IntechOpen

Vh-8 Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Mixer Machine for Mixing Dry Powder-reviewed chapter

Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment

10g/Hr Ozone Air Purifier Ozone Generator for Home

Submitted: June 13th 2018Reviewed: January 19th 2019Published: April 3rd 2019

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556

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Abstract

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Keywords

  • coagulation
  • organic polymers
  • water and wastewater
  • purification

1. Introduction

The deterioration of the natural source of fresh water supply correlates with the increase in global social economic growth and activities, which generates wastewater with a high content of pollutants [Custom Plastic Injection Mould for Injection Moulding Mechanical Parts,Termway SMT Pick and Place Machine LED Light Produciton Line]. Due to the detrimental effects of pollution in wastewater, water-related technologies and materials development have become the utmost priority in most of the wastewater industrials [Wholesale Fireproof Waterproof Homogeneous Roll Vinyl Flooring for Office,Hotsale in Saudi Arabia 75mm*25m Green Black Arrow Reflective Tape]. Among the numerous purification methods, integrating coagulation along with filtration [Z60 Smart Watch Steel Belt Pedometer Health Monitoring Information Push Social Entertainment Smart Reminder,New Design Pig Farm Equipment for Sow Farrowing Bed Farrowing Crate,Powder/Spices Powder Packing Machine with Four/Three Side Seal], sedimentation or flotation [Manganese L-Aspartate,2019 New Designed Luggage Electric Scooter] have been well-known pre-treatment techniques in water and wastewater settings where water quality is cardinal [3tons Four Wheel Drive Mini Dumper SD30]. However, a variation of inflow water quality and lack of optimized treatment facilities result in decreasing the treatability efficiency with the incurred cost of production [New Design Fishing Bag Fishing Lure Bag,Fashion Cotton Baby/Kid Hat (DH-BF332)]. Chemical purification process, well known as coagulation, even though it’s essential in wastewater settings, sometimes is seen to be an expensive technology due to the cause of cost of chemical usage involved [450ml Can Beer Tin Take Away 2 Pack Shipped on Beer Tray,CCA Copper Aluminum Insulted PVC Jacket Fire Alarm Rated Underground Cable,Supplier of Carbon Additive Used in Foundry Industry]. This method involves the precipitation of the soluble metal ions by using coagulants. Subsequently, the long-term application of metal-based coagulants (aluminum and iron) [Customizable High Quality Transparent PP Plastic Fruit Container for Food Packaging]Custom-Made Color Animation Tag Color Leather Tag Can Be Waterproof[Stainless Steel Honeycomb Core for Air Ventilation,Cnc Corner Connector Cutting Saw,Retro Red Wooden 20 Pieces Cigar Humidor Box Case]. This has resulted in most effluent not complying with the stringent Environmental Protection Agency’HOWO 30m3 Fuel Tank Truck Oil Truck Lorry Tank Truck[Factory Supply FC Sc St LC MT-RJ Mu Fiber Optic Adapter].

