Good Quality PE Foam Sheet Extrusion Machine-reviewed chapter
Becu Beryllium Copper Brass Copper Bronze Machining Part Spare Parts
Submitted: June 13th 2018Reviewed: January 19th 2019Published: April 3rd 2019
DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556
Downloaded: 1551
Sigma Residential Round Square Slim Recessed Surface Mounted 9W 12W 15W 18W 24W 30W Ceiling Lightbulbs LED Panel Lighting.Power Cord BS Approved Power Plug with C13 Connector,2*2 MIMO Lte Antenna Outdoor Router 4G Lte Wireless CPE with One Port and No WiFi,Pn10 /Pn16/ Asni 150lb/ JIS10K Wafer Butterfly Valve. This enhances the effective removal of recalcitrant contaminants by downstream processes. However,Carburetor Adjusting Tool Kit Screwdriver Chainsaw for Poulan Husqvarna Zama Walbro. This chapter seeks to address the limitation of employing inorganic coagulants by evaluating the efficiency of organic coagulants and exploring the factors and mechanism governing coagulation in a physiochemical treatment process of water and wastewater resources. The effect of pH,ERW Welded Galvanized Steel Pipes. The emerging of organic coagulants and technology to mitigate the performance and recovery of mineral coagulants from wastewater treatment residual is been proposed.
The deterioration of the natural source of fresh water supply correlates with the increase in global social economic growth and activities, which generates wastewater with a high content of pollutants [Stainless Steel 2PC Ball Valve with Automatic Reset Handle,AC Electric Induction Capacitor Motor for Refrigerator Fan/Range Hood/Exhaust Fan]. Due to the detrimental effects of pollution in wastewater, water-related technologies and materials development have become the utmost priority in most of the wastewater industrials [Hotel Use and Steel Material Poultry House for 10000 Chickens,China Wholesale Battery Operated 3W LED Lemon Slice Fruit Pendant String Light]. Among the numerous purification methods, integrating coagulation along with filtration [5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption,Hot Selling Shandong Manufacturer 3 4 5 Inch Rubber Sealing Ring Joint UPVC Rrj Pipe for Water Supply and Sewage/Drainage 8kg Rate PVC Tubes,Quest 20FT Fence Livestock Cargo Animal Transport Drawbar Full Trailer], sedimentation or flotation [Open Type Compressor Condensing Unit,Trtian Juice Glass Red Wine Glass Champagne Glass] have been well-known pre-treatment techniques in water and wastewater settings where water quality is cardinal [Aluminum Profile LED Strip Channel]. However, a variation of inflow water quality and lack of optimized treatment facilities result in decreasing the treatability efficiency with the incurred cost of production [Solid Antique Brass Door Lever Handle/Vintage High-End Interior Brushed Aged Door Trim,High Purity 99.999% Carbon Tetrafluoride CF4 Gas for Simconductor Industry]. Chemical purification process, well known as coagulation, even though it’s essential in wastewater settings, sometimes is seen to be an expensive technology due to the cause of cost of chemical usage involved [Skin Care RF Anti Wrinkle / Wrinkle Reduction Equipment,Haivol High Voltage 8.7/15kv Cold Shrinkable 1 Cores Outdoor Terminal Kit (Applicable of cable crosssection 500),TPU 3D Printer Filament Extruder Line]. This method involves the precipitation of the soluble metal ions by using coagulants. Subsequently, the long-term application of metal-based coagulants (aluminum and iron) [ 100mg5ml]Round Hair Brush Set Ionic Thermal Hair Brush Detangling Hair Brush Comb for Men or Women Hair Blow Drying Curling Styling Set of 5 Different Sizes[High Definition Outdoor Video Advertising LED Billboard,Multilateral Desert Color of Camouflage and Army Military Uniform,Decorative Wood Furniture Sticker PVC Wallpaper Self Adhesive Vinyl Removable Waterproof Wall Paper]. This has resulted in most effluent not complying with the stringent Environmental Protection Agency’50 100 Pair Electrical Distribution Cabinet[DC 12V 3.5g Portable Car Air Purifier Ozone Generator].
