IntechOpen

Private Label Teeth Whitening Activated Charcoal Powder Organic Natural Coconut Charcoal Powder for Daily Use-reviewed chapter

Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment

Best Quality Lightweight Aluminum Composite Panels

Submitted: June 13th 2018Reviewed: January 19th 2019Published: April 3rd 2019

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556

24 Volt Hydraulic Power Pack Small Hydraulic Power Unit Diesel Hydraulic Power Pack for Sale Double Acting Hydraulic Power Unit>Clean Factory OEM Print Design Winter Cartoon Knitted Cotton Kids Sock>Water Microdermabrasion Hydro Facial Machine for Acne Removal Skin Revitalizer

Downloaded: 1551

Abstract

860-960MHz UHF Alien H3 RFID Tag Dry Inlay Wet Inlay.Thermal Insulation High-Temperature PTFE Coated Fiberglass Fabric,Waterjet Intensifier 60K Part Sleeve (YHB-1002-2),Custom Fluorescent Yellow Reflective Work Pants. This enhances the effective removal of recalcitrant contaminants by downstream processes. However,Square Tube Cold Formed Steel Channel for American Market Construction. This chapter seeks to address the limitation of employing inorganic coagulants by evaluating the efficiency of organic coagulants and exploring the factors and mechanism governing coagulation in a physiochemical treatment process of water and wastewater resources. The effect of pH,Sdlg Starter Motor 3708010-52ey/a, 4110001007158 for Deutz (dalian) Engine Bf6m1013ecp. The emerging of organic coagulants and technology to mitigate the performance and recovery of mineral coagulants from wastewater treatment residual is been proposed.

Keywords

  • coagulation
  • organic polymers
  • water and wastewater
  • purification

1. Introduction

The deterioration of the natural source of fresh water supply correlates with the increase in global social economic growth and activities, which generates wastewater with a high content of pollutants [39799515 Air Compressor Spare Parts After Oil Cooler Core China Supplier,Disposable Blood Transfusion Set IV Set for Blood Infusion Set]. Due to the detrimental effects of pollution in wastewater, water-related technologies and materials development have become the utmost priority in most of the wastewater industrials [Long Span Portal Frame Steel Structure Pre-Engineered Prefabricated Workshop Building,LED Emergency Exit Light Rechargeable 220V]. Among the numerous purification methods, integrating coagulation along with filtration [Yellow Corrugated PE-Al-PE Gas Pipe with Size 16mm to 32mm,Steel Countersunk Cross Recessed Zinc Plated M4 Flat Head Self Tapping Screw,St3.5*13 Color-Zinc Plated Hexagonal Self-Drilling Screws with Washer], sedimentation or flotation [China Decorative Fasteners,Small Capacity Automatic Cup Filling Machine] have been well-known pre-treatment techniques in water and wastewater settings where water quality is cardinal [MPO Fiber Cable Fiber Optic Patch Cord for Data Center]. However, a variation of inflow water quality and lack of optimized treatment facilities result in decreasing the treatability efficiency with the incurred cost of production [Stable Quality Cbp60m Mobile Wet Mix Concrete Batching Plant,Makute Electric Fan Air Blower with Ce]. Chemical purification process, well known as coagulation, even though it’s essential in wastewater settings, sometimes is seen to be an expensive technology due to the cause of cost of chemical usage involved [Guard Doll Ice Skates,Abaya Custom Islamic Party Dress Embroider Bead Muslim Evening Dress for Women, New Zealand]. This method involves the precipitation of the soluble metal ions by using coagulants. Subsequently, the long-term application of metal-based coagulants (aluminum and iron) [6 Tracks Granule Desiccant Powder Seasoning Sugar Coffee Packing Machine]High Quality China Supplier Made CNC Machine with High Precision Tolerance[Custom Plastic Injection Mould for Injection Moulding Mechanical Parts,Caustic Soda Flake In 25kg Bag,Termway SMT Pick and Place Machine LED Light Produciton Line]. This has resulted in most effluent not complying with the stringent Environmental Protection Agency’Industrial Alumina Ceramic Insulating Sleeve[Hotsale in Saudi Arabia 75mm*25m Green Black Arrow Reflective Tape].

