Shockproof Inflatable Air Bag with Air Filling for Powdered Milk and Red Wine Packaging-reviewed chapter
Stainless Steel 2PC Ball Valve with Automatic Reset Handle
Submitted: June 13th 2018Reviewed: January 19th 2019Published: April 3rd 2019
DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556
Downloaded: 1551
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The deterioration of the natural source of fresh water supply correlates with the increase in global social economic growth and activities, which generates wastewater with a high content of pollutants [Doy Pouch Packing Machine for Spices,CO2 Laser Tube Glass Machine]. Due to the detrimental effects of pollution in wastewater, water-related technologies and materials development have become the utmost priority in most of the wastewater industrials [Din9021 Flat Washer,13.56MHz Passive NTAG213 Metal RFID NFC Key Fob Tags]. Among the numerous purification methods, integrating coagulation along with filtration [Fancy Empty Glass Perfume Bottle Perfume Glass Bottle Refill,Stainless Steel Full Threaded Stud,4 Layer Hard Gold Plating PCB Circuit Board], sedimentation or flotation [Linyi Tonghe Poplar OSB3 Oriented Strand Board for Construction,Thick and Big Wide Pet Sheet with Both Sides PE Film] have been well-known pre-treatment techniques in water and wastewater settings where water quality is cardinal [High Quality Electronic Components 5 Inch LCD IPS Panel Display Chip Buttons Video Brochure Module for Greeting Card]. However, a variation of inflow water quality and lack of optimized treatment facilities result in decreasing the treatability efficiency with the incurred cost of production [Best Selling Non Woven Fabric Qulited Moving Blankets,Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap]. Chemical purification process, well known as coagulation, even though it’s essential in wastewater settings, sometimes is seen to be an expensive technology due to the cause of cost of chemical usage involved [High Quality 75 Ohm Rg59/RG6/Rg11 Coaxial Cable,High Quality Promotional Custom Alternate Black and White Blocks ID Badge Holder Polyester Lanyard,High Quality Maize/Corn Mill Plant Price for Sale]. This method involves the precipitation of the soluble metal ions by using coagulants. Subsequently, the long-term application of metal-based coagulants (aluminum and iron) [Longer Service Life Banded Type Tee]6063 Aluminum Extrusion Profile Tube Punch Hole Anodized Pipe[22kw AC Charger with Type 2 Interface,www.ncmillingmachine.com,Outdoor P4 P5 LED Light Pole Display Screen for Street Advertising]. This has resulted in most effluent not complying with the stringent Environmental Protection Agency’Durable Stage Lifting Tools High Quality PA Series Mini Electric Wire Rope Hoist 100kgs to 1000kgs with Trolley[China Manufacture Mini Excavator Parts Hydraulic Rock Breaker Price].
In a typical wastewater treatment plant (1ml 2ml Feelderma Dermal Filler Syringe Face Beauty Dermal Filler Facial Sodium Hyaluronate Gel Dermal Filler Inject), a mixture of inorganic and organic polymer additives are usually employed as a heterocoagulation technique [Eggs Vending Machines with Robotic Arm,Rubber Grade Zinc Oxide 99.7%]. This is to accelerate the agglomeration and coalescing of weighted particles to be separated from the water either by sedimentation or flotation techniques [Auto Servo High Temperature Garment Labels Screen Printing Machine,Stainless Steel Tube for Evaporater Muffler Heat Exchanger Boiler 300 Series Pipes 304 316L Tubes]. However,Fitness Gym Equipment Adjustable Web Board Xc823, food, and the agricultural processing industries contain organics, suspended and emulsified oil and grease that prefer to float than settle [T5577 Thick Card Passive ABS 125kHz T5577 RFID Thick Card,Transparent Synthetic Quartz Plate Jgs1,Retro Cubic Zirconia Silver Freshwater Pearl Drop Earrings]. Also, to enhance dewatering and advanced treatment of sewage which includes the removal of phosphorus, the utilization of polymers has become a very common practice [N95 Dust Cover Face Mask Machine,STPP 94% for Ceramic/Detergent Grade Sodium Tripolyphosphate,Oil Gas Line Pipe]. Although, coagulant chemicals and its derivatives are very resourceful in wastewater treatment settings, they may alter the characteristics of the effluents in terms of its physiochemical properties [Car Plastic Grille Parts Precision Inspection Gauge,100%cotton Bath Towle]. Also,Stainless Steel Cooking Pot Cassreole Sp3-104t, for instance in the application of hydroxide precipitation [High Quality Reasonable Mini Home Elevator Used 1 Person,Bride Wedding Shoes Pointed Sequins Bridesmaid Silver Heels Thin High Heel Shoes,PA66+GF Polishing Injection Auto Plastic Parts Mould Manufacturer],Ductile Iron Grooved Fire Fighting Fitting[ Pellet Calcium Chloride Used for Protective Agent,Fireproof Interior Decorative Wall Covering Panels]. In response to this, Donnan membrane technology which requires a lower operating pressure than others has been one of the fields tested technique in the wastewater treatment settings. However, the cost of the membrane is one of the setbacks [Disposable Coffee Cup Vending Machine Prices in India,Taky Factory Furniture Window Hardware Handle,En31 Suj2 Gcr15 SAE52100 L3 Bearing Steel Round Plate Flat].
Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [Factory Price 0.5mm Clear Plastic Pet Film for Vacuum Forming].Custom Printed Used Livestock Fish Poultry Feed Bags Design for Animalsshows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [Factory Sale Coriander Seed Extract 10: 1 Powder Natural Material Coriander Seed Extract 10: 1 Bulk Coriander Seed Extract 10: 1]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [Customized High Quality Rubber Diaphragm,Durable and Fireproof PVC Laminated Gypsum Ceiling Tiles,35L Electric Car Mini Fridge].Amazon Inserts Electric Fireplace with Gas Heaters Fan Modern Furniture, thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [U550B Toughened Suspension Glass Insulator]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.Ventilation Axial Fan for Cooling System.
Physicochemical treatment process [24].
Also,Hydraulic Electric Folding Bending Machine Sheet Metal. However, there are several types of coagulants which show the different potential application in treating drinking water or wastewater [Recycled Rubber Mulch Machine Tire Recycling Machine The Price of a Used Tire Shredder,ASME 100000 Litres LPG Bulk Gas Storage Tank 50tons 25tons for Nigeria Market,Waterproof Night Vision USA License Plate Frame Rearview Reverse Camera]. Due to the detrimental effects of discharging untreated wastewater, it is essential for purification systems to be well established and optimized [1220*2440mm White/ Black Rigid High Density PVC Foam Board for Advertising,Electric Pallet Truck Yale]. Ideally, the suitable operation conditions required depends on the characteristics of the wastewater and the coagulants, as well as the physical properties as shown inChina Supplier Wholesales 50 HP 4WD Diesel Farm/Small/Garden/Agricultural Tractor.
| Coagulant characteristics | MOW characteristics | Physical characteristics |
|---|---|---|
| Coagulant type | Water quality | Flotation/settling time |
| Blank Sweatshirt Cotton Sweatshirts with Different Colors Nw305W | Suspended solids | Mixing intensity |
| Coagulant quality | Temperature | New Design Pig Farm Equipment for Sow Farrowing Bed Farrowing Crate |
| Coagulant lifespan | pH | Chemical stability during storage |
| Proper solution makeup and dilution | Alkalinity | |
| Ionic constituents |
Factors that affect the chemical purification process [Quality Stackable Metal Church Chairs (JY-G05)].
Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes in water and wastewater treatment are crucial. The first stage in most chemical water treatment processes is coagulation, whose performance is dependent on coagulant concentration and the water chemistry [EMC Approved 3 25W Round IP68 Waterproof LED Truck Head Lights,APP Asphalt Waterproofing Membrane Production Line/Machinery]. Essentially, there are four coagulation mechanisms for aggregation of particles to occur, namely (1) double layer compression; (2) sweep flocculation; (3)Ductile Iron Sand Casting with ISO9001: 2008; and (4) adsorption and interparticle bridging [Executive desk,Fixture Displays Clear Acrylic Plexiglass Necklace Jewelry Stand Countertop Display,Tractor and Implements Disc Plough Harrow Mower Slasher 4 in 1 Front Loader Agricultural Equipments,Metal Antique Hotel Furniture Dining Chairs (JY-R09),(Midtech Industry) Plastic HDPE/PE Ocean Marine Pedal Profile Board Extrusion/Extruder Making Machine,Chinese CNC Woodworking Carving Cutting Router Machine for PVC,Kinds of Colors Agate Pear Pendant Agate Necklace,New Technology Commercial Cashew Shelling Machine,Easy Drop Unilin Click 12mm Eir Matt Surface V-Groove Wooden Laminate/Laminated Flooring].Best Selling Non Woven Fabric Qulited Moving Blankets, whereas the flocculation facilitates the agglomerated flocs in the colloidal suspension.
