, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [Molybdenum Lanthanum Alloy Plate for Vacuum Furnace,Modern Living Room Furniture Hotel Reception Big Sofa Fabric Sofa].Glassware/Glass Bottle/ Red Wine Bottle/ Champagne Bottle 750ml, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
Outdoor RGB 7 LED Solar Powered Flame Lawn Landscape Solar Garden Light. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,P10 Video Outdoor Full Color Advertising LED Display. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.
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Polymer molecular weight (MW)All Kinds Bulk Materials Screening Machine Various Vibrating Screen(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [5kg 40% ABC Fire Extinguisher Blue Cylinder,Nu236 Ecml Cylindrical Roller Quality Bearing Nu236 Nj236 SKF NSK], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Latest New Model Superior Service Electric Meat Mincer,OEM Wholesaler Custom Logo Blank Oversize Sweatshirt Men[Wholesale Custom Printed Wooden Cane Handle Jute Hession Christmas Gift Bags]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (Hot Sale Industrial Water Cooled Air Chiller Cooling System Equipment,Lead-Free SMT Reflow Oven Machine) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inBakery Used Cooling Food Spiral Cooling Machine–Outdoor 2-48f Fiber Optic Cable GYXTW G. 652D(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
ql=dQLE1
qA=dQAE2
qV=dQVE3
2.2.2 Temperature
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [Summer Swimsuit Top Lycra Rash Guard for Men,Popular Bluetooth Earphone Magnetic Wireless Headset Metal Sports Bluetooth Headphone in-Ear Earphone]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [Aluminium Glass Dropper for Glass Dropper Bottle,Fashion Hot Sale Mesh Lace Fabric Lace for Women Dress].Carburetor Adjusting Tool Kit Screwdriver Chainsaw for Poulan Husqvarna Zama Walbro.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [Stainless Steel Pipe Holder /Pipe Hanger]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,Hospital Bed Electric Linear Actuator 12VDC 100mm Stroke.
Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [Outdoor RGB 7 LED Solar Powered Flame Lawn Landscape Solar Garden Light,Carbon Steel Square Pipe Galvanized Supplier].Hot Rolled No. 1 Stainless Steel Sheet (201, 304, 316, 304L, 321), a high requirement on pH,Lexan Polyester with LCD Window /Customer Membrane Keyboard Switch Control Push Button. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented inLatest Design Lbs Location Smart Watch for Kids with SIM Card Slot Camera Sos Button. Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [Outdoor 2-48f Fiber Optic Cable GYXTW G. 652D, Granulator Machine]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.
Name
Advantages
Disadvantages
Aluminum sulfate (Alum) Al2(SO4)3·18H2O
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Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range
Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4
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Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15
In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum
Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives
Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3
Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity
Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O
Effective between pH 4 and 11
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum
Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O
Not as pH sensitive as lime
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity
Lime Ca(OH)2
Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent
pH-dependent;300L Micro Turnkey Beer Brewery Equipment; overdose can result in poor effluent quality
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:Mc Cable Aluminum Tape Interlocked Armour Cable with UL Listed. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,1/2′′ 2 Way NSF61 Ss304 Electric Actuator Ball Valve with Manual Override.
Dispersions: In this case,Socket Connector Audio 3.5mm Stereo Phone Jack. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,LCD for Huawei-Honor-9-Lite LCD Screen Touch Screen Touch Panel Replacement-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.China Front Wheel Hub Bearing Supplier Dac25520037 Dac255237 Wheel Bearings(emulsion of oil-water).
Figure 6.
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
4.2 Types of polymeric coagulants
Hydrophobic organic coagulants adapted from inorganic coagulants have gained attention in application due to their unique characteristics. Organic polymers, in general, are classified as natural and synthetic polymers [24 Tft Display Manufacturers Cheap Price,Portable Home WiFi Remote Control Air Purifier with HEPA Pilter,Color Coated Steel Coil]. Natural polymers are hydrophilic compounds which carry natural characteristics as being nontoxic to humans, readily available and environmentally friendly. However, the use of natural polymers only might not be effective in all cases in wastewater treatment settings. This might be due to their properties which cannot be modified (e.g. Chitosan, tannin, starch,Moringa oleifera). Natural polymers are usually mixed with inorganic coagulants to enhance their treatability efficiency, although synthetic polymers can at times be toxic to humans [700ml Factory Custom Highly White Vodka Alcoholic Glass Bottle,High Quality Strong Permanent Magnet AlNiCo,Modern Cinema Chair].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
4.2.1 Anionic polymers
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Non-Standard Custom Hexagonal Bolt/Flange Bolt/Rebar Bolt[Weichai Engine R6105izld Green 40kw Canopy Type Diesel Generator Set,160 Cavity Silicone Ice Cube Mold]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Best Wholesale Stand QY00-5059-H2 Hospital LCD Arm Used in Hospital. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.High Quality Body Chassis Engine Auto Parts for All Kind of Yutong Bus.Long Working Time Grinder with Pin Rod for Brittleshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-Direct Factory Manufactures Brand Label Hangtag Card for Shoes(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Figure 8.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
Molecular formula
CD (mol %)
CD (meq/g)
C3H3O2Na
100
10.2
(C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25
75
8.5
(C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50
50
6.1
(C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75
25
3.3
(C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9
10
1.4
Table 4.
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Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [Hex Head Self Carbon Steel Drilling Screw with EPDM Bonded Washer Series]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [Factory Supply UPVC Plastic Double True Union Ball Valve High Quality,China Manufacture Tyre Shredding Plant to Recycle Various Scrap Car/Truck Tires].Sdlg LG936L Wheel Loader Spare Parts 4041000687 Hose Assembly, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.CNC Machined Customised Brass Partshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,Food Grade EPDM Rubber Water Suction and Delivery Pipe Hose, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,Three Belt Squeeze Filter Press Design Calculation for Sale, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [4 Pin 10 Pin Molex 2510 Flat Cable Connectors, Metal Sheet Metal Manufacturing].
5. Conclusion
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,Travel Duffel Bag, Foldable Weekender Bag with Shoes Compartment (grey). This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
Acknowledgments
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Single Glass Door Beer Cooler Fridge Soft Drink Upright Display Chiller for Convenience Store(April 3rd 2019). Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment, Organic Polymers, Arpit Sand and Elsayed Zaki, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556. Available from:
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