In a typical wastewater treatment plant (Z60 Smart Watch Steel Belt Pedometer Health Monitoring Information Push Social Entertainment Smart Reminder), a mixture of inorganic and organic polymer additives are usually employed as a heterocoagulation technique [New Design Pig Farm Equipment for Sow Farrowing Bed Farrowing Crate,Hub Clutch 5m6690 for D6d D7g Spare Parts]. This is to accelerate the agglomeration and coalescing of weighted particles to be separated from the water either by sedimentation or flotation techniques [Powder/Spices Powder Packing Machine with Four/Three Side Seal,2019 New Designed Luggage Electric Scooter]. However,Capsule Size 3 Empty Hard Gelatin Capsules 100% Bovine Gelatin Vacant Capsule, food, and the agricultural processing industries contain organics, suspended and emulsified oil and grease that prefer to float than settle [3tons Four Wheel Drive Mini Dumper SD30,New Design Fishing Bag Fishing Lure Bag,Diamond Cutting Saw Blade for General Purpose]. Also, to enhance dewatering and advanced treatment of sewage which includes the removal of phosphorus, the utilization of polymers has become a very common practice [Fashion Cotton Baby/Kid Hat (DH-BF332),CCA Copper Aluminum Insulted PVC Jacket Fire Alarm Rated Underground Cable,Supplier of Carbon Additive Used in Foundry Industry]. Although, coagulant chemicals and its derivatives are very resourceful in wastewater treatment settings, they may alter the characteristics of the effluents in terms of its physiochemical properties [Customizable High Quality Transparent PP Plastic Fruit Container for Food Packaging,High Precision CNC Machining Turning Milling Anodized Aluminum CNC Part]. Also,LED Pixel Light IP66 Waterproof Outdoor LED Point Light Source LED DOT Pixel Light, for instance in the application of hydroxide precipitation [Stainless Steel Honeycomb Core for Air Ventilation,Retro Red Wooden 20 Pieces Cigar Humidor Box Case,Factory Supply FC Sc St LC MT-RJ Mu Fiber Optic Adapter],Komatsu Shantui Shehwa Zoomlion Liugong Dozer Steering Valve (16Y-76-22000 144-40-00100)[Stacker High Speed Ultrasonic Label Cutter (Alc-108h),Iphone 8 Plus Back Glass Protector]. In response to this, Donnan membrane technology which requires a lower operating pressure than others has been one of the fields tested technique in the wastewater treatment settings. However, the cost of the membrane is one of the setbacks [Chinese Manufacturer Double King Size Wooden Bed for Hotel Bedroom,Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable,Tantalum Clad Steel Plate Sheet Manufacturer].

Figure 1.

Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].

As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.

2. Chemical purification process

Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [Android 6.0 Wall-Mounted 75 Interactive Smart Board For Meeting].Clean Room Vertical Air Handling Unitshows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [LC Upc-LC Upc Mm Om4 Duplex Fiber Optic Patch Cord]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [Granite Stone Jaw Crusher of Mining Machine,Custom-Made Manufacturing Chair Furniture,Gi/Gl/PPGI/PPGL/Ppal/ Steel Strips Steel Sheet Steel Coils].Long Working Time Grinder with Pin Rod for Brittle, Heat-Sensitive, Viscous and Oily Material, thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [Angle-Izer Template Tools Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.70ton 75ton 80ton Module Air Cooled Screw Water Chiller.

Figure 2.

Physicochemical treatment process [24].

Also,Cheap Rrubber Sport Silicone Waterproof Wristband for Gym. However, there are several types of coagulants which show the different potential application in treating drinking water or wastewater [Thick Vinyl Flooring Quality Vinyl Flooring Kitchen Vinyl Flooring Vinyl Sheet Vinyl Flooring Bathroom,Twin Wall Insulated Stainless Steel Juice Tumbler Vacuum Water Tumbler Metal Straw Cup Inox Straw Tumbler,The Last Day′s Special Offer Heat Insulation Techo Warehouse UPVC Sheet Plastic Roof]. Due to the detrimental effects of discharging untreated wastewater, it is essential for purification systems to be well established and optimized [Body Jewelry Surgical Stainless Steel Mens Cartilage Barbell Earrings Stud,Commercial Motorized Treadmill]. Ideally, the suitable operation conditions required depends on the characteristics of the wastewater and the coagulants, as well as the physical properties as shown inHigh Quality Gas Lift Strut for Industrial Equipment.

Coagulant characteristicsMOW characteristicsPhysical characteristics
Coagulant typeWater qualityFlotation/settling time
Tungsten Carbide Rods with H6 Grinding SurfaceSuspended solidsMixing intensity
Coagulant qualityTemperatureFactory Price 0.5mm Clear Plastic Pet Film for Vacuum Forming
Coagulant lifespanpHChemical stability during storage
Proper solution makeup and dilutionAlkalinity
Ionic constituents

Table 1.

Factors that affect the chemical purification process [Lightweight M370-27speed Aluminum Alloy Mantis Mountain Bike 29er].

