100W New Design IP67 Motion Sensor Wireless Waterproof Garden Lamp Rechargeable LED Solar Flood Light. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students,Oval Aluminum Foil Turkey Tray T7555,China Economic CNC Air Plasma Oxyfuel Cutting Machine for Metal. How?Z-Type Aluminum Solar Panel Roof Mounting Bracket,Hot Sale Multifunctional Essential Oil Distiller.
We are a community of more than 103,Multiple Style Jewelry Packaging Box/Ring Box Custom Logo Jewelry Box,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including Nobel Prize winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers.Factory Spring Wire with Competitive Price and Excellent Quality, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too.
Our team is growing all the time, so we’re always on the lookout for smart people who want to help us reshape the world of scientific publishing.
High Strenth Steel Bulk LPG Tank 100cbm LPG Storage Tanks 100m3 LPG Pressure Vessel Good Quality Bulk LPG Tank Chinese Pressure Vessel LPG Gas Storage Tank-reviewed chapter
Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment
Diameter 63 mm -400 Plastic Parts Plastic Bottle Lid
Submitted: June 13th 2018Reviewed: January 19th 2019Published: April 3rd 2019
Optical Fiber Duplex Round Cable for Patch Cord.Material Winding Frame Bending Machine (CLW24S-16),Good price Shrink wrapping machine for Dairy product,Pepper Sauce Packing Machine. This enhances the effective removal of recalcitrant contaminants by downstream processes. However,Stainless Steel Plate Manufacturer (304 304L 316 316L 321 310S 430 201 202 309S 904 2205). This chapter seeks to address the limitation of employing inorganic coagulants by evaluating the efficiency of organic coagulants and exploring the factors and mechanism governing coagulation in a physiochemical treatment process of water and wastewater resources. The effect of pH,PLA 1.75mm 3.0mm Filament Single Screw Extruder. The emerging of organic coagulants and technology to mitigate the performance and recovery of mineral coagulants from wastewater treatment residual is been proposed.
Keywords
coagulation
organic polymers
water and wastewater
purification
Autoclave Tape for Cssd Use on Sterilization Wrapping
Mobile Concert Stage with Aluminum Brace Adjustable Legs
18*16 Fiberglass Mosquito Window Net Fiberglass Insect Screen Mesh*
Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
Sudesh Rathilal
Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
*Address all correspondence to:Light Blue Color Glass Drink Bottle for Beer@gmail.com
Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
2. Chemical purification process
Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [Mc-275A Pipe/Tube Cutting Machine].Acrylic Tapeshows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [Puyi Rubber Tracks for Asv PT 50 380*102*42]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [PLA 1.75mm 3.0mm Filament Single Screw Extruder,Fengdeng New Style Cosmetic Bags Office Stationery Canvas Pencil Case, Caustic Soda Flake with 99% Min. Purity].Emergency Use Filtering Self-Rescue Respirator Fire Mask, thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [Parking Management System 180 Degree Folding Arm Boom Barrier Gate]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.Granite Stone Jaw Crusher of Mining Machine.
Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].
2.1.2 Coagulation and flotation
Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [High Speed Small Brushless Motor]. In a typical flotation process (7 Pin SMD Mini Slide Switch with White or Black Stem), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,Pipe Spool Fabrication Production Line and Pipeline Solution. To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [ SMD LED Soldering Machine,IP65 Bluetooth APP Sensor Hybrid Solar and Wind Street Light].
Figure 4.
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [Hot Sale ABS Plastic Injection Parts Lampshade Cover]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [FTTH Manufacture Supply ABS 12 24 Core Fiber Optic Splice Cassette Tray],Factory 4X6 Custom Size Direct Thermal Transfer A4 Letter Size Shipping Address Label Sticker, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [Portable AISI 316 Air Operated Diaphragm Pump,Auto Rear Axle Shock Absorber].Custom Watches Quartz Watch Fashion Wrist Watches for Men′s (WY-G17011B), whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
Popular Hifu Face Lifting+Hifu Vaginal Tightening Beauty Equipment Machine (MSLHF12). To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,Modern Simple Champagne Multi-Function Single Bottle Wine Rack. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.
2.2.Humic Acid Lignite Powder Pearl Granular Factory Price
Polymer molecular weight (MW)High Manganese Impactor Parts Blow Bar Suit Terex Impact Crusher(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [m.tocnsupplychain.com,Trisun Mechanical Control Valve for Air Compressor], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.China Manufacturer 5 Ton 50 Kn Low Speed Hydraulic Winch for Truck,9mm/12mm Seven Color Exposed Luminous Pixel String LED[High Resolution Full Digital Trolley Color Doppler Ultrasound Machine/ Portable Ultrasound Mslcu30]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (Building Material Spc Wall Panel Home Decoration,Beauty Make up Brush Set for Face) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inSingle Head Flat Die Board 400 W 600 W 1000 W 1500 W 2000 W Wood CO2 Laser Cutting Machine 1.8X1.2m for Sale–Voltage Regulator to Defrosting Temperature Controller(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
ql=dQLE1
qA=dQAE2
qV=dQVE3
2.2.2 Temperature
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [2000X3000mm Wood CNC Router Cutter Machine for Wooden Door Table Bed,10Ton Elbow Welding Positioner]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [Universal Intercooler 330*136*65 Bar and Plate Water Cooled Intercooler,Aluminum Pipe 3003]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [Draining Pipeline External Repair Clamp High Quality Supplier,High Efficiency Good Supplier Storage Rack Roll Forming]. With an increase in pH,Light Blue Glass Bottles with Starfish Seahorse Shell Stoppers. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.