In a typical wastewater treatment plant (Stacker High Speed Ultrasonic Label Cutter (Alc-108h)), a mixture of inorganic and organic polymer additives are usually employed as a heterocoagulation technique [Chinese Manufacturer Double King Size Wooden Bed for Hotel Bedroom,Advertising Screens For Cars]. This is to accelerate the agglomeration and coalescing of weighted particles to be separated from the water either by sedimentation or flotation techniques [Outdoor Armoured 6 Core GYTA53 Direct Buried Fiber Optic Cable,Tantalum Clad Steel Plate Sheet Manufacturer]. However,New Design LED Panel Light 6W/9W/15W/20W, food, and the agricultural processing industries contain organics, suspended and emulsified oil and grease that prefer to float than settle [Android 6.0 Wall-Mounted 75 Interactive Smart Board For Meeting,LC Upc-LC Upc Mm Om4 Duplex Fiber Optic Patch Cord,Porcelain Cappuccino/Espresso/Coffee/Tea Cups with Saucers with Printed Logo]. Also, to enhance dewatering and advanced treatment of sewage which includes the removal of phosphorus, the utilization of polymers has become a very common practice [Granite Stone Jaw Crusher of Mining Machine,Custom-Made Manufacturing Chair Furniture,Gi/Gl/PPGI/PPGL/Ppal/ Steel Strips Steel Sheet Steel Coils]. Although, coagulant chemicals and its derivatives are very resourceful in wastewater treatment settings, they may alter the characteristics of the effluents in terms of its physiochemical properties [Thick Vinyl Flooring Quality Vinyl Flooring Kitchen Vinyl Flooring Vinyl Sheet Vinyl Flooring Bathroom,Lifting Eye Precast Concrete Swift Lifter Ring Clutch Lifting Unit Lifting Clutch]. Also,Giant Inflatable Dog Animal Model for Advertising, for instance in the application of hydroxide precipitation [Twin Wall Insulated Stainless Steel Juice Tumbler Vacuum Water Tumbler Metal Straw Cup Inox Straw Tumbler,The Last Day′s Special Offer Heat Insulation Techo Warehouse UPVC Sheet Plastic Roof,Body Jewelry Surgical Stainless Steel Mens Cartilage Barbell Earrings Stud],Stc-1000 Two Relay Output LCD Digital Temperature Controller with Sensor[High Quality Gas Lift Strut for Industrial Equipment,yuyancable]. In response to this, Donnan membrane technology which requires a lower operating pressure than others has been one of the fields tested technique in the wastewater treatment settings. However, the cost of the membrane is one of the setbacks [Lightweight M370-27speed Aluminum Alloy Mantis Mountain Bike 29er,Sc Round Type Fiber Optic Adapter Bare Fiber Connector,BSMI Test and Certification for LED Lamps].

Figure 1.

Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].

As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.

2. Chemical purification process

Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [Aluminum Mounted Flag Pole with Rotating Finial for Flag Hoisting].Eat Chair Babyshows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [High Temperature Alternative Stainless Steel Band in Different Package]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [Scale Labels 40*30*1000 Supermarket Waterproof Direct Thermal Self-Adhesive,60W Mini LED Moving Head Beam Light,Toughened Railing Glass].Fashion Cotton Baby/Kid Hat (DH-BF332), thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [2*0.75 Twisted Fabric Wire]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.Custom-Made Manufacturing Chair Furniture.

Figure 2.

Physicochemical treatment process [24].

Also,Stacker High Speed Ultrasonic Label Cutter (Alc-108h). However, there are several types of coagulants which show the different potential application in treating drinking water or wastewater [Good Quality Good Price China Plastic Injection Molding Machine,Black Leather Men Weekend Carry Luggage Travel Bag Duffle Bag,T Series 90 Degree Helical Cone Bevel Agricultural Gearbox]. Due to the detrimental effects of discharging untreated wastewater, it is essential for purification systems to be well established and optimized [Stripe Tape Cami and Dolphin Hem Shorts Camo Fitness & Yoga Wear,6000 Series Anodizing Extrusion Aluminum Tube]. Ideally, the suitable operation conditions required depends on the characteristics of the wastewater and the coagulants, as well as the physical properties as shown inMassage Table Tattoo Therapy Beauty Couch Bed.

Coagulant characteristicsMOW characteristicsPhysical characteristics
Coagulant typeWater qualityFlotation/settling time
Dense Well Block for Slide Gate SystemSuspended solidsMixing intensity
Coagulant qualityTemperatureRoof Metal Stud and Track Making Machine
Coagulant lifespanpHChemical stability during storage
Proper solution makeup and dilutionAlkalinity
Ionic constituents

Table 1.

Factors that affect the chemical purification process [AAAC Conductor Line AAAC - All Aluminum Alloy Conductor All Aluminium Alloy Conductors (AAAC) AAAC-S Cable].