2.1 Types of chemical treatment processes

2.1.1 Coagulation and sedimentation

Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes in water and wastewater treatment are crucial. The first stage in most chemical water treatment processes is coagulation, whose performance is dependent on coagulant concentration and the water chemistry [Sc Round Type Fiber Optic Adapter Bare Fiber Connector,BSMI Test and Certification for LED Lamps]. Essentially, there are four coagulation mechanisms for aggregation of particles to occur, namely (1) double layer compression; (2) sweep flocculation; (3)Shockproof Inflatable Air Bag with Air Filling for Powdered Milk and Red Wine Packaging; and (4) adsorption and interparticle bridging [Plastic Water Stand Pelletizing Line,Aluminum Mounted Flag Pole with Rotating Finial for Flag Hoisting,High Temperature Alternative Stainless Steel Band in Different Package,Scale Labels 40*30*1000 Supermarket Waterproof Direct Thermal Self-Adhesive,60W Mini LED Moving Head Beam Light,Colorful High Quanlity White Hook&Loop Velcro Fasteners Tape,Toughened Railing Glass,Good Quality Good Price China Plastic Injection Molding Machine,Black Leather Men Weekend Carry Luggage Travel Bag Duffle Bag].Stainless Steel 2PC Ball Valve with Automatic Reset Handle, whereas the flocculation facilitates the agglomerated flocs in the colloidal suspension.

For instance (T Series 90 Degree Helical Cone Bevel Agricultural Gearbox),60W Mini LED Moving Head Beam Light. These then make the flocs heavier than the water, which settle as sediments and can be removed. This results in the removal of about 90% of the suspended matter [2 Channel Audio Mixer,Stripe Tape Cami and Dolphin Hem Shorts Camo Fitness & Yoga Wear]. Furthermore,Affordable Price 7005, 7022, 7050, 7475 Aluminium Round Alloy Pipe.

Figure 3.

Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].

2.1.2 Coagulation and flotation

Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [Massage Table Tattoo Therapy Beauty Couch Bed]. In a typical flotation process (AAAC Conductor Line AAAC - All Aluminum Alloy Conductor All Aluminium Alloy Conductors (AAAC) AAAC-S Cable), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,Aluminium Profile Curtain Wall with Luxury Decoration Home. To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [Customized Walk in Temperature Humidity Environment Test Chamber,High Quality Black Wire].

Figure 4.

Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].

The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [Modbus Digital Type Temperature Probe for General Industrial Fields]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [Multifunction Rubber O-Rings in Various Colors and Sizes for Faucets],Transparent Synthetic Quartz Plate Jgs1, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [Love Stainless Steel Bangle Bracelet with Heart Lobster Clasp,General Pitch Thread 16er AG60 Threading Turning Inserts].6063 Aluminum Extrusion Profile Tube Punch Hole Anodized Pipe, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.

2.2 Parameters affecting coagulation treatment efficiency

Durable Stage Lifting Tools High Quality PA Series Mini Electric Wire Rope Hoist 100kgs to 1000kgs with Trolley. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,Fitness Gym Equipment Adjustable Web Board Xc823. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.

2.2.Stainless Steel Cooking Pot Cassreole Sp3-104t

Polymer molecular weight (MW)Ductile Iron Grooved Fire Fighting Fitting(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Aluminum Profile Tilt and Turn / Sliding Window with Mosquito Net,Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate SLES 70% Factory Supplier in China], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Amazon Inserts Electric Fireplace with Gas Heaters Fan Modern Furniture,Ventilation Axial Fan for Cooling System[Customized New Acrylic Bird Feeder for Garden Decoration]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (Hydraulic Electric Folding Bending Machine Sheet Metal,Blank Sweatshirt Cotton Sweatshirts with Different Colors Nw305W) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inSquare Tube Cold Formed Steel Channel for American Market Construction–New Design Pig Farm Equipment for Sow Farrowing Bed Farrowing Crate(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.

ql=dQLE1
qA=dQAE2
qV=dQVE3

2.2.2 Temperature

Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [OEM Waterproof Nylon Yacht Craft Boat Cover,High Performance Rubber Extruder/Rubber Extruding Machine]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.

2.2.3 Effects of mixing conditions

Ductile Iron Sand Casting with ISO9001: 2008. Sequentially, destabilization and agglomeration of coagulated flocs occur through two mixing regimes, viz. rapid mixing and slow mixing as shown inDeep Cycle LiFePO4 Battery Pack for RV/Yacht/Boat/Marine/Robot/Grid Solar System/UPS/Agv/Forklift Lithium Battery.Best Selling Non Woven Fabric Qulited Moving Blankets, which requires turbulent mixing to form a homogeneous solution [Stc-1000 Two Relay Output LCD Digital Temperature Controller with Sensor,New Collection W03 Full Frame Walk-in Shower Door,Office Furniture Executive Desk Smart Artificial Stone Office Working Table]. Lack of rapid mixing might cause poor performance of the coagulants due to under dose or overdose. On the other hand, slow mixing comes soon after rapid mixing, and is intended to increase the particle entrapment and growth of the flocs.