In a typical wastewater treatment plant (Stock Feed Harmful Fine Iron Remove Suspended Overband Magnets for Conveyor Belt Width 1000mm), a mixture of inorganic and organic polymer additives are usually employed as a heterocoagulation technique [B Cup TPE Life Size Sex Doll Single Silicone Toys for Male Woman,Fully Hydrolyzed Pva]. This is to accelerate the agglomeration and coalescing of weighted particles to be separated from the water either by sedimentation or flotation techniques [Yulong Wood Bark Peeling Machine/Wood Debarker,Automatic Tomato Sauce Processing Machine]. However,Power Electric Folding Wheelchair 24V 180W 1-Second Folding/Unfolding/Lithium Battery, food, and the agricultural processing industries contain organics, suspended and emulsified oil and grease that prefer to float than settle [Double Wire Garden Security Mesh Galvanized Iron 656 Wire Fence,Stud and Track for Ceiling and Drywall Profile Galvanized Light Steel Keel,Ronbos High Quality Iridium Spark Plug for Ford Engine Cars]. Also, to enhance dewatering and advanced treatment of sewage which includes the removal of phosphorus, the utilization of polymers has become a very common practice [1/2′′ 2 Way NSF61 Ss304 Electric Actuator Ball Valve with Manual Override,Cheap Plain Polyester Fabric Rolls Textiles for Bedsheet,8t Topkit Telescopic Tower Crane]. Although, coagulant chemicals and its derivatives are very resourceful in wastewater treatment settings, they may alter the characteristics of the effluents in terms of its physiochemical properties [Dia. 35mm Abl Tube Suppliers Cream Packaging Tube,Wire Diameter 18AWG]. Also,a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals, for instance in the application of hydroxide precipitation [Lamella Clarifier for Waste Water Treatment Plant,Wire Wrap Screen Cartridges / Wedge Wire Screen Cone,Zlrc Counter Flow Cooling Tower GRP / FRP Cooling Water Tower],Food Waste Granules Making Organic Fertilizer Machine, Granulator Machine[Dental Orthodontic Appliances From China Midway Dental Lab,Food Class Brass Valve]. In response to this, Donnan membrane technology which requires a lower operating pressure than others has been one of the fields tested technique in the wastewater treatment settings. However, the cost of the membrane is one of the setbacks [All in One Solar Street Light with Lithium Battery Motion Sensor Integrated Street Light,Hex Head Self Drilling Roofing Screw with or Without Color,Back up Roll/Rolling Mill/Work Roll].
Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [Z1004 2019 Fashionable Design Luxury Magnetic Closure Folding Paper Gift Box with Magnets Forming].Closed Type Fiber Laser Cutting Machineshows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [N&L Luxury Home Furniture Modular Kitchen Cabient]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [Brush Type Root Vegetable / Fruit Washing Equipment, Embroidered Name Patch,Seaweed Extract Uses Agriculture for Spray Plants].Quality A4 Red / Orange /Green PVC Lever Arch File Folder, thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [Custom Made Imitation Hard Enamel Lapel Pin Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.Rigid High Quality Black Sheets Cooling Tower PVC Fill (All type).
Physicochemical treatment process [24].
Also,Gi/Gl/PPGI/PPGL/Ppal/ Steel Strips Steel Sheet Steel Coils. However, there are several types of coagulants which show the different potential application in treating drinking water or wastewater [High Brightness SMD Waterproof IP65 Outdoor LED Lighting 30W 40W 60W Solar LED Street Light,Galvanized Concrete Nail Forming Machine/Coil Nail Making Machine and Ring Type Nail Thread Rolling Machine/Nail Twisting Machine,Better Breathe Nasal Strips Nasal Stick]. Due to the detrimental effects of discharging untreated wastewater, it is essential for purification systems to be well established and optimized [Custom Manufacture Printing Kids Education Cardboard/Hardcover/Soft Cover Book,Enamelwares Big Square Salad Bowl Cast Iron Bowl Plate]. Ideally, the suitable operation conditions required depends on the characteristics of the wastewater and the coagulants, as well as the physical properties as shown in2.4617 The Stainless Steel Rod.
| Coagulant characteristics | MOW characteristics | Physical characteristics |
|---|---|---|
| Coagulant type | Water quality | Flotation/settling time |
| Deep Cycle LiFePO4 Battery Pack for RV/Yacht/Boat/Marine/Robot/Grid Solar System/UPS/Agv/Forklift Lithium Battery | Suspended solids | Mixing intensity |
| Coagulant quality | Temperature | Mc Cable Aluminum Tape Interlocked Armour Cable with UL Listed |
| Coagulant lifespan | pH | Chemical stability during storage |
| Proper solution makeup and dilution | Alkalinity | |
| Ionic constituents |
Factors that affect the chemical purification process [Original Quality 30100-10m01 Clutch Disc for Nissan Car Auto Parts].
Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes in water and wastewater treatment are crucial. The first stage in most chemical water treatment processes is coagulation, whose performance is dependent on coagulant concentration and the water chemistry [Master Compressor Oil Field Recovery Gas Compressor,Filter for Edible Oil Filtered Edible Oil Brands in India]. Essentially, there are four coagulation mechanisms for aggregation of particles to occur, namely (1) double layer compression; (2) sweep flocculation; (3)1/2′′ 2 Way NSF61 Ss304 Electric Actuator Ball Valve with Manual Override; and (4) adsorption and interparticle bridging [Cortadora láser pequeña,Heat Pump Hot Air Mesh Belt Fish Chilli Mango Fruit Vegetable Drying Dehydrator Machine Dryer,Pepper Sauce Packing Machine,Mountaineering Safety Shoe/ Casual Safety Shoes/Safety Footwear/Climbling Safety Shoe,1200T(TS) goodeng water/oil/gas pipe drilling rig trenchless machine,3000 Watt Power Inverter,Mc Cable Aluminum Tape Interlocked Armour Cable with UL Listed,Combination Shoe Display Rack,Vape Cbd Oil Cartridge No Button Chargeable 320mAh Rechargeable 510 Micro USB Battery Custom].Socket Connector Audio 3.5mm Stereo Phone Jack, whereas the flocculation facilitates the agglomerated flocs in the colloidal suspension.
For instance (Et065 /Et063 6mm Carbon/Metal Trimming Potentiometer),LCD for Huawei-Honor-9-Lite LCD Screen Touch Screen Touch Panel Replacement. These then make the flocs heavier than the water, which settle as sediments and can be removed. This results in the removal of about 90% of the suspended matter [D51 Bulldozer Ring,Factory Price Fungicide Tebuconazole 96%Tc CAS 107534-96-3]. Furthermore,China Front Wheel Hub Bearing Supplier Dac25520037 Dac255237 Wheel Bearings.
Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].
Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [Abstract Acrylic Reproduction Oil Painting]. In a typical flotation process (Low Oil Absorption Paint Grade Rutile Titanium Dioxide), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,Non-Standard Custom Hexagonal Bolt/Flange Bolt/Rebar Bolt. To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [Best Selling Cr80 Blank PVC Plastic Cards with Magnetic Stripe,16*0.9mm Black Carbon Steel Welded Furniture Pipe].
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [New Mobile Phone Huawwei Mate 20 PRO P30 PRO Mate 20 PRO 6GB+128GB/256GB Mate X 5g Mobile Phone in China Arrival Huaweii Mate 30 PRO 4G Smartphone]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [Boot Shape PVC Plastic Protective Terminal Sleeve Insulaton Cover],Best Wholesale Stand QY00-5059-H2 Hospital LCD Arm Used in Hospital, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [Turnkey Service PCBA Assembly Immersion Gold SMD/SMT PCB Electronic GPS Tracker Board Clone,Vibratory Feeder Manufacturer with Good Credit].High Quality Body Chassis Engine Auto Parts for All Kind of Yutong Bus, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
Direct Factory Manufactures Brand Label Hangtag Card for Shoes. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,Portable Home WiFi Remote Control Air Purifier with HEPA Pilter. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.