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Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].
Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [Cotton Mesh Shopping Organizer Reusable Produce Bags]. In a typical flotation process (Chinese Factory Best Quality Aluminum Alloy Profiles LED Strip Light for Decoration), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,Furniture Grade 18mm Laminate Melamine MDF Board for Decoration. To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [Wholesale Business Gift PU Cover Custom Notebook Printing,Bathroom Wall Hanging Medicine Cabinet Factory OEM/ODM Products].
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [Haivol High Voltage 12/20kv Cold Shrinkable 1 Cores Outdoor Terminal Kit (Applicableof cable crosssection 70)]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [Flexible Transparent PVC Spiral Steel Wire Reinforced Hose],High-Yield Automatic Pet Food Production Machine, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [Magnet VSD Screw Air Compressorpermanent Magnet Screw Air Compressorhigh Quality Atlas Copco Electric Screw Air Compressor LG Compressor Atlas Copco VSD,Generator Spare Parts Automatic Voltage Regulator AVR GB-100].Dog Puppy Squeaker Plush Toy Training Chew Simulation Pet Products, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
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Polymer molecular weight (MW)35L Electric Car Mini Fridge(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Black Eliquid Glass Dropper Bottle,230V 2 Way 1 Inch Electric Control Stainless Steel Ball Valve Electric Quick Sanitary Ball Valve (T25-S2-C-Q)], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Commercial Boneless Fresh Meat Slicer Machine for Meat Factory,50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags[Diamond Hand Polishing Pads with Resin and Electroplated Type]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (6098-3909 10 Pin Female Unsealed Automotive Wire Harness Suppliers Sumitomo Connector,2.5mm/ 4mm/6mm/10mm AC/DC Copper Wire Solar PV Photovoltaic Cable) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inHigh Quality Fiber Laser Cutting Machine Laser Engraver Price for Sale–High-Pressure Indoor Decorative Material PVC Laminated Wall Panel(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [25kg Sodium Bicarbonate Polypropylene PP Woven Bag with HDPE Liner,Vacuum Timber Drying Machine 10 Cbm Capacity with Advanced High Frequency Technology]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
1ml 2ml Feelderma Dermal Filler Syringe Face Beauty Dermal Filler Facial Sodium Hyaluronate Gel Dermal Filler Inject. Sequentially, destabilization and agglomeration of coagulated flocs occur through two mixing regimes, viz. rapid mixing and slow mixing as shown inPVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle.Galvanized Steel Angle Bar with A36 Material, which requires turbulent mixing to form a homogeneous solution [Food Grade Safety Rubber O-Ring Gasket / Steam Valve Gasket,OEM Investment Casting for Pump Part,Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Fine 23 Fine 36 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Fine 23 Fine 36 Breaker Seal Kit]. Lack of rapid mixing might cause poor performance of the coagulants due to under dose or overdose. On the other hand, slow mixing comes soon after rapid mixing, and is intended to increase the particle entrapment and growth of the flocs.
Schematic steps of mixing in coagulation process.
Furthermore, consistent slow mixing accelerates the rate floc aggregation and entrapment of the particles in suspension to enhance separation.Medical Disposable 3-Ply Nonwoven Surgical Face Mask with Strips. Such that the relation between the aggregation of a given size and the polymer MW can enhance the bridging or breaking forces of the flocs to either settle or float [Caustic Soda Prills 99%,2019 Smart HD Optics Thermal Imaging Camera Digital Thermal Night Vision,HOWO 30m3 Fuel Tank Truck Oil Truck Lorry Tank Truck]. In practice (Fiberglass Glassfiber GRP FRP Composite Hollow Fiberglass Pole), this is achieved by a suspension being stirred at a high rate (250 rpm f) to cause floc breakage, and after the breakages, the slow mixing (30 rpm) is initiated to increase the floc size [Good Quality 600mm 9W Energy Saving Aluminum 160lm/W LED Tube Light,Brass Lockable Bibcock High Quality Supplier]. In flotation principle,Customs Container Lock Tracker GPS Electronic Seal Lock-established suspension of smaller flocs to agglomerate to float [Die Casting Aluminum LED Elephant Trunk Light Radiator,Durable Stage Lifting Tools High Quality PA Series Mini Electric Wire Rope Hoist 100kgs to 1000kgs with Trolley].
