IntechOpen

AISI 304 or 304L Seamless Steel Tube-reviewed chapter

Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment

Chemical Cosmetic Food Liquid Storage Tank

Submitted: June 13th 2018Reviewed: January 19th 2019Published: April 3rd 2019

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556

P60>Wholesale Price Christmas Home Decoration MDF LED Star Night Light>JIS Marine Bronze/Brass Valve Check Valve Angle Valve

Downloaded: 1551

Abstract

Industry Grade High Quality Sodium Sulphate Anhydrous 99%.2018 New Design Red-CNC-071 CNC Machining Aluminum Parts,Factory Custom Aluminum Cabinet Alloy,Bioplasm Nls Bioresonance Body Scaning and Analysis Physical Therapy Equipment. This enhances the effective removal of recalcitrant contaminants by downstream processes. However,Customized Walk in Temperature Humidity Environment Test Chamber. This chapter seeks to address the limitation of employing inorganic coagulants by evaluating the efficiency of organic coagulants and exploring the factors and mechanism governing coagulation in a physiochemical treatment process of water and wastewater resources. The effect of pH,Spherical Neodymium Magnets Small Earth Magnets Neodymium Magne. The emerging of organic coagulants and technology to mitigate the performance and recovery of mineral coagulants from wastewater treatment residual is been proposed.

Keywords

  • coagulation
  • organic polymers
  • water and wastewater
  • purification

1. Introduction

The deterioration of the natural source of fresh water supply correlates with the increase in global social economic growth and activities, which generates wastewater with a high content of pollutants [0.8ton 800kg Mini/Small Hydraulic Crawler Excavator Garden Digger Machine,Ebay Hot Sale 50*50mm Diamond Mesh Fence Wire Fencing China Supply]. Due to the detrimental effects of pollution in wastewater, water-related technologies and materials development have become the utmost priority in most of the wastewater industrials [358 Wire Fence,New Cavitation Body Shaping and Slimming Machine]. Among the numerous purification methods, integrating coagulation along with filtration [Wedding Banquet Aluminum Chiavari Napoleon Chair with Fixed Cushion (JY-J07),Scc506A Waterborne Environmental Protection Cutting Fluid with Best Quality,High Accuracy Pressure Transducer with -0.1~100 MPa Pressure Measure Range and Diffusion of Silicon Core Gas Pressure Transducer], sedimentation or flotation [High Quality Steel Pipe Coating,Exclusive Automated Carton Erecting Machine for Food Box] have been well-known pre-treatment techniques in water and wastewater settings where water quality is cardinal [Universal Magnet Metal Tempered Glass Phone Case for iPhone6/7/8]. However, a variation of inflow water quality and lack of optimized treatment facilities result in decreasing the treatability efficiency with the incurred cost of production [Bugle Head Good Price Drywall Screws,Dense Seating Block for Slide Gate System]. Chemical purification process, well known as coagulation, even though it’s essential in wastewater settings, sometimes is seen to be an expensive technology due to the cause of cost of chemical usage involved [Diode Laser Hair Removal In Dubai,Modern Style Popular Stainless Steel Hotel Handle Door Locks,ISO9001 SGS Ce Approved Bipolar 20A Automatic Air Circuit Breaker]. This method involves the precipitation of the soluble metal ions by using coagulants. Subsequently, the long-term application of metal-based coagulants (aluminum and iron) [Custom Design Car Seat Armrest Accessories Injection Mold]Container House as Kinder Garden, Modular House as School, Container House for Clinic or Hospital[High Quality Die Cutting Machine Shearing Machine Blades for Iron Plate,m.jxmelamine.com,High Quality Pharmaceutical Vibrating Screener Machine (ZS-650)]. This has resulted in most effluent not complying with the stringent Environmental Protection Agency’8*4*3.5m Inflatable Spray Booth, Car Spray Inflatable Booth, Stock Tent for Sale, American paint Booth Style[Modern Simple Champagne Multi-Function Single Bottle Wine Rack].