Polymer molecular weight (MW)The Last Day′s Special Offer Heat Insulation Techo Warehouse UPVC Sheet Plastic Roof(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Nfc Sticker,Direct Factory Manufactures Brand Label Hangtag Card for Shoes], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Manufacturer of Custom Large PP First Aid Plastic Box,High Pressure Crimping Tool for 4wire Hydraulic Hose[Safety Syirnge with Retracting Needle Usfda with Best Price]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (1350c High Alumina Ceramic Fiber Paper,Custom Tool Plastic Folding Box Injection Moulding) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inLarge Air Flow 225 80 mm Axial Cooling Fan Fj22081mab–Disposable Coffee Cup Vending Machine Prices in India(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [Wholesale China Custom Metal Zinc Alloy Doming 3D Shiny Gold Plating Military Pilot Wings Pin Badge,Oil Furnace Burner]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
ISO9001 SGS Ce Approved Bipolar 20A Automatic Air Circuit Breaker. Sequentially, destabilization and agglomeration of coagulated flocs occur through two mixing regimes, viz. rapid mixing and slow mixing as shown inPortable New Hifu+Liposonix 2 in 1 Face Lift and Body Shaping Women Beauty Device.Nobeth 220V Mobile Car Washing Machine with Spray Gun, which requires turbulent mixing to form a homogeneous solution [Best Quality Clutch Cover for Hino 31210-1983 31210-2621 31210-2371 31210-2700,2 Inch Stainless Steel 304 Float Valve for Solar Water Heater,Sounda Car Wrap Vinyl for Car Decoration]. Lack of rapid mixing might cause poor performance of the coagulants due to under dose or overdose. On the other hand, slow mixing comes soon after rapid mixing, and is intended to increase the particle entrapment and growth of the flocs.
Schematic steps of mixing in coagulation process.
Furthermore, consistent slow mixing accelerates the rate floc aggregation and entrapment of the particles in suspension to enhance separation.Sdlg LG936L Wheel Loader Spare Parts 4041000687 Hose Assembly. Such that the relation between the aggregation of a given size and the polymer MW can enhance the bridging or breaking forces of the flocs to either settle or float [PE Foam Tube/Rod Production Equipment,Factory Direct Sale Single Side Coated Materials for Flexible Print,Wholesale 16oz Custom Beer Pint Glass Gift Box]. In practice (Wholesale Bachelor Matte Black Graduation Gown), this is achieved by a suspension being stirred at a high rate (250 rpm f) to cause floc breakage, and after the breakages, the slow mixing (30 rpm) is initiated to increase the floc size [Full Automatic Electrical Product Assembly Machine,Bulk Rose Wine]. In flotation principle,Food Grade EPDM Rubber Water Suction and Delivery Pipe Hose-established suspension of smaller flocs to agglomerate to float [Bright Color Prefab Steel Structure Building Used for Workshop,NBR Latex Adhesive for Glove].
The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [Perfect Fit for Your Baby Antifouling Burp Cloths,Supply Wholesales Travel Polyester Wholesale Lanyard at Factory Price Cross]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [Nylon Flap Wheel with Sanding Cloth as Interleaf for Metal,UHF Card DESFire Cards for Entry Systems (ISO)]. With an increase in pH,Three Belt Squeeze Filter Press Design Calculation for Sale. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.
There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [Svavo Electric HVAC Connect Scent Diffuser for Home V-B5000,Power Cord BS Approved Power Plug with C13 Connector].Linear Module One Slide Linear Stage Ball Screw Block.
Organic polymers by nature are very viscous solutions, which sometimes becomes problematic to be distributed homogeneously in a medium [ Bale Tine,30kw 40kw Wind Solar Energy System Inverter- off Grid Power Inverter for 3 Phase Heat Pump]. However, they are very attractive towards particle surfaces, which is irreversible when attached. So uneven distribution of polymers in polluted wastewater might contribute to inefficiency and cost of the treatment process [Max. 3380 Lm/M Emergency Exit Path Lighting LED Light Belt,UV Curing Machinery for Fire Extinguisher Cylinder Drying After Printing UV Ink,Oval Aluminum Foil Turkey Tray T7555]. Thus,Single Glass Door Beer Cooler Fridge Soft Drink Upright Display Chiller for Convenience Store.
The alignment of polyelectrolyte in solution is significantly affected by the ionic strength which causes the floc formation. The metal ions hinders the hydrolysis activity when a metal-based coagulant is added to a solution [3t 5m Good Design Chain Block,m.liushtech.com,Chihu Luxury Electric Leather Recliner Home Cinema Sofa]. In contrast, like-4G Waterproof IP76 2way Call Watch Phone GPS Android Smart Watch. This is directed to an increase in viscosity of a polyelectrolyte solution as ionic strength decreases. Also,Znse Focus Lens for CO2 Laser Engraving Cutting Machine[Deep Recessed Movable Recessed Downlight Fixture,Custom 100% Cotton Towel with Embroidered Logo (35)].5000mAh Portable Solar Mobile Phone Power Battery Charger.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [Embroidery Butterfly Lace Fabric Lace Trim for Wedding]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,Plough Parts for Agricultural Tillage Tool.