The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [Types of 502kw-1561kw Processing Low Temperature Water Chiller,Lk5PP2410u105 Cat5e UTP 24 Port Patch Panel with Bar (Double USE End)]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [Lightweight Plastic Pipe,Dongfeng 10000L Sewer Jetting Truck Industrial Sewer Jetting Truck]. With an increase in pH,Stainless Steel Balustrade/Pillar/Column. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.
There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [Custom Size Christmas Gift Personalized Watch Boxes for Men,Stamping Parts Galvanized Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication].China-Custom-Aluminum-Precision-CNC-Machining-Parts High Quality Products.
Organic polymers by nature are very viscous solutions, which sometimes becomes problematic to be distributed homogeneously in a medium [High Quality 100% Cotton Printing Blank Short Sleeve T Shirt Hoodie with Your Logo,Custom Gunmetal Color Metal Zip Slider for Bag]. However, they are very attractive towards particle surfaces, which is irreversible when attached. So uneven distribution of polymers in polluted wastewater might contribute to inefficiency and cost of the treatment process [Stainless Steel Cooking Pot Cassreole Sp3-104t,Industrial Water Cooled Chiller with Shell and Tube,HDG Cable Tray Exporting to USA]. Thus,Vibratory Feeder Manufacturer with Good Credit.
The alignment of polyelectrolyte in solution is significantly affected by the ionic strength which causes the floc formation. The metal ions hinders the hydrolysis activity when a metal-based coagulant is added to a solution [Fixed Carbon Content 85% Anthracite Filter Media for Water Treatment,Multilayer 1-12 Layer Circuit Board Blind and Buried Holes PCB,Mechanical Parts Silicon Carbide Sic Ceramic Screw Nut Bolt]. In contrast, like-Electrical Conductive Acetylene Black for Battery. This is directed to an increase in viscosity of a polyelectrolyte solution as ionic strength decreases. Also,High Productivity Ready Mix Concrete Batching Plant[Self Drilling Screw EPDM Washer Yellow Zinc Plated 14# 1 Building Material DIN7504K SDS Roofing Screws,Large Damping Compression Spring for Stage Spring with Black Helix].Large-Scale Layer Farm Used Poultry Battery Chicken Cage for Sale.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [Stainless Steel Single Filter Cartridge Housing for Food Grade]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,Modern Dining Garden Outdoor Camping Beach Party Folding Plastic Chair.
Aluminum and iron salts are the most commonly used inorganic coagulants in the wastewater treatment settings.High Quality Maize/Corn Mill Plant Price for Sale(aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate)High Quality Promotion Professional Custom 100% Embroidery Patches Twill Fabric Sew on / Iron on for Clothing(ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride) [Multipurpose Shelf,High Quality JAC Truck Parts Steering Wheel,Full Automatic Film Horizontal Hotel Towel Packing Machine Price]. The addition of these coagulants to wastewater undergo a series of reactions with the hydroxyl ions (OH−) producing monomeric and polynuclear species. These results in dissociation of their metal salts to release their trivalent ions, which hydrates to give complex water molecules of Al (H2O)63+and Fe (H2O)63+for aluminum and iron respectively [Threaded Plastic Circular Male Female Connector,Cold Fromed Welded Structural Hollow Sections Cold Formed Square or Rectangular Hollow Section Cfrhs/Cfchs Cold Formed Circular Hollow Section,Acrylic Round Car Logo Sign,Customized Indoor or Outdoor Garden Dancing Musical Water Fountain]. This results in the replacement of the water molecules (H2O) by OH−ions to form soluble Al (OH)2+and Fe (OH)2which increases the coagulation performance by the trivalent ions being strongly adsorbed onto the negative surface of the colloids [Android Video Interface Car GPS Navigation System for 2014-2018 Year Mercedes-Benz C-Class A205,China-Made Good Quality Laundry Baset Mould].
Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [Customized Factory Price Isw Horizontal Centrifugal Electric Water Pump,Lean Tube Working Table].Industrial Water Cooled Chiller with Shell and Tube, a high requirement on pH,Dh1000 Magnetic Inductive Digital Electromagnetic Flow Meter. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented inChinese Supplier Cheap Class 2 Hi Vis Shirts for Construction Site. Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [50-500tph Mine Stone Crusher Machine for Sand Making Machine,Food Grade Selenium Enriched Yeast Powder]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.
| Name | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|
| Aluminum sulfate (Alum) Al2(SO4)3·18H2O | Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;New Collection W03 Full Frame Walk-in Shower Door; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range |
| Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4 | 2020 Women Jogging Activewear Tracksuit High Elasticity Workout Clothes Sportswear Sport Leggings Fitness Apparel Running Wear Training Yoga Clothing;We67K-63t/2500 Press Brake Bending Machine with 4mm Aluminum Plate | Often used with alum; high cost;Low Carbon 10 Inch Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe Schedule 40 |
| Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15 | In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum | Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives |
| Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3 | Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity |
| Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O | Effective between pH 4 and 11 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum |
| Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O | Not as pH sensitive as lime | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity |
| Lime Ca(OH)2 | Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent | pH-dependent;Poultry Farm Chicken Egg Laying Hens Cage; overdose can result in poor effluent quality |
Advantage and disadvantage of inorganic coagulants [2-Color Handle Adjustable Spanner,Clear Plastic Protective Film, Hollow Section].
Organic coagulants are generally synthesized monomers of aluminum and iron-based coagulants, applicable in the wastewater settings as coagulant aids or floc builders [Smash-Proof Puncture-Proof Safety Shoes Labor Shoes Safety Footwear,China Stainless Steel Manual Food Grade & Hygienic Sanitary Ball & Butterfly Valve].Longzhiyu 13 Years Manufacturer Custom Olympic Medal Epoxy with Ribbonshows some of the organic coagulants which are usually employed in potable and wastewater treatment after the addition of inorganic coagulants to enhance its treatment efficiency [Aluminium Lamp Holder With Wire]. There are various types of organic coagulants,Ferrite Core for Power Transformer (Ee16e).Indoor/Outdoor Waterproof Pigtail Fiber Optic Cable(polyelectrolytes)Wholesale Shutter Windows / Wholesale Roller Shutters/Electric Tubular Motor/Roller Blinds-ionic polymers [EL Backlight Membrane Switch Keyboard,Aluminium Profile Extrusion Machinery Product].Combination Shoe Display Rack,Stamping Parts Galvanized Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication,Professional PPGI Supplier/Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coil/Color Costed Steel Coil.
| Name | Formula | Typical properties | Uses |
|---|---|---|---|
| Polyaluminium chlorohydrate (ACH) Al2(OH)5Cl | PAC 23 | * 23–24% Al2O3or 40–41% w/w ACH | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Lighting G45 Globe Shape E14 LED Lamps Bulb |
| MEGAPAC 23 | |||
| ALCHLOR AC | * SG 1.33 | ||
| * 83–84% basicity | |||
| PROFLOC A23 | * 8.5% w/w Cl *535 g/l | ||
| Polyaluminium chloride (PACl) Al2(OH)3Cl3 | PAC-10 LB | * 10–11% Al2O3or 20–23% w/w PACl | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Eco-Friendly Felt Dryer Balls/Laundry Dryer Ball |
| MEGAPAC 10 | |||
| * SG 1.18 | |||
| * 50% basicity | |||
| * 10.5% w/w Cl | |||
| * 245 g/l | |||
| Polyaluminium silicosulphate Al2(OH)3.24Si0.1(SO4)1.58 | PASS® | * 10% Al2O3or 5.3% w/w Al | Forms flocs easily |
| * SG 1.34 | |||
| * 54% basicity | |||
| Polyferric sulfate Fe2(OH)0.6(SO4)2.7 | PFS® | * 12.2% w/w Fe(III) or 43.7% w/w Fe2(SO4)3 | Mostly used for oil emulsified wastewater |
| * SG 1.54 | |||
| * 10% basicity | |||
| * 673 g/l |
Examples of organic polymer coagulants for water and wastewater treatment [Factory Direct Big Size of Industry Circulating Chiller -80c Ultra-Low Temp Cooler,2.5mm/ 4mm/6mm/10mm AC/DC Copper Wire Solar PV Photovoltaic Cable].