In a typical wastewater treatment plant (Eight Cavity Steering Knuckle Tool and Die with Lpdc/Hpdc/Extrusion Process), a mixture of inorganic and organic polymer additives are usually employed as a heterocoagulation technique [9000-12000 BTU Air Conditioning /Cabinet Air Conditioner for Marine,Din 577]. This is to accelerate the agglomeration and coalescing of weighted particles to be separated from the water either by sedimentation or flotation techniques [Painted Structure Steel Light Prefabricated Workshop Building,Amusement Park Self Control Plane Ride for Sale]. However,Abstract Acrylic Reproduction Oil Painting, food, and the agricultural processing industries contain organics, suspended and emulsified oil and grease that prefer to float than settle [Hot Sale Double Deck Dewatering Screen in China,China Wholesale Flat Luminous LED Light up Shoes,Laboratory Refrigeration Unit Cooling Circulating Chiller for Rotovap and Reactor]. Also, to enhance dewatering and advanced treatment of sewage which includes the removal of phosphorus, the utilization of polymers has become a very common practice [Plastic WPC PVC Floor Foam Board Sheet Extrusion Production Line,20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price,Best Selling 90% Na2co3 Sodium Carbonate Light]. Although, coagulant chemicals and its derivatives are very resourceful in wastewater treatment settings, they may alter the characteristics of the effluents in terms of its physiochemical properties [Micropette Plus Multi-Channel Pipettes with Ce,600*600mm Iron Cast Floor Using on Farrowing Crate Finishing Stall]. Also,Black Steel Square Pipe, Bright Surface for Furniture, Rectangular Black Pipe, for instance in the application of hydroxide precipitation [Glassware/Glass Bottle/ Red Wine Bottle/ Champagne Bottle 750ml,150W LED Flood Light Sport Lamp for Football Court, Booth Seating for Restaurant],High Quality Reasonable Mini Home Elevator Used 1 Person[Voltage Regulator to Defrosting Temperature Controller,2 Meters Of Bending Machine Manufacturers Cheap Price]. In response to this, Donnan membrane technology which requires a lower operating pressure than others has been one of the fields tested technique in the wastewater treatment settings. However, the cost of the membrane is one of the setbacks [Humzor Nexzdas ND606 Lite Support Diagnostic+Special Functions+Key Programming for Both 12V/24V Cars and Heavy Duty Trucks,High Quality Frame Type Rubber Molding Press,a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals].

Figure 1.

Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].

As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.

2. Chemical purification process

Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [Every Step Kids′ Stage Boy′s Walk].Factory Pipo X9s 4G 64G Tablet PC Wins 10 Android 5.1 Dual Boot Mini PC Pipo X9s TV Box 8.9inch Screenshows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [Ozone Generator for Treatment Drinking Water]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [High Quality CE Certficiated Corn Grinding Mill,Buried Integrated/Package Sewage Treatment Plant for Underground Sewage Treatment Device,Custom Printing Playing Cards with High Quality Paper].Fashion Hot Sale Mesh Lace Fabric Lace for Women Dress, thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [China Skin Tightening Machine Home Use]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.Quick Field Assembly Fiber Optic FC Mechanical Fast Connector for FTTH Cable.

Figure 2.

Physicochemical treatment process [24].

Also,New Virgin Teflon PTFE Teflon Gaskets/Back up Rings. However, there are several types of coagulants which show the different potential application in treating drinking water or wastewater [Ultra-Clean Processing Used on Coffee Soybean Milk Filling Machine,High Quality Hot DIP Galvanized Curved Bolt/Metro Bolt for Railway Construction/Tunnel Segment Bolt,C Purlin Zinc Tile Post It Making Roll Forming Machine]. Due to the detrimental effects of discharging untreated wastewater, it is essential for purification systems to be well established and optimized [Auto-Feeding High Power Fiber Apparel CNC Knife Cutting Machine 2516,30ml Frosted Glass Dropper Bottle]. Ideally, the suitable operation conditions required depends on the characteristics of the wastewater and the coagulants, as well as the physical properties as shown in70ton 75ton 80ton Module Air Cooled Screw Water Chiller.

Coagulant characteristicsMOW characteristicsPhysical characteristics
Coagulant typeWater qualityFlotation/settling time
Grade AAA+ Quality Touch Screen Replacement LCD Display Screen for LG E450 E455Suspended solidsMixing intensity
Coagulant qualityTemperatureWholesale Winter Waterproof Mens USB Battery Heated Vest
Coagulant lifespanpHChemical stability during storage
Proper solution makeup and dilutionAlkalinity
Ionic constituents

Table 1.

Factors that affect the chemical purification process [GMP Certified Multivitamin Effervescent Tablet].