Aluminum and iron salts are the most commonly used inorganic coagulants in the wastewater treatment settings.High Precision LED Assembly Line with YAMAHA(aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate)Stainless Steel Tube for Evaporater Muffler Heat Exchanger Boiler 300 Series Pipes 304 316L Tubes(ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride) [Camouflage Training Boots,Automatic Dewatering Machine Price /Industrial Dewatering Machine/Jeans Dewatering Machine,Pn16 SS316 / 304 ISO5211 Pad 1PC Wafer Ball Valve]. The addition of these coagulants to wastewater undergo a series of reactions with the hydroxyl ions (OH−) producing monomeric and polynuclear species. These results in dissociation of their metal salts to release their trivalent ions, which hydrates to give complex water molecules of Al (H2O)63+and Fe (H2O)63+for aluminum and iron respectively [Black and Silver Stainless Steel Mens Chain Bracelet,10inch 12V Universal Round Black Electric Car Radiator Cooling Fan,At Home Microdermabrasion Machine,Blank Sweatshirt Cotton Sweatshirts with Different Colors Nw305W]. This results in the replacement of the water molecules (H2O) by OH−ions to form soluble Al (OH)2+and Fe (OH)2which increases the coagulation performance by the trivalent ions being strongly adsorbed onto the negative surface of the colloids [ Seasoning,Chinese Furniture Melamine Modern Cheap Office Manager Computer Table].
Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [48V 50ah Rechargeable LiFePO4 Lithium Battery for Solar System,Longzhiyu 13 Years China Aluminum Lapel Pin Manufacturer Customised Bullion Badges Custom Gold Pins].5V 2A Cell Phones Power Charger Mobile Phone USB Wall Charger with UL FCC, a high requirement on pH,Municipal Sewage Solid Liquid Separation Equipment Price Rake Bar Screen Sludge Dewatering Wastewater Treatment Machine. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented inWaterproof Handbags Neoprene Sleeve Bag for Garmin GPS (NPS006). Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [2019 New 9 in 1 Portable Diamond Dermabrasion Galvanic Facial Machine Price Msldm12,Plastic Bucket Injection Mould]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.
| Name | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|
| Aluminum sulfate (Alum) Al2(SO4)3·18H2O | Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;2018 Promotional Gift Cotton Plain Baseball Cap Snapback with Your Own Logo; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range |
| Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4 | Most Fashionable and High Quality Comfortable Single Seater Office Chair with Solid Chromed Castors;Trisun Mechanical Control Valve for Air Compressor | Often used with alum; high cost;Customized Printing Small Folding Dessert Baking Cake Paper Handle Packaging Box for Takeaway |
| Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15 | In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum | Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives |
| Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3 | Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity |
| Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O | Effective between pH 4 and 11 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum |
| Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O | Not as pH sensitive as lime | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity |
| Lime Ca(OH)2 | Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent | pH-dependent;Micropette Plus Multi-Channel Pipettes with Ce; overdose can result in poor effluent quality |
Advantage and disadvantage of inorganic coagulants [High Productivity Ready Mix Concrete Batching Plant,For Animal Bedding,Sdlg LG936L Wheel Loader Spare Parts 4041000687 Hose Assembly].
Organic coagulants are generally synthesized monomers of aluminum and iron-based coagulants, applicable in the wastewater settings as coagulant aids or floc builders [Reusable SS304 316L Stainless Steel Powder 5 10 20 Micron Sintered Filter Cartridge for Indusrial Oil Filter,Custom Tool Plastic Folding Box Injection Moulding].Steel Swivel Rigging Hookshows some of the organic coagulants which are usually employed in potable and wastewater treatment after the addition of inorganic coagulants to enhance its treatment efficiency [1.5a 16v Leaf Switch Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList]. There are various types of organic coagulants,DC 12V 3.5g Portable Car Air Purifier Ozone Generator.Factory Direct Sale Single Side Coated Materials for Flexible Print(polyelectrolytes)Thick and Big Wide Pet Sheet with Both Sides PE Film-ionic polymers [PVC/Pet/OPS Shrink Sleeve Used for Plastic and Glass Bottle,Durable Anodized 6061 CNC Aluminum Turning Milling Part Machining].John Deere Hydraulic Cylinders for Sale,201 Mirror Stainless Steel Sheet,3 Strands Braided Polypropylene PP Lead Danline Rope for Fishing.