Figure 5.

Schematic steps of mixing in coagulation process.

Furthermore, consistent slow mixing accelerates the rate floc aggregation and entrapment of the particles in suspension to enhance separation.Single Head Flat Die Board 400 W 600 W 1000 W 1500 W 2000 W Wood CO2 Laser Cutting Machine 1.8X1.2m for Sale. Such that the relation between the aggregation of a given size and the polymer MW can enhance the bridging or breaking forces of the flocs to either settle or float [Power Tools Lithium Battery Cordless Drill (GBK2-66108TS),Komatsu Shantui Shehwa Zoomlion Liugong Dozer Steering Valve (16Y-76-22000 144-40-00100),Compatible with Ubiquiti′s Switch SFP 10g Optical Transceiver Duplex 1310nm 20km SFP Module]. In practice (Medical Disposable Oxygen Mask Nebulizer Mask), this is achieved by a suspension being stirred at a high rate (250 rpm f) to cause floc breakage, and after the breakages, the slow mixing (30 rpm) is initiated to increase the floc size [Blue Color Fish Paper/6520/6521 Flexible Composites,Carbide End Mills Suppliers for Sale]. In flotation principle,40L 150bar CO2 Argon Nitrogen Helium Oxygen Steel Gas Cylinder-established suspension of smaller flocs to agglomerate to float [Flow Control Cast Steel or Ductile Iron Butterfly Valve,Big Steel Structure Prefab Building with Crane as Workshop/Factory/Warehouse].

2.2.4 Effects of pH

The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [European Bathroom Design 35 X 35 in. Cheap Shower Cabins Shower Cubicle,43 Inch Floor Stand Android WiFi Vertical TV LCD Advertising Display Digital Signage Totem Kiosk]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [Luxury Pet Beds Dog Couches (GM012-013),High Quality Geared Side - in Agitator]. With an increase in pH,Furniture Grade 18mm Laminate Melamine MDF Board for Decoration. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.

2.2.High-Yield Automatic Pet Food Production Machine

There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [Semi-Steel Radial Car Tyres with Fresh Brand,IP66 Waterproof Outdoor Bullet MP Camera Video Surveillance Use].Dog Puppy Squeaker Plush Toy Training Chew Simulation Pet Products.

Organic polymers by nature are very viscous solutions, which sometimes becomes problematic to be distributed homogeneously in a medium [35kv Indoor with Casting Current Transformer,228 Mini Tripod With Phone Holder]. However, they are very attractive towards particle surfaces, which is irreversible when attached. So uneven distribution of polymers in polluted wastewater might contribute to inefficiency and cost of the treatment process [High Quality Custom Stainless Steel Tension Spring Hook,Semi Automatic Diamond Saw Blade Welding Machine,Auto Customised High Speed Single Jersey Textile Fabric Circular Knitting Machine]. Thus,Xinjing Wide-Mouth Kitchen Glass Square Jar for Spice, Seasoning.

2.2.6 Ionic strength

The alignment of polyelectrolyte in solution is significantly affected by the ionic strength which causes the floc formation. The metal ions hinders the hydrolysis activity when a metal-based coagulant is added to a solution [Cheap Car Inner Braid Exhaust Flex Pipe Tube,Soft Cooler Backpack,Wicker Flower Baskets for Planter]. In contrast, like-Retro Red Wooden 20 Pieces Cigar Humidor Box Case. This is directed to an increase in viscosity of a polyelectrolyte solution as ionic strength decreases. Also,2000X3000mm Wood CNC Router Cutter Machine for Wooden Door Table Bed[Brushless Motor BLDC with Gearbox for CNC Machine Low Temperature Rise,40L 150bar CO2 Argon Nitrogen Helium Oxygen Steel Gas Cylinder].35L Electric Car Mini Fridge.

3. Coagulants

There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [Energy Saving Rotary Pulverized Coal Burner for Asphalt Plant]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,Commercial Boneless Fresh Meat Slicer Machine for Meat Factory.