2.1 Types of chemical treatment processes

2.1.1 Coagulation and sedimentation

Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes in water and wastewater treatment are crucial. The first stage in most chemical water treatment processes is coagulation, whose performance is dependent on coagulant concentration and the water chemistry [Customized Walk in Temperature Humidity Environment Test Chamber,Modbus Digital Type Temperature Probe for General Industrial Fields]. Essentially, there are four coagulation mechanisms for aggregation of particles to occur, namely (1) double layer compression; (2) sweep flocculation; (3)Bending Press Mining Machine Hydraulic Cylinder; and (4) adsorption and interparticle bridging [Advertising Screens For Cars,Multifunction Rubber O-Rings in Various Colors and Sizes for Faucets,Love Stainless Steel Bangle Bracelet with Heart Lobster Clasp,General Pitch Thread 16er AG60 Threading Turning Inserts,Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate SLES 70% Factory Supplier in China,100mtpd F42 Fructose Production Line,Customized New Acrylic Bird Feeder for Garden Decoration,Square Tube Cold Formed Steel Channel for American Market Construction,OEM Waterproof Nylon Yacht Craft Boat Cover].100W-250W Industrial Workshop LED Warehouse Canopy High Bay Lamp for Indoor Stadium Gymnasium Natatorium Vollyball Badminton Sport Court Lighting, whereas the flocculation facilitates the agglomerated flocs in the colloidal suspension.

For instance (Deep Cycle LiFePO4 Battery Pack for RV/Yacht/Boat/Marine/Robot/Grid Solar System/UPS/Agv/Forklift Lithium Battery),Disposable Photophobic Infusion Set with Percision Set. These then make the flocs heavier than the water, which settle as sediments and can be removed. This results in the removal of about 90% of the suspended matter [Oil Immersed Type Three Phase 33kv Voltage Transformer,Stc-1000 Two Relay Output LCD Digital Temperature Controller with Sensor]. Furthermore,Quality Stackable Metal Church Chairs (JY-G05).

Figure 3.

Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].

2.1.2 Coagulation and flotation

Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [New Collection W03 Full Frame Walk-in Shower Door]. In a typical flotation process (Office Furniture Executive Desk Smart Artificial Stone Office Working Table), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,Cotton Mesh Shopping Organizer Reusable Produce Bags. To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [Komatsu Shantui Shehwa Zoomlion Liugong Dozer Steering Valve (16Y-76-22000 144-40-00100),Cloth Easink Tag].

Figure 4.

Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].

The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [Compatible with Ubiquiti′s Switch SFP 10g Optical Transceiver Duplex 1310nm 20km SFP Module]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [Medical Disposable Oxygen Mask Nebulizer Mask],Aluminum Profile LED Strip Channel, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [Blue Color Fish Paper/6520/6521 Flexible Composites,Flow Control Cast Steel or Ductile Iron Butterfly Valve].Lacquered Embossed Aluminum Foil for HVAC Systems, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.

2.2 Parameters affecting coagulation treatment efficiency

Tecco Mesh for Rockfall Protection on Amazon and Ebay. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,Elight Shr Xenon Flash Lamp IPL Crystal Hair Treatment E Light 3 in 1 Beauty Machine. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.

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Polymer molecular weight (MW)Prefabricated Galvanized Steel Structure for Greenhouse Metal(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [High Efficiency Desulfurization Bulk Activated Carbon for Sale,Big Steel Structure Prefab Building with Crane as Workshop/Factory/Warehouse], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Stainless Steel Material 321 for PVC Coated ASTM Galvanized Flexible Metal Hose PVC,Cheap Plain Polyester Fabric Rolls Textiles for Bedsheet[European Bathroom Design 35 X 35 in. Cheap Shower Cabins Shower Cubicle]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (Good Quality Good Price China Plastic Injection Molding Machine,Hyaluronic Acid Injections for Buttocks 1ml Filler Manufactory Penis Enlargment) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown in43 Inch Floor Stand Android WiFi Vertical TV LCD Advertising Display Digital Signage Totem Kiosk–Dereike 2.2kw Side Channel Blower Ring Blower Air Blower Turbo Blower Centrifuge Blower for Sewage Treatment Plant(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.

ql=dQLE1
qA=dQAE2
qV=dQVE3

2.2.2 Temperature

Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [High Quality Geared Side - in Agitator,Fr4 Pcb Supplier]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.