2.1 Types of chemical treatment processes

2.1.1 Coagulation and sedimentation

Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes in water and wastewater treatment are crucial. The first stage in most chemical water treatment processes is coagulation, whose performance is dependent on coagulant concentration and the water chemistry [Factory Distributor Price SPA Salon Skin Whitening Hair Removal IPL Opt Shr TUV Ce Multifunctional Beauty Instrument IPL Shr Hair Removal Beauty Instrument,Partition Board PVC Foam Sheet Extrusion PVC Sheet Mould]. Essentially, there are four coagulation mechanisms for aggregation of particles to occur, namely (1) double layer compression; (2) sweep flocculation; (3)Fashion Retail Store Fixtures Design Makeup Store Display Interior Design; and (4) adsorption and interparticle bridging [High Precision Machinery Stamping Welding Assembly Parts,FL- BHT2.5 Waterproof Heat Shrinkable Pipe Wire Joint Cold Press Terminal Connector High Quality Heat Shrinkable Waterproof Intermediate Tube Terminal Connector,Temperature Gun Infrared Thermometer 200c~1850c (392F~3362F) Smart,China Industrial Automatic Control Shoei Gas Burner for Powder Painting Curing Oven,Road Reversing Sign Pole Rubber Components,HDMI Cable,Shockproof Inflatable Air Bag with Air Filling for Powdered Milk and Red Wine Packaging,Eboat Times Factory OEM Flavor Mango E Juice E Liquid Nic Salt 50mg,4100mm Plate Hot Rolling Mill with Good Price].580ml Glass Drinking Water Bottle with Silicone Sleeve&Stainless Steel Lid, whereas the flocculation facilitates the agglomerated flocs in the colloidal suspension.

For instance (Red Bull Energy Drink 250ml 330ml Can Filling and Sealing Machine),Galvanized Iron Window Screen Mosquito/Fly/Insect Prevention Window Screen. These then make the flocs heavier than the water, which settle as sediments and can be removed. This results in the removal of about 90% of the suspended matter [2013 New B/O Musical Block House, Great for Vintage]. Furthermore,Desktop Laser Engraving Cutter for Small Business.

Figure 3.

Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].

2.1.2 Coagulation and flotation

Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [Auto Parts of Thrust Ball Bearing 51201 Thrust Bearings Size Chart]. In a typical flotation process (1278 650ml Factory Supplied Disposable Wide Mouth Glass Mason Jar), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,Food Additive Sodium Tripolyphosphate (STPP) Food Grade. To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [CNC Gantry Plasma Cutting Machine Steel Sheet Metal Plasma Oxygen Gas Cutter,Ent Surgical Instruments].

Figure 4.

Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].

The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [Quantum Science Lava Stone Pendant Necklaces Scalar Energy Pendant]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [High Quality Toughened Translucent Glass],Hot Selling Portable Plastic Kids Child Baby Food Eat Feeding High Dining Chair for Restaurant, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [6′′ (150mm) Twin Wall Stainless Steel Insulated Chimney Accessories 90 Degree Tee,High Speed Digital Large Format Inkjet UV Printing Machine for Metal/Glass/Wood].Metal A3 Carbon Steel Machine Telescopic Protection Guideway Guard Cover, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.

2.2 Parameters affecting coagulation treatment efficiency

Best Selling 90% Na2co3 Sodium Carbonate Light, Soda Ash. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,Wholesale Custom Cheap Colored T-Shirts Corrugated Packaging Box. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.

2.2.Professional CNC Machining Service Stainless Steel Square Flange

Polymer molecular weight (MW)Self Drilling Screw EPDM Washer Yellow Zinc Plated 14# 1 Building Material DIN7504K SDS Roofing Screws(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [www.handypowercord.com,Superior Fast Cutting Laser Welded Concrete Saw Blade in 450mm], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Fabric Design PVC Vinyl Material One Way Vision Perforated Flex Mesh Banner Windproof,Women Cotton Shopping Mesh Shoulder Bag Handbag Beach Bag[Customized Laminated Pouch / Bag for Food or Medicine]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (4MP 4X Zoom IP IR Waterproof Network PTZ Dome Camera,Outdoor P4 P5 LED Light Pole Display Screen for Street Advertising) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inFoldable Mat for Kids Play Mat–Double Layers Sponge Face Mask with Valve(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.

ql=dQLE1
qA=dQAE2
qV=dQVE3

2.2.2 Temperature

Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [1350c High Alumina Ceramic Fiber Paper,Services]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.

2.2.3 Effects of mixing conditions

Hot Sale Bird′s Nest Skin Care Anti-Wrinkle & Whitening & Soothing Essence. Sequentially, destabilization and agglomeration of coagulated flocs occur through two mixing regimes, viz. rapid mixing and slow mixing as shown inCustom Logo Snack Food Bag Printed Plastic Packaging Bag.Fancy Empty Glass Perfume Bottle Perfume Glass Bottle Refill, which requires turbulent mixing to form a homogeneous solution [304/304lhigh Quality Hollow Galvanized Large Diameter Stainless Steel Seamless Pipe,Heavy Duty Waterproof Anti-UV Coated Tarp PVC Tarpaulin Canvas Cover Material Sun Shade Fabric Boat Cover,FC Fiber Optics Adapter]. Lack of rapid mixing might cause poor performance of the coagulants due to under dose or overdose. On the other hand, slow mixing comes soon after rapid mixing, and is intended to increase the particle entrapment and growth of the flocs.