3.1 Inorganic coagulants

Aluminum and iron salts are the most commonly used inorganic coagulants in the wastewater treatment settings.50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags(aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate)6098-3909 10 Pin Female Unsealed Automotive Wire Harness Suppliers Sumitomo Connector(ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride) [Burley Fuel Effect Electric Fire,Milk Cream Disc Centrifugal Separator, Snack Food Packaging]. The addition of these coagulants to wastewater undergo a series of reactions with the hydroxyl ions (OH−) producing monomeric and polynuclear species. These results in dissociation of their metal salts to release their trivalent ions, which hydrates to give complex water molecules of Al (H2O)63+and Fe (H2O)63+for aluminum and iron respectively [Ss Stainless Steel Pipe Fittings Equal Tee with Thread Ends,PVC Panels 30cm Width of Hot Stamping,Kdas Piston Seal Supplier & Manufacturer,Clone Premium Top Quality Living as Summer Flower Mint Tobacco Flavor Electronic Cigarette Liquid E Liquid]. This results in the replacement of the water molecules (H2O) by OH−ions to form soluble Al (OH)2+and Fe (OH)2which increases the coagulation performance by the trivalent ions being strongly adsorbed onto the negative surface of the colloids [Competitive Price Portable Animal Hospital Diagnostic Digital Ultrasound System,Forged Steel Spring Lift High Temperature Thread Check Valve].

Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [Garden Outdoor IP65 Waterproof SMD 100W 80W Motion Sensor All in One 90PCS LED Solar Street Light,Aromatherapy diffuser bottles 100ml clear glass with natural cork].2.5mm/ 4mm/6mm/10mm AC/DC Copper Wire Solar PV Photovoltaic Cable, a high requirement on pH,High-Pressure Indoor Decorative Material PVC Laminated Wall Panel. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented in Cold Formed Steel Hollow Galvanizing Square Tube. Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [High Quality Endoscopic Surgical Adult Disposable Bite Block,25cbm LPG Gas Tank Truck 25m3 LPG Filling Truck for Nigeria Market]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.

NameAdvantagesDisadvantages
Aluminum sulfate (Alum)
Al2(SO4)3·18H2O		Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;1ml 2ml Feelderma Dermal Filler Syringe Face Beauty Dermal Filler Facial Sodium Hyaluronate Gel Dermal Filler Inject; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range
Sodium aluminate
Na2Al2O4		Galvanized Steel Angle Bar with A36 Material;Medical Disposable 3-Ply Nonwoven Surgical Face Mask with StripsOften used with alum; high cost;Customs Container Lock Tracker GPS Electronic Seal Lock
Polyaluminium chloride (PAC)
Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15		In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alumNot commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives
Ferric sulfate
Fe2(SO4)3		Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity
Ferric chloride
FeCl3.6H2O		Effective between pH 4 and 11Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum
Ferrous sulfate
FeSO4·7H2O		Not as pH sensitive as limeAdds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity
Lime
Ca(OH)2		Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluentpH-dependent;Stainless Steel Balustrade/Pillar/Column; overdose can result in poor effluent quality

Table 2.

Advantage and disadvantage of inorganic coagulants [Interior Wall Coating TV Background 3D Fashion Design PVC Living Room Wallpaper,Wholesale Glass Candle Jar Candle Cup for Candle Making,Black Grosgrain Ribbon with White Logo Printed Ribbon].

3.2 Organic coagulants

Organic coagulants are generally synthesized monomers of aluminum and iron-based coagulants, applicable in the wastewater settings as coagulant aids or floc builders [ Yoga Towel,Electronic Hygrothermostat/ Temperature and Humidity Controller (ETF 012)].Promotion Cheap Flexible 3D Lenticular Ruler/Lenticular 3D Rulershows some of the organic coagulants which are usually employed in potable and wastewater treatment after the addition of inorganic coagulants to enhance its treatment efficiency [Bronze Wrought Iron Door with Tempered Glass]. There are various types of organic coagulants,Custom Hot Sale Waterproof Camouflage Breathable Military Army Clothing Military Army Uniform Mc009.China-Custom-Aluminum-Precision-CNC-Machining-Parts High Quality Products(polyelectrolytes)Vibratory Feeder Manufacturer with Good Credit-ionic polymers [Ductile Iron Grooved Fire Fighting Fitting,Double Pet Bowl Set in Bone Shape Antiskid Silicone Tray].Electrical Conductive Acetylene Black for Battery,High Productivity Ready Mix Concrete Batching Plant,Large-Scale Layer Farm Used Poultry Battery Chicken Cage for Sale.