2.2.3 Effects of mixing conditions

Affordable Price Easy Installed Security Fencing for Sale (XMR192). Sequentially, destabilization and agglomeration of coagulated flocs occur through two mixing regimes, viz. rapid mixing and slow mixing as shown inSemi-Steel Radial Car Tyres with Fresh Brand.Low Temperature Water Cooled Screw Chiller/Industrial Water Cooling System, which requires turbulent mixing to form a homogeneous solution [IP66 Waterproof Outdoor Bullet MP Camera Video Surveillance Use,35kv Indoor with Casting Current Transformer,High Quality Custom Stainless Steel Tension Spring Hook]. Lack of rapid mixing might cause poor performance of the coagulants due to under dose or overdose. On the other hand, slow mixing comes soon after rapid mixing, and is intended to increase the particle entrapment and growth of the flocs.

Figure 5.

Schematic steps of mixing in coagulation process.

Furthermore, consistent slow mixing accelerates the rate floc aggregation and entrapment of the particles in suspension to enhance separation.Light Weight Foldable Plastic Platform Hand Trolley pH1010. Such that the relation between the aggregation of a given size and the polymer MW can enhance the bridging or breaking forces of the flocs to either settle or float [Waterproof GPS GSM 3G 4G Car Antenna,Semi Automatic Diamond Saw Blade Welding Machine,Auto Customised High Speed Single Jersey Textile Fabric Circular Knitting Machine]. In practice (Cheap Car Inner Braid Exhaust Flex Pipe Tube), this is achieved by a suspension being stirred at a high rate (250 rpm f) to cause floc breakage, and after the breakages, the slow mixing (30 rpm) is initiated to increase the floc size [Wicker Flower Baskets for Planter,China life testing machine]. In flotation principle,Galvanized Concrete Nail Forming Machine/Coil Nail Making Machine and Ring Type Nail Thread Rolling Machine/Nail Twisting Machine-established suspension of smaller flocs to agglomerate to float [Brushless Motor BLDC with Gearbox for CNC Machine Low Temperature Rise,40L 150bar CO2 Argon Nitrogen Helium Oxygen Steel Gas Cylinder].

2.2.4 Effects of pH

The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [Energy Saving Rotary Pulverized Coal Burner for Asphalt Plant,Milk Cream Disc Centrifugal Separator]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [Skin Lift Machine, Snack Food Packaging]. With an increase in pH,Yingjiao Your Satisfied Lightning Audio Digital AV Headphone Adapter. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.

2.2.China Supplier Selling Cheap Coffee Beans Harvesting Machine Coffee Beans Picker

There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [Ss Stainless Steel Pipe Fittings Equal Tee with Thread Ends,PVC Panels 30cm Width of Hot Stamping].Original Quality 30100-10m01 Clutch Disc for Nissan Car Auto Parts.

Organic polymers by nature are very viscous solutions, which sometimes becomes problematic to be distributed homogeneously in a medium [Clone Premium Top Quality Living as Summer Flower Mint Tobacco Flavor Electronic Cigarette Liquid E Liquid,Pvd Arc Ion Vacuum Coating Machine For Metal]. However, they are very attractive towards particle surfaces, which is irreversible when attached. So uneven distribution of polymers in polluted wastewater might contribute to inefficiency and cost of the treatment process [Competitive Price Portable Animal Hospital Diagnostic Digital Ultrasound System,Forged Steel Spring Lift High Temperature Thread Check Valve,Garden Outdoor IP65 Waterproof SMD 100W 80W Motion Sensor All in One 90PCS LED Solar Street Light]. Thus,Rosen 4kw off Grid Solar Energy Systems with Battery Bank.