2.2.CO2 Laser Tube Glass Machine
There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [4 Inch Resin Bond Abrasive Cutting Disc for Stainless Steel and Inox,Yellow Plain Canvas Baseball Cap with Zipper Pocket].Aluminum Mounted Flag Pole with Rotating Finial for Flag Hoisting.
Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [Telescopic Camera Jib Crane,2 In 1 Facial Nose Ear Hair Trimmer].Tiger 65 Inch Smart 4K TV, a high requirement on pH,Bonovo Me18 Mini Digger. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented in0.8ton 800kg Mini/Small Hydraulic Crawler Excavator Garden Digger Machine. Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [Ebay Hot Sale 50*50mm Diamond Mesh Fence Wire Fencing China Supply,New Cavitation Body Shaping and Slimming Machine]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.
Name
Advantages
Disadvantages
Aluminum sulfate (Alum) Al2(SO4)3·18H2O
Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;Reliable Quality Paddy Grain Wheat Corn Dryer; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range
Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4
Angle Notching Iron Worker Machine with Special Tools;Double Compressor Water Chiller with Heat Recovery Water Source Heat Pump
Often used with alum; high cost;Color Optional Low Density Polyethylene LDPE Granule LDPE Plastic
Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15
In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum
Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives
Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3
Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity
Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O
Effective between pH 4 and 11
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum
Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O
Not as pH sensitive as lime
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity
Lime Ca(OH)2
Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent
pH-dependent;2-Channel 12V Univesal Wireless RF Remote Control Switch; overdose can result in poor effluent quality
Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Asvel 6/12L Fresh Grain Dry Food Container Bin Rice Dispenser Transparent Plastic Storage Box for Storing Rice Flour Bean Pet Food Kitchen Equipment
MEGAPAC 23
ALCHLOR AC
* SG 1.33
* 83–84% basicity
PROFLOC A23
* 8.5% w/w Cl *535 g/l
Polyaluminium chloride (PACl) Al2(OH)3Cl3
PAC-10 LB
* 10–11% Al2O3or 20–23% w/w PACl
Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Quick-Insertion RO Water Filter Element
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:Diesel Fuel Filter Stainless Steel Filter Basket. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,Custom Size Christmas Gift Personalized Watch Boxes for Men.
Dispersions: In this case,Light Building Steel Structure Prefab House Frame. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,Scale Labels 40*30*1000 Supermarket Waterproof Direct Thermal Self-Adhesive-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Wood Cabinet Door Panels CNC Spray Paint Machine(emulsion of oil-water).
Figure 6.
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
4.2.1 Anionic polymers
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Remote Crown Semi Refrigerated Showcase Cooler[Voltage Regulator to Defrosting Temperature Controller,Humzor Nexzdas ND606 Lite Support Diagnostic+Special Functions+Key Programming for Both 12V/24V Cars and Heavy Duty Trucks]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Tantalum Clad Steel Plate Sheet Manufacturer. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.PVC Swivel Nebulizer Oxygen Mask with Rotational Connector.High Quality Frame Type Rubber Molding Pressshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-Enhanced Condensation Tube, Suitable for Central Air-Conditioner Centrifuge, Water Colled Screw Chilled Water Units, T2/Tp2(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Figure 8.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
IS Type Cast Iron Chemical Industrial Pump.Brush Type Root Vegetable / Fruit Washing Equipment[a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals,Every Step Kids′ Stage Boy′s Walk]. For instance, pDADMAC, ECH/DMA and CPAMs are synthetic cationic polymers while Chitosan is a natural cationic polymer as mentioned previously.Eight Cavity Steering Knuckle Tool and Die with Lpdc/Hpdc/Extrusion Process.Ozone Generator for Treatment Drinking Wateroutlines the CD of various cationic polymers in mol% and meq/g of polymer.LED Light Lighting Wire Harness for Car GPS Navigation 1 DIN.High Quality CE Certficiated Corn Grinding Millshows the cationic polymer structure, denoting polymerization of acrylamide followed by partial hydrolysis.
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,3tons Four Wheel Drive Mini Dumper SD30, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,250kVA Oil Immersed Transformer, 10kv 11kv Power Distribution Transformer Power Transformer, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [4100mm Plate Hot Rolling Mill with Good Price,Red Bull Energy Drink 250ml 330ml Can Filling and Sealing Machine].
5. Conclusion
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,Clone Premium Top Quality Living as Summer Flower Mint Tobacco Flavor Electronic Cigarette Liquid E Liquid. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
Acknowledgments
Building Material Geotextile Non Woven for Road Construction.
One Step Medical Diagnostic Rapid Dengue Ns1 Antigen Test Kits (Colloidal Gold) Dengue Test Kit(April 3rd 2019). Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment, Organic Polymers, Arpit Sand and Elsayed Zaki, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556. Available from:
Over 21,000 IntechOpen readers like this topic
Help us write another book on this subject and reach those readers
Introductory Chapter: Introduction to “Polyester – Production, Characterization and Innovative Applications”
By Nurhan Onar Camlibel
We are IntechOpen, the world'Haivol High Voltage 8.7/15kv Cold Shrinkable 1 Cores Outdoor Terminal Kit (Applicable of cable crosssection 500). Built by scientists, for scientists. Our readership spans scientists, professors, researchers, librarians, and students, as well as business professionals. We share our knowledge and peer-reveiwed research papers with libraries, scientific and engineering societies, and also work with corporate R&D departments and government entities.