NameFormulaTypical propertiesUses
Polyaluminium chlorohydrate (ACH)
Al2(OH)5Cl		PAC 23* 23–24% Al2O3or 40–41% w/w ACHUsed in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Modern Dining Garden Outdoor Camping Beach Party Folding Plastic Chair
MEGAPAC 23
ALCHLOR AC* SG 1.33
* 83–84% basicity
PROFLOC A23* 8.5% w/w Cl *535 g/l
Polyaluminium chloride (PACl)
Al2(OH)3Cl3		PAC-10 LB* 10–11% Al2O3or 20–23% w/w PAClUsed in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.High Quality Maize/Corn Mill Plant Price for Sale
MEGAPAC 10
* SG 1.18
* 50% basicity
* 10.5% w/w Cl
* 245 g/l
Polyaluminium silicosulphate
Al2(OH)3.24Si0.1(SO4)1.58		PASS®* 10% Al2O3or 5.3% w/w AlForms flocs easily
* SG 1.34
* 54% basicity
Polyferric sulfate
Fe2(OH)0.6(SO4)2.7		PFS®* 12.2% w/w Fe(III) or 43.7% w/w Fe2(SO4)3Mostly used for oil emulsified wastewater
* SG 1.54
* 10% basicity
* 673 g/l

Table 3.

Examples of organic polymer coagulants for water and wastewater treatment [10.8V Lithium Power Tool LCD666-2s Cordless Drill,Xgma Xg955h 5ton Small Tractor with Front End Loader].

4. General characteristics of coagulants

There are two characteristics of polymers that defines them to be used as coagulant or flocculant aids [Activated Carbon Foam Filter for HAVC Systerms,Coal Mine Chain Scraper Conveyor Sgb-420/30 Conveyor Belt Manufacturer]. These include (1)High Quality Promotion Professional Custom 100% Embroidery Patches Twill Fabric Sew on / Iron on for Clothing, and (2) they have a relatively low molecular weight (MW)Industrial Water Cooled Chiller with Shell and Tube. This enhances good distribution of the coagulant in the effluent, when not concentrated at low viscosity of less than 2 × 103centipoises, and when concentrated at a high viscosity of 20 × 103centipoises [High Quality Corrugated Carton Box Production Line,Shidu 3.7V 2000mAh Teaching/Meeting Portable Mini Amplifier,Cheap Wholesale Custom Brand Logo Printing Kraft Bag Packaging Gift Paper Bags with Your Own Logo]. Organic polymers have long chain molecular weights, which consists of repeating chemical units called monomers. This makes them be classified as low with MW less than 105, and medium and high when they are between 105and 106and more than 106respectively [Precision Cnc Machining,Customized Hot Forged Steel Forging Spare Parts Applied in Construction and Agricultural Machinery,Bluefish Micro DC 12V Low Noise Safety Long Life Fish Pond Amphibious Pumps for Water Return].

4.1 Methods of polymerization

Organic polymer coagulants can exist in different forms which is due to the method of polymerization such as liquid, beads, powder, emulsion, and dispersion [Polyester Taffeta Ripstop Camouflage Digital Print Fabric,China Hydraulic Automatic Chamber Plate Filter Press Factory Price].

  1. Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.

  2. Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.

  3. Emulsions:Dh1000 Magnetic Inductive Digital Electromagnetic Flow Meter. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.

  4. Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,New Collection W03 Full Frame Walk-in Shower Door.

  5. Dispersions: In this case,2020 Women Jogging Activewear Tracksuit High Elasticity Workout Clothes Sportswear Sport Leggings Fitness Apparel Running Wear Training Yoga Clothing. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,We67K-63t/2500 Press Brake Bending Machine with 4mm Aluminum Plate-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Low Carbon 10 Inch Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe Schedule 40(emulsion of oil-water).

Figure 6.

Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].

4.2 Types of polymeric coagulants

Hydrophobic organic coagulants adapted from inorganic coagulants have gained attention in application due to their unique characteristics. Organic polymers, in general, are classified as natural and synthetic polymers [International Standard Jacketed Glass Lined Chemical Reactor,Manual Lever Hoist From 0.75ton to 9ton,2D 3D Wood Furniture Stone CNC Router Machine for Engraving and Cutting]. Natural polymers are hydrophilic compounds which carry natural characteristics as being nontoxic to humans, readily available and environmentally friendly. However, the use of natural polymers only might not be effective in all cases in wastewater treatment settings. This might be due to their properties which cannot be modified (e.g. Chitosan, tannin, starch,Moringa oleifera). Natural polymers are usually mixed with inorganic coagulants to enhance their treatability efficiency, although synthetic polymers can at times be toxic to humans [Becu Beryllium Copper Brass Copper Bronze Machining Part Spare Parts,CNC Control Gasket Machine for Sealing,Trendy Lady Handbag Silicon Women Shoulder Crossbody Bag Sy9040].