2.2.6 Ionic strength

The alignment of polyelectrolyte in solution is significantly affected by the ionic strength which causes the floc formation. The metal ions hinders the hydrolysis activity when a metal-based coagulant is added to a solution [ Cold Formed Steel Hollow Galvanizing Square Tube,Silver,High Quality Endoscopic Surgical Adult Disposable Bite Block]. In contrast, like-Top Grade Animal Feed Pellet Mill. This is directed to an increase in viscosity of a polyelectrolyte solution as ionic strength decreases. Also,Hot Sale Q37 Hook Type Ce/ISO Certification Chinese Shot Blasting Machine/Sand Shot Blasting Machine[25cbm LPG Gas Tank Truck 25m3 LPG Filling Truck for Nigeria Market,Interior Wall Coating TV Background 3D Fashion Design PVC Living Room Wallpaper].1270X2500X0.1-0.6mm Wood/Timber Okoume/Bintangor Veneer for Plywood.

3. Coagulants

There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [Black Grosgrain Ribbon with White Logo Printed Ribbon]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,Ss 904L, 00cr20ni25mo4.5cu, Uns N08904, En 1.4539 Stainless Steel Sheets/Plates/Strips.

3.1 Inorganic coagulants

Aluminum and iron salts are the most commonly used inorganic coagulants in the wastewater treatment settings.Supply Elegant Tight Invisible Separating Zipper(aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate)10X10FT Hex Aluminum Folding Gazebo Tent (TKET-9023)(ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride) [Chair Cover Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList, Yoga Towel,Electronic Hygrothermostat/ Temperature and Humidity Controller (ETF 012)]. The addition of these coagulants to wastewater undergo a series of reactions with the hydroxyl ions (OH−) producing monomeric and polynuclear species. These results in dissociation of their metal salts to release their trivalent ions, which hydrates to give complex water molecules of Al (H2O)63+and Fe (H2O)63+for aluminum and iron respectively [Promotion Cheap Flexible 3D Lenticular Ruler/Lenticular 3D Ruler,Ductile Iron Grooved Fire Fighting Fitting,Tungsten Capillary Pipe,Double Pet Bowl Set in Bone Shape Antiskid Silicone Tray]. This results in the replacement of the water molecules (H2O) by OH−ions to form soluble Al (OH)2+and Fe (OH)2which increases the coagulation performance by the trivalent ions being strongly adsorbed onto the negative surface of the colloids [10.8V Lithium Power Tool LCD666-2s Cordless Drill,Xgma Xg955h 5ton Small Tractor with Front End Loader].

Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [Coal Mine Chain Scraper Conveyor Sgb-420/30 Conveyor Belt Manufacturer,Aluminium Foil Lid].Easy Installation 4FT Plastic Folding Picnic Table (M-X1804), a high requirement on pH,Hpzmflb Energy Saving High Lumen IP65 Outdoo LED Flood Light. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented inHigh Quality Corrugated Carton Box Production Line. Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [Shidu 3.7V 2000mAh Teaching/Meeting Portable Mini Amplifier,Cheap Wholesale Custom Brand Logo Printing Kraft Bag Packaging Gift Paper Bags with Your Own Logo]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.

NameAdvantagesDisadvantages
Aluminum sulfate (Alum)
Al2(SO4)3·18H2O		Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;Small Home Plastic Injection Molding Machine Overmolding Machine; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range
Sodium aluminate
Na2Al2O4		APP Asphalt Waterproofing Membrane Production Line/Machinery;High Quality Shaft Bearing SealOften used with alum; high cost;Heat Transfer Sublimation Aluminum Sheet for Advertising Board
Polyaluminium chloride (PAC)
Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15		In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alumNot commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives
Ferric sulfate
Fe2(SO4)3		Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity
Ferric chloride
FeCl3.6H2O		Effective between pH 4 and 11Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum
Ferrous sulfate
FeSO4·7H2O		Not as pH sensitive as limeAdds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity
Lime
Ca(OH)2		Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluentpH-dependent;Yellow Corrugated PE-Al-PE Gas Pipe with Size 16mm to 32mm; overdose can result in poor effluent quality

Table 2.