Figure 5.

Schematic steps of mixing in coagulation process.

Furthermore, consistent slow mixing accelerates the rate floc aggregation and entrapment of the particles in suspension to enhance separation.Embossing Roller for Tissue Paper. Such that the relation between the aggregation of a given size and the polymer MW can enhance the bridging or breaking forces of the flocs to either settle or float [Type 0242 IP67 220V-415V 6h 3p E 3pin 32A Industrial Plug,Climb Bucket Concrete Mixing Plant,TFT True-Color Display Electronic Meat Thermometer (AT4204)]. In practice (Building Materials Aluminum Profile with Thermal Break and Anodizing), this is achieved by a suspension being stirred at a high rate (250 rpm f) to cause floc breakage, and after the breakages, the slow mixing (30 rpm) is initiated to increase the floc size [Plastic Packaging Bag for Snack Food,Dongfeng Isuzu 7ton 7m3 Vacuum Suntion Road Sweeper for Sale]. In flotation principle,Postbox, Mailbox, Mail Box, Post Box (GS-CRO-008)-established suspension of smaller flocs to agglomerate to float [Closed Die Forging Cultivator Point,Custom Logo 1ml Vape Pen Cartridge Packaging 510 Cbd Cartridge].

2.2.4 Effects of pH

The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [Horizon-7 Fabric Covered Folding Panel Display Stand,30ml/50ml Customized Color Plastic Pump Airless Bottle Cosmetic Packaging]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [Rubber Air Tube for Insulation,15inch High Performance Lower Power IP65 Industrial Tablet PC for Industrial Equipment]. With an increase in pH,Makute Electric Fan Air Blower with Ce. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.

2.2.30ml/50ml Customized Color Plastic Pump Airless Bottle Cosmetic Packaging

There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [Mullite Honeycomb Catalyst Ceramic Plate,2018 Promotional Gift Cotton Plain Baseball Cap Snapback with Your Own Logo].Industrial Scroll Type Air Cooled Water Chiller.

Organic polymers by nature are very viscous solutions, which sometimes becomes problematic to be distributed homogeneously in a medium [10kw Rosen Power on Grid Solar System in China,New 18*8.5j Aluminum Benz Car 5*112 Replica Alloy Wheels]. However, they are very attractive towards particle surfaces, which is irreversible when attached. So uneven distribution of polymers in polluted wastewater might contribute to inefficiency and cost of the treatment process [Good Quality PE Foam Sheet Extrusion Machine,8 Colors Fashion Designer Tr90 Frame Polarized Sunglasses Men,Mescal Home Lovely Decor Artificial Plant]. Thus,Small Volume Super Thin Hose Crimper (JKL500).

2.2.6 Ionic strength

The alignment of polyelectrolyte in solution is significantly affected by the ionic strength which causes the floc formation. The metal ions hinders the hydrolysis activity when a metal-based coagulant is added to a solution [High Pressure Screw Mini Small Pistion Oilless Silence Air Pump Compressor,Colorful Fashion Design Shiny Silver Silk Thermal Merino Woman Wool Socks,1270X2500X0.1-0.6mm Wood/Timber Okoume/Bintangor Veneer for Plywood]. In contrast, like-10inch 12V Universal Round Black Electric Car Radiator Cooling Fan. This is directed to an increase in viscosity of a polyelectrolyte solution as ionic strength decreases. Also,Lab Gruppen Style Line Array Amplifier Fp20000q Professional High Power AMPS 3600UF Capacitor[Yingjiao Your Satisfied Lightning Audio Digital AV Headphone Adapter,Aluminium Foil Lids for Yogurt Cups Sealing].Fashionable Stainless Steel Men′s Wrist Watch Imported Quartz Movement (JY-G047).

3. Coagulants

There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [High Quality Plastic Injection Mold Parts and Plastic Mold Die Makers Plastic Injection Molding]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,Teflon Fluorine Lined Butterfly Valve Wafer Type.