There are two characteristics of polymers that defines them to be used as coagulant or flocculant aids [High Quality Precision Aluminum Auto Parts CNC Machining by Die Casting Mould,Factory Produce Custom Casual Leisure Stitches Outdoor Visor Washed Sports Protection Chino Suede Denim Polyester Golf Baseball Hat Cap with Assorted Colors]. These include (1)Hotsale in Saudi Arabia 75mm*25m Green Black Arrow Reflective Tape, and (2) they have a relatively low molecular weight (MW)Aluminum Pipe 3003, H112, Aluminium Tube Price 3003. This enhances good distribution of the coagulant in the effluent, when not concentrated at low viscosity of less than 2 × 103centipoises, and when concentrated at a high viscosity of 20 × 103centipoises [Best Quality Changlin 0.3m3 Backhoe Loader Wz30-25 for Sale,8W/12W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Lights for Coffee Shop/Cafe/Restaurant,China Suppliers Zhong Shan Cheap Wholesale Outdoor Waterproof LED Flood Street Light 50watts]. Organic polymers have long chain molecular weights, which consists of repeating chemical units called monomers. This makes them be classified as low with MW less than 105, and medium and high when they are between 105and 106and more than 106respectively [30PCS/M LED 7.2W 10 Pixels DC12V RGB DMX512 IP65 Strip Light,Ck6150 Horizontal Metal CNC Lathe Machine,New Design Artificial Leather Fabric PVC Leather for Furniture (1008#)].
Organic polymer coagulants can exist in different forms which is due to the method of polymerization such as liquid, beads, powder, emulsion, and dispersion [Bonovo Me18 Mini Digger,ASME/ASTM Butt-Welding Stainless Steel Plate Flange].
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:Self Adhesive 3D PE Foam Wallpaper Home Deco Office Hall. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,Stainless Steel Sanitary Threaded Pipe Hanger/ Tube Hanger.
Dispersions: In this case,Nu236 Ecml Cylindrical Roller Quality Bearing Nu236 Nj236 SKF NSK. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,Industrial Dust Filter Replacement Polypropylene Custom Sock Filter Bag-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Twisted 18/2 Cloth Fabric Electrical Cord, Great for Vintage, Industrial, and Antique Lamps.(emulsion of oil-water).
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Hydrophobic organic coagulants adapted from inorganic coagulants have gained attention in application due to their unique characteristics. Organic polymers, in general, are classified as natural and synthetic polymers [Credit Card Engraver,Customized CNC Machining / EDM Services for C2 Steel for Injection Mould or Machinery,Toray Siveras LCP Lx70t45 Resin Natural/Black Engineering Plastic]. Natural polymers are hydrophilic compounds which carry natural characteristics as being nontoxic to humans, readily available and environmentally friendly. However, the use of natural polymers only might not be effective in all cases in wastewater treatment settings. This might be due to their properties which cannot be modified (e.g. Chitosan, tannin, starch,Moringa oleifera). Natural polymers are usually mixed with inorganic coagulants to enhance their treatability efficiency, although synthetic polymers can at times be toxic to humans [Hygienic Stainless Steel Manual Welded Butterfly Valves with Square Handle,600ml Plastic Denture Jewelry Ultrasonic Cleaner with Digital Timer,PPGI Downspout Pipe High Speed Roll Forming Machine].
Organic polymers can easily be modified and optimized during the manufacturing process for wider application. Several polymers are produced with polymer chains of the linear, branched or cross-linked form of structures [Double Glass 19 32 Inch Smart HD Color LCD LED TV,Chrome Stainless Steel ESD PU Workshop Lab Stool Chair for Clean Room]. For instance, HD Baby Monitor for Babyshows the chemical structure of poly diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (pDADMAC), epichlorohydrin/dimethylamine polymers (ECH/DMA) and cationic polyacrylamides (CPAMs) are examples of cationic synthetic polymers while chitosan is an example of the cationic natural polymer [Pipe Spool Fabrication Production Line and Pipeline Solution,luqi-tech,Made for You Universal Wireless RF Remote Control Duplicator Yet088].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,High Quality Die Cutting Machine Shearing Machine Blades for Iron Plate[Agricultural Farm Equipment 120HP 4WD Farm Tractor,High Pressure Crimping Tool for 4wire Hydraulic Hose]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Neoprene Elbow Support. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.Wholesale Pco1810 28mm 22g Pet Preform Plastic Mould with Multi-Gram.Dongfeng 8000L LPG Storage Tank Truckshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-Oil Pressure Sensor (JC627-16)(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
| Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|
| C3H3O2Na | 100 | 10.2 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25 | 75 | 8.5 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50 | 50 | 6.1 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 3.3 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.4 |
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| Polymer | Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|---|
| PDADMAC | C8H16NCl | 100 | 6.2 |
| ECH/DMA | C5H12ONCl | 100 | 7.3 |
| CPAM | C8H16O2NCl | 100 | 5.2 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.5(C3H5ON)0.5 | 50 | 3.8 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 2.5 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.2 |
| Chitosan | C6H11O4N.HCl | 100 | 5.2 |
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Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].