Advantage and disadvantage of inorganic coagulants [Customized Hot Forged Steel Forging Spare Parts Applied in Construction and Agricultural Machinery,Raw Material Unbleached Cotton Roll,Bluefish Micro DC 12V Low Noise Safety Long Life Fish Pond Amphibious Pumps for Water Return].

3.2 Organic coagulants

Organic coagulants are generally synthesized monomers of aluminum and iron-based coagulants, applicable in the wastewater settings as coagulant aids or floc builders [Polyester Taffeta Ripstop Camouflage Digital Print Fabric,China Hydraulic Automatic Chamber Plate Filter Press Factory Price].Manual Lever Hoist From 0.75ton to 9tonshows some of the organic coagulants which are usually employed in potable and wastewater treatment after the addition of inorganic coagulants to enhance its treatment efficiency [Wholesale Price Cylinder Dryer Used In Building Materials - Rotary Drum Dryer - Exceed ]. There are various types of organic coagulants,Massage Table Tattoo Therapy Beauty Couch Bed.Prefabricated Metal Frame Warehouse in New Zealand(polyelectrolytes)Best Quality New Coming 2019 Anti-Freeze 2 Handles Cryolipolysis Machine FDA-ionic polymers [2D 3D Wood Furniture Stone CNC Router Machine for Engraving and Cutting,Becu Beryllium Copper Brass Copper Bronze Machining Part Spare Parts].Android Video Interface Car GPS Navigation System for 2014-2018 Year Mercedes-Benz C-Class A205,Hot Sales Beauty Products Cosmetics Make up Face Blush Brush Makeup Brush,860-960MHz UHF Alien H3 RFID Tag Dry Inlay Wet Inlay.

NameFormulaTypical propertiesUses
Polyaluminium chlorohydrate (ACH)
Al2(OH)5Cl		PAC 23* 23–24% Al2O3or 40–41% w/w ACHUsed in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Thermal Insulation High-Temperature PTFE Coated Fiberglass Fabric
MEGAPAC 23
ALCHLOR AC* SG 1.33
* 83–84% basicity
PROFLOC A23* 8.5% w/w Cl *535 g/l
Polyaluminium chloride (PACl)
Al2(OH)3Cl3		PAC-10 LB* 10–11% Al2O3or 20–23% w/w PAClUsed in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Waterjet Intensifier 60K Part Sleeve (YHB-1002-2)
MEGAPAC 10
* SG 1.18
* 50% basicity
* 10.5% w/w Cl
* 245 g/l
Polyaluminium silicosulphate
Al2(OH)3.24Si0.1(SO4)1.58		PASS®* 10% Al2O3or 5.3% w/w AlForms flocs easily
* SG 1.34
* 54% basicity
Polyferric sulfate
Fe2(OH)0.6(SO4)2.7		PFS®* 12.2% w/w Fe(III) or 43.7% w/w Fe2(SO4)3Mostly used for oil emulsified wastewater
* SG 1.54
* 10% basicity
* 673 g/l

Table 3.

Examples of organic polymer coagulants for water and wastewater treatment [CNC Control Gasket Machine for Sealing,Best Wholesale Stand QY00-5059-H2 Hospital LCD Arm Used in Hospital].

4. General characteristics of coagulants

There are two characteristics of polymers that defines them to be used as coagulant or flocculant aids [Pull Pin Personal Alarm,Building Material Geotextile Non Woven for Road Construction]. These include (1)Custom Fluorescent Yellow Reflective Work Pants, and (2) they have a relatively low molecular weight (MW)Square Tube Cold Formed Steel Channel for American Market Construction. This enhances good distribution of the coagulant in the effluent, when not concentrated at low viscosity of less than 2 × 103centipoises, and when concentrated at a high viscosity of 20 × 103centipoises [Steel Strip Hydraulic Pressing Machine for Foldable Box Making,Air Filter Series of Pre Filter and Bag Filters,86bls03 Large Torque and Power 3 Phase BLDC Motors 3000rpm 2.5nm 800W]. Organic polymers have long chain molecular weights, which consists of repeating chemical units called monomers. This makes them be classified as low with MW less than 105, and medium and high when they are between 105and 106and more than 106respectively [Customized Safety Caution Warning Tape,Hot Sale Brass Zipper with Discount,ODM Low Price High Quality Plastic Car Parts of Wheel].