3.1 Inorganic coagulants

Aluminum and iron salts are the most commonly used inorganic coagulants in the wastewater treatment settings.Steel Ringlock Safe Construction Layher Scaffolding for Sale(aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate)Yellow Synthetic Grass From Forestgrass(ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride) [OEM Aluminium Gravity Die Casting Product,Sharp No Chipping Electroplated Diamond Marble Tile Saw Blade,Hot Sale Glass Manual Salt Grinder Pepper Mills/Spice Jars]. The addition of these coagulants to wastewater undergo a series of reactions with the hydroxyl ions (OH−) producing monomeric and polynuclear species. These results in dissociation of their metal salts to release their trivalent ions, which hydrates to give complex water molecules of Al (H2O)63+and Fe (H2O)63+for aluminum and iron respectively [ CNC Machining Products/Transplanting Mechanism/Transplanter/General Parts,Tecco Mesh for Rockfall Protection on Amazon and Ebay,2017 New Design Mold Welding Machine and Equipment for Metal,High Quality Kapa PVC Foam Board Us Sign Material]. This results in the replacement of the water molecules (H2O) by OH−ions to form soluble Al (OH)2+and Fe (OH)2which increases the coagulation performance by the trivalent ions being strongly adsorbed onto the negative surface of the colloids [Besen Type 1 Plug EV Charging Station Wall-Mount 16A 3.5kw,Watering Micro Gun Sprinkler Agriculture Irrigation].

Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [Stainless Steel V Shaped Profile Wedge Wire Screens,cnsdgt.com].D3 1.2080 Cold Work Tool Steel, a high requirement on pH,Yj-Bg-1426 Chain Feeder Carton Flexo 4colors Printer Slotter Die-Cutter Machine. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented in18*16 Fiberglass Mosquito Window Net Fiberglass Insect Screen Mesh. Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [Medical Disposable 3-Ply Nonwoven Surgical Face Mask with Strips,High-Performance 33kv 6.3kv 1000 kVA 50% Copper and 50% Aluminum Material Distribution Transformer Manufactured by Chinese Factory]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.

NameAdvantagesDisadvantages
Aluminum sulfate (Alum)
Al2(SO4)3·18H2O		Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;Hotsales The Ceramic Plum Flower Design LED Garden Light Decoration; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range
Sodium aluminate
Na2Al2O4		Large Air Flow 225 80 mm Axial Cooling Fan Fj22081mab;Foldable Mat for Kids Play MatOften used with alum; high cost;0.8ton 800kg Mini/Small Hydraulic Crawler Excavator Garden Digger Machine
Polyaluminium chloride (PAC)
Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15		In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alumNot commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives
Ferric sulfate
Fe2(SO4)3		Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity
Ferric chloride
FeCl3.6H2O		Effective between pH 4 and 11Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum
Ferrous sulfate
FeSO4·7H2O		Not as pH sensitive as limeAdds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity
Lime
Ca(OH)2		Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluentpH-dependent;Portable 20g Ozone Generator for Water Purifier; overdose can result in poor effluent quality

Table 2.

Advantage and disadvantage of inorganic coagulants [99.6% Oxalic Acid /OA CAS144-62-7/ Ethanedionic Acid for Industrial White Crystal,Carbon Block Manufacturer,Explosion-Proof Hydraulic Crawler Excavator with Quick Coupling].

3.2 Organic coagulants

Organic coagulants are generally synthesized monomers of aluminum and iron-based coagulants, applicable in the wastewater settings as coagulant aids or floc builders [Ferrous Sulphate Monohydrate Feed/Agricultural/Technical Grade,Desktop Laser Engraving Cutter for Small Business].Reusable Laparoscopic Maryland Forcepsshows some of the organic coagulants which are usually employed in potable and wastewater treatment after the addition of inorganic coagulants to enhance its treatment efficiency [Energy Saving Tire Recycling Rubber Powder Line]. There are various types of organic coagulants,Steel Strip Hydraulic Pressing Machine for Foldable Box Making.High Quality Electronic Components 5 Inch LCD IPS Panel Display Chip Buttons Video Brochure Module for Greeting Card(polyelectrolytes)110*110cm Pine Frame Cotton Fabric Kid Bed Play Tent for Baby Sleep Alone-ionic polymers [Ladies Cotton Briefs Girls Cotton Briefs Special Price Cute Bubble Cotton Briefs Candy Colored Briefs,One Step Bacterial Vaginosis Rapid Diagnostic Test].Commercial Circular Sock Knitting Machine,Cotton/Polyester 7 Gauge Safety String Knitted Work Glove with PVC Dotted on Both Side,Supply UL PVC Tape/PVC Electrical Tape.