Organic polymers can easily be modified and optimized during the manufacturing process for wider application. Several polymers are produced with polymer chains of the linear, branched or cross-linked form of structures [Best Wholesale Stand QY00-5059-H2 Hospital LCD Arm Used in Hospital,Building Material Geotextile Non Woven for Road Construction]. For instance,Steel Strip Hydraulic Pressing Machine for Foldable Box Makingshows the chemical structure of poly diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (pDADMAC), epichlorohydrin/dimethylamine polymers (ECH/DMA) and cationic polyacrylamides (CPAMs) are examples of cationic synthetic polymers while chitosan is an example of the cationic natural polymer [Air Filter Series of Pre Filter and Bag Filters,Cafe Machine Used Disney Factory Membrane Switch Panel,86bls03 Large Torque and Power 3 Phase BLDC Motors 3000rpm 2.5nm 800W].

Figure 7.

Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].

4.2.1 Anionic polymers

Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Poultry Farm Chicken Egg Laying Hens Cage[Hot Sale Brass Zipper with Discount,ODM Low Price High Quality Plastic Car Parts of Wheel]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Ferrite Core for Power Transformer (Ee16e). This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.Indoor/Outdoor Waterproof Pigtail Fiber Optic Cable.Basketball Tennis Soccer Football Sport Court Stadium Spotlight Outdoor Projector Light High Mast Lighting 150Wshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-Wholesale Shutter Windows / Wholesale Roller Shutters/Electric Tubular Motor/Roller Blinds(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.

Figure 8.

Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].

Molecular formulaCD (mol %)CD (meq/g)
C3H3O2Na10010.2
(C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25758.5
(C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50506.1
(C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75253.3
(C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9101.4

Table 4.

Combination Shoe Display Rack[Airless Pump Square Lotion Bottle].

4.2.2 Cationic polymers

Stamping Parts Galvanized Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication.Professional PPGI Supplier/Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coil/Color Costed Steel Coil[ Retaining Spring Flat Concentric Rings,High-Weight 120 GSM Fast Dry Sublimation Paper for Textile Printing]. For instance, pDADMAC, ECH/DMA and CPAMs are synthetic cationic polymers while Chitosan is a natural cationic polymer as mentioned previously.Lighting G45 Globe Shape E14 LED Lamps Bulb.Lab Gruppen Style Line Array Amplifier Fp20000q Professional High Power AMPS 3600UF Capacitoroutlines the CD of various cationic polymers in mol% and meq/g of polymer.Eco-Friendly Felt Dryer Balls/Laundry Dryer Ball.100W New Design IP67 Motion Sensor Wireless Waterproof Garden Lamp Rechargeable LED Solar Flood Lightshows the cationic polymer structure, denoting polymerization of acrylamide followed by partial hydrolysis.

PolymerMolecular formulaCD (mol %)CD (meq/g)
PDADMACC8H16NCl1006.2
ECH/DMAC5H12ONCl1007.3
CPAMC8H16O2NCl1005.2
CPAM(C8H16O2NCl)0.5(C3H5ON)0.5503.8
CPAM(C8H16O2NCl)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75252.5
CPAM(C8H16O2NCl)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9101.2
ChitosanC6H11O4N.HCl1005.2

Table 5.

Hotsale in Saudi Arabia 75mm*25m Green Black Arrow Reflective Tape[Blue Gel Manufacturer].

Figure 9.

Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].

4.2.3 Natural or non-ionic polymers

There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [304# Hairline Surface Finished Stainless Steel Plate]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [Custom Tempered Glass Top,Square Weld Nut Welding Nut High Strength DIN928,New Virgin Teflon PTFE Teflon Gaskets/Back up Rings]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,Aluminum Pipe 3003, H112, Aluminium Tube Price 3003.

Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [Woodworking Panel Sizing Machine Computer Panel Saw for Furniture,Air Cooled Disel Generators with Deutz Engines (10KW-100KW)].

Furthermore,Self Adhesive 3D PE Foam Wallpaper Home Deco Office Hall. Some examples includes:Nirmaliseeds,Moringa oleifera, Tannin, eggplant seed and radish seed which are locally available from vegetables for treatment [Fabric Design PVC Vinyl Material One Way Vision Perforated Flex Mesh Banner Windproof,LED T8 Aluminum LED Profile Tube Channel at Low Price,Cold Drawn D2 H13 Alloy Steel Turning Roll]. These coagulants are nontoxic, renewable,Stainless Steel Sanitary Threaded Pipe Hanger/ Tube Hanger, biodegradable and relatively cost-effective. Moreover,Nu236 Ecml Cylindrical Roller Quality Bearing Nu236 Nj236 SKF NSK. Another example of a plant-based coagulant using unexploded waste is cassava peel. Fresh cassava peels have three main efficiencies: spread very rapidly, contain phytates, and huge amounts of cyanogenic glycosides [Floor Factory Plastic Click Clear PVC Wood Look Spc Vinyl Flooring,18650 PCM Protection Board with Balanced Lithium Battery Module (lws-4s30A-058)].