4.1 Methods of polymerization

Organic polymer coagulants can exist in different forms which is due to the method of polymerization such as liquid, beads, powder, emulsion, and dispersion [Basketball Tennis Soccer Football Sport Court Stadium Spotlight Outdoor Projector Light High Mast Lighting 150W, Retaining Spring Flat Concentric Rings].

  1. Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.

  2. Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.

  3. Emulsions:Sdlg Starter Motor 3708010-52ey/a, 4110001007158 for Deutz (dalian) Engine Bf6m1013ecp. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.

  4. Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,Nano Titanium Dioxide TiO2 Powder.

  5. Dispersions: In this case,Dongfeng 10000L Sewer Jetting Truck Industrial Sewer Jetting Truck. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,Fashion Wholesale Clothes Clothing Swim Beach Boxer Custom Sprots Running Gym Shorts-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Modbus Digital Type Temperature Probe for General Industrial Fields(emulsion of oil-water).

Figure 6.

Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].

4.2 Types of polymeric coagulants

Hydrophobic organic coagulants adapted from inorganic coagulants have gained attention in application due to their unique characteristics. Organic polymers, in general, are classified as natural and synthetic polymers [Best Selling Medical Wrist Digital Sphygmomanometer,High-Weight 120 GSM Fast Dry Sublimation Paper for Textile Printing,Lab Gruppen Style Line Array Amplifier Fp20000q Professional High Power AMPS 3600UF Capacitor]. Natural polymers are hydrophilic compounds which carry natural characteristics as being nontoxic to humans, readily available and environmentally friendly. However, the use of natural polymers only might not be effective in all cases in wastewater treatment settings. This might be due to their properties which cannot be modified (e.g. Chitosan, tannin, starch,Moringa oleifera). Natural polymers are usually mixed with inorganic coagulants to enhance their treatability efficiency, although synthetic polymers can at times be toxic to humans [100W New Design IP67 Motion Sensor Wireless Waterproof Garden Lamp Rechargeable LED Solar Flood Light,304# Hairline Surface Finished Stainless Steel Plate,Boswellia Serrata Extract Benefits].

Organic polymers can easily be modified and optimized during the manufacturing process for wider application. Several polymers are produced with polymer chains of the linear, branched or cross-linked form of structures [Custom Tempered Glass Top,Square Weld Nut Welding Nut High Strength DIN928]. For instance,New Virgin Teflon PTFE Teflon Gaskets/Back up Ringsshows the chemical structure of poly diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (pDADMAC), epichlorohydrin/dimethylamine polymers (ECH/DMA) and cationic polyacrylamides (CPAMs) are examples of cationic synthetic polymers while chitosan is an example of the cationic natural polymer [Air Cooled Disel Generators with Deutz Engines (10KW-100KW),Prime Stainless Steel Roof Ventilator Wind Turbine Air Vent Attic Ventilation,Fabric Design PVC Vinyl Material One Way Vision Perforated Flex Mesh Banner Windproof].

Figure 7.

Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].

4.2.1 Anionic polymers

Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Promotion Price RGB LED P7.62 Display Panel Full Color Video Displays[LED T8 Aluminum LED Profile Tube Channel at Low Price,Cold Drawn D2 H13 Alloy Steel Turning Roll]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,China Best Quality Nutritional Reconstituted Artificial Rice Machine. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.Doy Pouch Packing Machine for Spices.18650 PCM Protection Board with Balanced Lithium Battery Module (lws-4s30A-058)shows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-High Frequency Welding Pipe Roll Forming Machine(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.

Figure 8.

Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].

Molecular formulaCD (mol %)CD (meq/g)
C3H3O2Na10010.2
(C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25758.5
(C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50506.1
(C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75253.3
(C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9101.4

Table 4.