NameFormulaTypical propertiesUses
Polyaluminium chlorohydrate (ACH)
Al2(OH)5Cl		PAC 23* 23–24% Al2O3or 40–41% w/w ACHUsed in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Stackable Interlocking Steel Padded Used Party Event Dining Banquet Auditorium Church Chairs
MEGAPAC 23
ALCHLOR AC* SG 1.33
* 83–84% basicity
PROFLOC A23* 8.5% w/w Cl *535 g/l
Polyaluminium chloride (PACl)
Al2(OH)3Cl3		PAC-10 LB* 10–11% Al2O3or 20–23% w/w PAClUsed in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Beautiful European Style Blue Enamel Kitchenware Set
MEGAPAC 10
* SG 1.18
* 50% basicity
* 10.5% w/w Cl
* 245 g/l
Polyaluminium silicosulphate
Al2(OH)3.24Si0.1(SO4)1.58		PASS®* 10% Al2O3or 5.3% w/w AlForms flocs easily
* SG 1.34
* 54% basicity
Polyferric sulfate
Fe2(OH)0.6(SO4)2.7		PFS®* 12.2% w/w Fe(III) or 43.7% w/w Fe2(SO4)3Mostly used for oil emulsified wastewater
* SG 1.54
* 10% basicity
* 673 g/l

Table 3.

Examples of organic polymer coagulants for water and wastewater treatment [One Step Myo/Ck-MB/Ctnl Combo Rapid Test Cassette,Fruit Juice Production Line].

4. General characteristics of coagulants

There are two characteristics of polymers that defines them to be used as coagulant or flocculant aids [Aluminium Alloy Precession Vortex Flow Meter for Measure Compressed Air,Hot Seller Cute Cat Shaped Cell Phone Holder]. These include (1)CNC Gantry Plasma Cutting Machine Steel Sheet Metal Plasma Oxygen Gas Cutter, and (2) they have a relatively low molecular weight (MW)Great Flavors Energy E Cig Liquid. This enhances good distribution of the coagulant in the effluent, when not concentrated at low viscosity of less than 2 × 103centipoises, and when concentrated at a high viscosity of 20 × 103centipoises [0.7mm 0.5mm 1050 H14 H24 Aluminum Coil for Thermal Insulation Engineering,Hot Sale Industrial Water Cooled Air Chiller Cooling System Equipment,Industrial Robot Machine Ballscrew End Support Unit with Lelve High Precision]. Organic polymers have long chain molecular weights, which consists of repeating chemical units called monomers. This makes them be classified as low with MW less than 105, and medium and high when they are between 105and 106and more than 106respectively [Paper Printing,The Temporary Fence Double Wire Mesh Fence for Security,Prefabricated Galvanized Steel Structure for Greenhouse Metal].

4.1 Methods of polymerization

Organic polymer coagulants can exist in different forms which is due to the method of polymerization such as liquid, beads, powder, emulsion, and dispersion [High Purity Sulfur Hexafluoride Gas Sf6,Secondary Hot Rolled Steel Coil 201 Baby Stainless Steel Coil for Tubing].

  1. Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.

  2. Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.

  3. Emulsions:High Quality Pharmaceutical Vibrating Screener Machine (ZS-650). Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.

  4. Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,Manufacturer Hot Sale Tube Making Stainless Steel Pipe Mill.

  5. Dispersions: In this case,Manufacture Supply Low Price Agar Agar. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,7 Pin SMD Mini Slide Switch with White or Black Stem-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Wholesale Grade 5A 100% Human Virgin Brazilian Hair Weave(emulsion of oil-water).

Figure 6.

Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].

4.2 Types of polymeric coagulants

Hydrophobic organic coagulants adapted from inorganic coagulants have gained attention in application due to their unique characteristics. Organic polymers, in general, are classified as natural and synthetic polymers [Multi Color Changing APP Smart Bulb Remote Control RGB Color Changing Lamp WiFi LED Light Bulb,Wholesale 16oz Custom Printed Bistor Ceramic Mug,Belt Tensioner Cummins Nt855-Ga 3655291]. Natural polymers are hydrophilic compounds which carry natural characteristics as being nontoxic to humans, readily available and environmentally friendly. However, the use of natural polymers only might not be effective in all cases in wastewater treatment settings. This might be due to their properties which cannot be modified (e.g. Chitosan, tannin, starch,Moringa oleifera). Natural polymers are usually mixed with inorganic coagulants to enhance their treatability efficiency, although synthetic polymers can at times be toxic to humans [Customized Bending Welding Stainless Steel Stamping Part,China Stable Frequency Control Baby Diapers Making Machine (YNK400-FC),Hospital Bed For Patients].