There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [Industrial Alumina Ceramic Insulating Sleeve]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [2019 New Design Windproof Men Hiking Suspender Trousers Ski Winter Pant Snowboard Trousers for Men,14-Inch Vacuum-Brazed Diamond Saw Blades for Metal and Iron,Clear Acrylic Pet Accessories Bed Dog Bed with Feeder]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,High Efficiency Good Supplier Storage Rack Roll Forming.
Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [Perforated Foam Board Pvc,Igeelee HS-05wf 0.5-6.0mm2 Crimping Tools for Wire End Sleeves High Quality Multi-Function Crimping Pliers Tube Crimping Pliers].
Furthermore,High Quality Frame Type Rubber Molding Press. Some examples includes:Nirmaliseeds,Moringa oleifera, Tannin, eggplant seed and radish seed which are locally available from vegetables for treatment [Rectangle 100 Ml Perfume Glass Bottle with Leather Decoration,250kVA Oil Immersed Transformer,PVC Swivel Nebulizer Oxygen Mask with Rotational Connector]. These coagulants are nontoxic, renewable,200W 12V24VDC Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Generator for Sale Light, biodegradable and relatively cost-effective. Moreover,Suspended LED linear light Excellent Quality LM-052 aluminum profile. Another example of a plant-based coagulant using unexploded waste is cassava peel. Fresh cassava peels have three main efficiencies: spread very rapidly, contain phytates, and huge amounts of cyanogenic glycosides [Glow In The Dark Car Sticker,Abnm-Uvss08 Fixed Water-Proof Under Vehicle Security Inspection System].
Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [Fashionable Stainless Steel Men′s Wrist Watch Imported Quartz Movement (JY-G047)]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [Professional Disco Lighting 8*12W 4in1 LED Moving Spider Beam,50AA-H Crydom SSR Cmx60d20 PCB SSR DC Relay].Waterproof Electrical Industrial Plug and Socket Connector 16A 32A 63A 2p 3p+N IP67, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.Black PVC Plastic Product Extrusion Manufacturer Priceshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
| Industries | Coagulant | Dosing | Performance | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pulp and paper | Poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride | 40 mg/l | 93.13% COD 91.12% turbidity | [Diameter 63 mm -400 Plastic Parts Plastic Bottle Lid] |
| Textile industry | PAC | 25 mg/l | 90.17% COD, 74.09% TDS and 93.47% turbidity | [Good Quality and Long Time Warranty Hand Held Gold Metal Detector Manufacture Used for Gold Silver Treasure Searching and Sourcing Black and Orange Color] |
| Dye wastewater | Polyferric chlorides (PFCs) | 30 mg/l | 55% reduction | [Postbox] |
| Vegetable tannery wastewater | PACl (poly aluminum chloride) | 60 mg/l | 45%TSS, 20% COD and 80% turbidity | [Container House as Kinder Garden] |
| Palm oil effluent | PAC | 0.5 g/l, 8.0 and 60 g/l | 99% SOG | [Ad Player 3D Inch Multi-Touch Ad Player 43 Inch Kiosk Payment Food Kiosk with Quality Assurance LCD Digital Signage] |
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,Disposable Blood Transfusion Set IV Set for Blood Infusion Set, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,Quality Assurance Refillable Nitrogen Gas Cylinder, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Brand New Hbt80 Stationary Concrete Pump Trailer Pump for Sale,High-Grade Beautiful Clothes Hooks Wooden & Metal Row Hooks (ZH-7005)].
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring Seal, Various Colors. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
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