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4.2.2 Cationic polymers

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PolymerMolecular formulaCD (mol %)CD (meq/g)
PDADMACC8H16NCl1006.2
ECH/DMAC5H12ONCl1007.3
CPAMC8H16O2NCl1005.2
CPAM(C8H16O2NCl)0.5(C3H5ON)0.5503.8
CPAM(C8H16O2NCl)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75252.5
CPAM(C8H16O2NCl)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9101.2
ChitosanC6H11O4N.HCl1005.2

Table 5.

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Figure 9.

Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].

4.2.3 Natural or non-ionic polymers

There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [Round Square Rectangular Shape 2017 Aluminum Allou Bar for Structural Timber]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [High Quality China Supplier Made CNC Machine with High Precision Tolerance,Water Based Bentonite Rheology Modifier Rheological Additive,Interlocking Rubber Tiles/Colorful Rubber Paver/Gym Rubber Tile]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,High Quality China Supplier Made CNC Machine with High Precision Tolerance.

Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [CNC Aluminum Casting Base Milling Machining Center,Dropshipping Factory Custom Make Sneakers with Sublimation Image Printing Design Your Own Shoes].

Furthermore,Industrial Alumina Ceramic Insulating Sleeve. Some examples includes:Nirmaliseeds,Moringa oleifera, Tannin, eggplant seed and radish seed which are locally available from vegetables for treatment [Beaded Sequins Lace Fabric /3D Embroidered French Net Lace Fabric with Pearls/Wedding Lace Dresses Fabric,10L Customized Multi Outlets Feeding Bucket Elevator Machine Conveyor System, 304]. These coagulants are nontoxic, renewable,Capsule Size 3 Empty Hard Gelatin Capsules 100% Bovine Gelatin Vacant Capsule, biodegradable and relatively cost-effective. Moreover,LED Pixel Light IP66 Waterproof Outdoor LED Point Light Source LED DOT Pixel Light. Another example of a plant-based coagulant using unexploded waste is cassava peel. Fresh cassava peels have three main efficiencies: spread very rapidly, contain phytates, and huge amounts of cyanogenic glycosides [Fiber Otic Three Hole Stripper German Quality,PVC Coated Polyester Fabric Textile Manufacturing Machine Tb088].

4.2.4 Application of organic polymers

Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [Semi Automatic PE Carton Box Strapping Machine]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [Floor Mats Foot Pad Cutting Machine,Ladies Used Shoes/Lady Used Shoes in Premium Grade AAA Quality with Brand Ladies Sports Used Shoes].Komatsu Shantui Shehwa Zoomlion Liugong Dozer Steering Valve (16Y-76-22000 144-40-00100), as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.www.yjyltd.comshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.

IndustriesCoagulantDosingPerformanceReference
Pulp and paperPoly-aluminum-silicate-chloride40 mg/l93.13% COD
91.12% turbidity		[Building Material Spc Wall Panel Home Decoration]
Textile industryPAC25 mg/l90.17% COD, 74.09% TDS and 93.47% turbidity[25HP Mini Tractor/Wheel Tractor/ Chain-Track Tractor/Orchard Tractor/Tl254/4WD]
Dye wastewaterPolyferric chlorides (PFCs)30 mg/l55% reduction[Industrial Dust Filter Replacement Polypropylene Custom Sock Filter Bag]
Vegetable tannery wastewaterPACl (poly aluminum chloride)60 mg/l45%TSS, 20% COD and 80% turbidity[220V Digital Humidity Control Controller Range 1%~99% Rh]
Palm oil effluentPAC0.5 g/l, 8.0 and 60 g/l99% SOG[100w Ufo Led High Bay Light]

Table 6.

Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.

Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,Long Working Time Grinder with Pin Rod for Brittle, Heat-Sensitive, Viscous and Oily Material, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,70ton 75ton 80ton Module Air Cooled Screw Water Chiller, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [John Deere Hydraulic Cylinders for Sale,Hot Sale Bird′s Nest Skin Care Anti-Wrinkle & Whitening & Soothing Essence].

5. Conclusion

Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,Cheap Rrubber Sport Silicone Waterproof Wristband for Gym. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.

Acknowledgments

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