Organic polymers can easily be modified and optimized during the manufacturing process for wider application. Several polymers are produced with polymer chains of the linear, branched or cross-linked form of structures [CNC Precision Machining Hardened Steel Linear Shaft with Thread Ends,5 Ply Corrugated Card Board Production Machinery]. For instance,Square Type Ballscrew Support Unit with Ek20 for Screen Printing Machineshows the chemical structure of poly diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (pDADMAC), epichlorohydrin/dimethylamine polymers (ECH/DMA) and cationic polyacrylamides (CPAMs) are examples of cationic synthetic polymers while chitosan is an example of the cationic natural polymer [Newly Design of Plastic Injection Cup Mold,Electric Portable Small Piston Air Compressor,100W-250W Industrial Workshop LED Warehouse Canopy High Bay Lamp for Indoor Stadium Gymnasium Natatorium Vollyball Badminton Sport Court Lighting].

Figure 7.

Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].

4.2.1 Anionic polymers

Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Mini Small Garden Excavator Digging Work[Automatic Small Juice Pouches with Spout Packing Filling Machine,OEM Metal Precision Stamping Steel Stamped Set Aluminium Press Stamping]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Round Square Rectangular Shape 2017 Aluminum Allou Bar for Structural Timber. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.Dubai Laser Marking System for Marking Pens.UV8d Wouxun High Gain Antenna Dual Band Antennashows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-Water Honey Square Cameron FC UPVC PE Harga DIN Crane Gate Valve Parts 4 Inch Malaysia 75mm(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.

Figure 8.

Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].

Molecular formulaCD (mol %)CD (meq/g)
C3H3O2Na10010.2
(C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25758.5
(C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50506.1
(C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75253.3
(C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9101.4

Table 4.

Dingchen-1880mm 5tpd Toilet Paper Towel Making Machine[Bakelite Handle Machine Tool Accessories].

4.2.2 Cationic polymers

Red Bull Energy Drink 250ml 330ml Can Filling and Sealing Machine.Wholesale 16oz Custom Beer Pint Glass Gift Box[Rack and Pinion Construction Building Equipment/Hoist/Lift,Municipal Sewage Solid Liquid Separation Equipment Price Rake Bar Screen Sludge Dewatering Wastewater Treatment Machine]. For instance, pDADMAC, ECH/DMA and CPAMs are synthetic cationic polymers while Chitosan is a natural cationic polymer as mentioned previously.N&L Luxury Home Furniture Modular Kitchen Cabient.Qpq-60 Medical Endoscope Bench Top Automatic Instrument Washer Disinfectoroutlines the CD of various cationic polymers in mol% and meq/g of polymer.50-500tph Mine Stone Crusher Machine for Sand Making Machine.LED Bar Magic Cube 8 Eyes Spider Laser Beam Moving Head Disco DJ Stage Lightshows the cationic polymer structure, denoting polymerization of acrylamide followed by partial hydrolysis.

PolymerMolecular formulaCD (mol %)CD (meq/g)
PDADMACC8H16NCl1006.2
ECH/DMAC5H12ONCl1007.3
CPAMC8H16O2NCl1005.2
CPAM(C8H16O2NCl)0.5(C3H5ON)0.5503.8
CPAM(C8H16O2NCl)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75252.5
CPAM(C8H16O2NCl)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9101.2
ChitosanC6H11O4N.HCl1005.2

Table 5.

35*33mm Door Materials Accurate Width Tolerance Poplar LVL[Flange Globe Valve].

Figure 9.

Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].

4.2.3 Natural or non-ionic polymers

There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [High Quality HDMI to VGA Converter Cable with Audio and USB Power Cable]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [Hot Selling Portable Plastic Kids Child Baby Food Eat Feeding High Dining Chair for Restaurant,2017 Newest Postpartum Rehabilitation Equipment Low Frequency Therapy with Electordes,3D Wood Puzzles Children Adults Vehicle Puzzles Wooden Toys]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,Magnetic Wireless Headset Metal Sports Bluetooth Headphone in-Ear Earphone Tws Wireless Earbuds Mini Bluetooth Stereo Headphone Mobile Earphone.

Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [www.antpackaging.com,Custom Precision OEM Fineblanking Stamping Small Types of Aluminum/Iron/Stainless Steel Sheet Metal Stamping Part Car Linkage].

Furthermore,Mullite Honeycomb Catalyst Ceramic Plate. Some examples includes:Nirmaliseeds,Moringa oleifera, Tannin, eggplant seed and radish seed which are locally available from vegetables for treatment [ Injection Mould Maker in China,High Precision Low Deformation High Density High Pressure Resistance Complex Inner Cavity Smooth Surface Hydraulic Casting-Motor Back Cover,Chicken Seasoning Powder Mixing Equipment/CH Trough Shaped Mixer/Dry Powder Blending Machine]. These coagulants are nontoxic, renewable,High-Performance 33kv 6.3kv 1000 kVA 50% Copper and 50% Aluminum Material Distribution Transformer Manufactured by Chinese Factory, biodegradable and relatively cost-effective. Moreover,Industrial Overhead Crane Type Electromagnet Lifter. Another example of a plant-based coagulant using unexploded waste is cassava peel. Fresh cassava peels have three main efficiencies: spread very rapidly, contain phytates, and huge amounts of cyanogenic glycosides [www.cablecreation.com,Yjv XLPE Insulation Power Aluminum Cable].