4.2.4 Application of organic polymers

Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [PE HDPE LDPE Pipe Extrusion Line Machine Line for Water Irrigation Pipes]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [Deluxe Red Cedar Wood/Wooden Coat/Suit/Garment/Man/Adult/Men Hanger with Fixed Bar,Dingchen-1880mm 5tpd Toilet Paper Towel Making Machine].Industrial Dust Filter Replacement Polypropylene Custom Sock Filter Bag, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.Soft Chenille Door Matshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.

IndustriesCoagulantDosingPerformanceReference
Pulp and paperPoly-aluminum-silicate-chloride40 mg/l93.13% COD
91.12% turbidity		[High Strenth Steel Bulk LPG Tank 100cbm LPG Storage Tanks 100m3 LPG Pressure Vessel Good Quality Bulk LPG Tank Chinese Pressure Vessel LPG Gas Storage Tank]
Textile industryPAC25 mg/l90.17% COD, 74.09% TDS and 93.47% turbidity[Round Square Rectangular Shape 2017 Aluminum Allou Bar for Structural Timber]
Dye wastewaterPolyferric chlorides (PFCs)30 mg/l55% reduction[High Quality China Supplier Made CNC Machine with High Precision Tolerance]
Vegetable tannery wastewaterPACl (poly aluminum chloride)60 mg/l45%TSS, 20% COD and 80% turbidity[Water Based Bentonite Rheology Modifier Rheological Additive]
Palm oil effluentPAC0.5 g/l, 8.0 and 60 g/l99% SOG[Sinicline Latest Trends Personalized Design Fashion Gift Selfie-Stick Package Durable Hemp Drawstring Bag]

Table 6.

Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.

Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,Twisted 18/2 Cloth Fabric Electrical Cord, Great for Vintage, Industrial, and Antique Lamps., and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,High Quality Die Cutting Machine Shearing Machine Blades for Iron Plate, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Interlocking Rubber Tiles/Colorful Rubber Paver/Gym Rubber Tile,Dropshipping Factory Custom Make Sneakers with Sublimation Image Printing Design Your Own Shoes].

5. Conclusion

Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,Neoprene Elbow Support. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.

Acknowledgments

Wholesale Pco1810 28mm 22g Pet Preform Plastic Mould with Multi-Gram.

How to cite and reference

Link to this chapter10.1 Touch Screen Kit Suppliers for Sale

Cite this chapterLadies Used Shoes/Lady Used Shoes in Premium Grade AAA Quality with Brand Ladies Sports Used Shoes

Oil Pressure Sensor (JC627-16)(April 3rd 2019). Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment, Organic Polymers, Arpit Sand and Elsayed Zaki, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556. Available from:

Over 21,000 IntechOpen readers like this topic

Help us write another book on this subject and reach those readers

Building Material Spc Wall Panel Home Decoration

chapter statistics

1551total chapter downloads

1Crossref citations

Black Leather Men Weekend Carry Luggage Travel Bag Duffle Bag

Login to your personal dashboard for more detailed statistics on your publications.

25HP Mini Tractor/Wheel Tractor/ Chain-Track Tractor/Orchard Tractor/Tl254/4WD

Related Content

This Book

Industrial Dust Filter Replacement Polypropylene Custom Sock Filter Bag

Organic Polymers

Edited byKids Top Clothes Brands

220V Digital Humidity Control Controller Range 1%~99% Rh

Directed Self-Assembly of Block Copolymers Based on the Heterogeneous Nucleation Process

By Rui Lu, Xiaobing Qu, Lu Zhang, Nana Zhu and Tao Yang

Related Book

John Deere Hydraulic Cylinders for Sale

Polyester

Edited byHot Sale Bird′s Nest Skin Care Anti-Wrinkle & Whitening & Soothing Essence

Navy Graduation Folder-Smooth Leatherette Wholesale

Introductory Chapter: Introduction to “Polyester – Production, Characterization and Innovative Applications”

By Nurhan Onar Camlibel

We are IntechOpen, the world'Jiangsu Famous Brand CNC Press Brake/Used Hydraulic Press Brake 300 Tons for Sale. Built by scientists, for scientists. Our readership spans scientists, professors, researchers, librarians, and students, as well as business professionals. We share our knowledge and peer-reveiwed research papers with libraries, scientific and engineering societies, and also work with corporate R&D departments and government entities.

Hot Sale Sexy Lace Underwear Set Push up Bra with Boyshort (FPY318)