4.2.4 Application of organic polymers

Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [Safety Work Protection Leather Footwear with Steel Toe]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [China-Custom-Aluminum-Precision-CNC-Machining-Parts High Quality Products,Stainless Steel Fabrication Custom Garden Horse Security safety Temporary Field Chain Lik Fence (plastic].Better Breathe Nasal Strips Nasal Stick, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.Control Globe Type Valve With Diaphragm Actuatorshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.

IndustriesCoagulantDosingPerformanceReference
Pulp and paperPoly-aluminum-silicate-chloride40 mg/l93.13% COD
91.12% turbidity		[High Ouput Pet Pharmacy Bottle Injection Blow Molding Machine]
Textile industryPAC25 mg/l90.17% COD, 74.09% TDS and 93.47% turbidity[Connecting Minifix Screws Heavy Duty Three in One Connector Rod (ROD-A262)]
Dye wastewaterPolyferric chlorides (PFCs)30 mg/l55% reduction[Embroidery Applique Iron on Patch]
Vegetable tannery wastewaterPACl (poly aluminum chloride)60 mg/l45%TSS, 20% COD and 80% turbidity[240ml PP Baby Feeding Bottle with Cute Printing]
Palm oil effluentPAC0.5 g/l, 8.0 and 60 g/l99% SOG[m.sdjtec.com]

Table 6.

Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.

Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,CNC Control Gasket Machine for Sealing, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,New SMT Desktop Reflow Oven, Puhui T-937, SMD LED Soldering Machine, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Hardware Rigging Forged Red Weldless Pear Shaped Link,Stainless Steel Wok with Soft Touch Handle].

5. Conclusion

Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,Different Color & Size AA1100&3003 H16/H18 PE/PVDF Color Aluminum Coil. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.

Acknowledgments

Sanitary Clamp End Butterfly Valve with Ce Certificate.

How to cite and reference

Link to this chapterSmall Metal Laser Cutting Machine Price Fiber

Cite this chapterIndustrial Scroll Type Air Cooled Water Chiller

3kw UV Curing Lamp UV Curing Machine UV light Ink Color Printing Machine UV Lamp for Drying(April 3rd 2019). Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment, Organic Polymers, Arpit Sand and Elsayed Zaki, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556. Available from:

Over 21,000 IntechOpen readers like this topic

Help us write another book on this subject and reach those readers

35*33mm Door Materials Accurate Width Tolerance Poplar LVL

chapter statistics

1551total chapter downloads

1Crossref citations

New Mobile Phone Huawwei Mate 20 PRO P30 PRO Mate 20 PRO 6GB+128GB/256GB Mate X 5g Mobile Phone in China Arrival Huaweii Mate 30 PRO 4G Smartphone

Login to your personal dashboard for more detailed statistics on your publications.

Grade 201 or 304 Kitchen Washing Basin

Related Content

This Book

Orthopedic Adjustable Hinged ROM Elbow Brace Elbow Splint Elbow Support

Organic Polymers

Edited byCommercial 2 Door Kitchen Under Counter Refrigerator

Ce RoHS 4000K 5000K 6000K 600X600 Square LED Ceiling Panel Light 36W/40W/48W

Directed Self-Assembly of Block Copolymers Based on the Heterogeneous Nucleation Process

By Rui Lu, Xiaobing Qu, Lu Zhang, Nana Zhu and Tao Yang

Related Book

Rapid Prototype SLA 3D Printer in China 3D Printing Services for Resin Material

Polyester

Edited byYe3 4kw Three-Phase Asynchronous Squirrel-Cage Cast Iron Induction Electric Motor

3W/5W High Quality UV Laser Marking Machine PCB Printing

Introductory Chapter: Introduction to “Polyester – Production, Characterization and Innovative Applications”

By Nurhan Onar Camlibel

We are IntechOpen, the world'24 Volt Hydraulic Power Pack Small Hydraulic Power Unit Diesel Hydraulic Power Pack for Sale Double Acting Hydraulic Power Unit. Built by scientists, for scientists. Our readership spans scientists, professors, researchers, librarians, and students, as well as business professionals. We share our knowledge and peer-reveiwed research papers with libraries, scientific and engineering societies, and also work with corporate R&D departments and government entities.

lanyard strap