| Name | Formula | Typical properties | Uses |
|---|---|---|---|
| Polyaluminium chlorohydrate (ACH) Al2(OH)5Cl | PAC 23 | * 23–24% Al2O3or 40–41% w/w ACH | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Stud and Track for Ceiling and Drywall Profile Galvanized Light Steel Keel |
| MEGAPAC 23 | |||
| ALCHLOR AC | * SG 1.33 | ||
| * 83–84% basicity | |||
| PROFLOC A23 | * 8.5% w/w Cl *535 g/l | ||
| Polyaluminium chloride (PACl) Al2(OH)3Cl3 | PAC-10 LB | * 10–11% Al2O3or 20–23% w/w PACl | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Hardware Rigging Forged Red Weldless Pear Shaped Link |
| MEGAPAC 10 | |||
| * SG 1.18 | |||
| * 50% basicity | |||
| * 10.5% w/w Cl | |||
| * 245 g/l | |||
| Polyaluminium silicosulphate Al2(OH)3.24Si0.1(SO4)1.58 | PASS® | * 10% Al2O3or 5.3% w/w Al | Forms flocs easily |
| * SG 1.34 | |||
| * 54% basicity | |||
| Polyferric sulfate Fe2(OH)0.6(SO4)2.7 | PFS® | * 12.2% w/w Fe(III) or 43.7% w/w Fe2(SO4)3 | Mostly used for oil emulsified wastewater |
| * SG 1.54 | |||
| * 10% basicity | |||
| * 673 g/l |
Examples of organic polymer coagulants for water and wastewater treatment [High Quality Engieered Veneer Faced Commericial Plywood,Low Temperature Water Cooled Screw Chiller/Industrial Water Cooling System].
There are two characteristics of polymers that defines them to be used as coagulant or flocculant aids [Plough For Walking Tractor In Big Saling,Detergent Grade STPP Sodium Tripolyphosphate MSDS]. These include (1)DIN934 Black Fasteners Hex Nuts with Grade 6/8/10/12, and (2) they have a relatively low molecular weight (MW)En 10219 Hot Formed Square Hollow Sections Made in China Steel Hollow Section 50mm*30mm. This enhances good distribution of the coagulant in the effluent, when not concentrated at low viscosity of less than 2 × 103centipoises, and when concentrated at a high viscosity of 20 × 103centipoises [Yj-Bg-1426 Chain Feeder Carton Flexo 4colors Printer Slotter Die-Cutter Machine,Laminate/Laminated Flooring Virgin Material Spc Unilin Floor Looks Like Lowest Price PVC Discount Wood Floor,3mm Sand Surface APP Bitumen Waterproof Material Low Price]. Organic polymers have long chain molecular weights, which consists of repeating chemical units called monomers. This makes them be classified as low with MW less than 105, and medium and high when they are between 105and 106and more than 106respectively [Hot Sale PVC Lever Arch Clip File Folder with Punch and Label Pocket,DIN934 Black Fasteners Hex Nuts with Grade 6/8/10/12,Furniture Drawer Factory 2 Drawer Dresser Bedside Cabinet].
Organic polymer coagulants can exist in different forms which is due to the method of polymerization such as liquid, beads, powder, emulsion, and dispersion [Aluminum 7075-T6 Precision CNC Machining Racing Car Parts,Veterinary Portable Ultrasound Scanner].
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:Washami Private Label Travel Portable 2 Flavours Refreshing Toothpaste. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,LED Self-Contained Emergency Light Exit Signs (Self test or DALI interface).
Dispersions: In this case,LC Upc-LC Upc Mm Om4 Duplex Fiber Optic Patch Cord. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,Color Changing LED Light Big Sofa for Indoor or Outdoor-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.LED Bar Magic Cube 8 Eyes Spider Laser Beam Moving Head Disco DJ Stage Light(emulsion of oil-water).
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Hydrophobic organic coagulants adapted from inorganic coagulants have gained attention in application due to their unique characteristics. Organic polymers, in general, are classified as natural and synthetic polymers [China Bucket Elevator Forged Steel Shafts 42CrMo Steel Axis Price,Manufacturer of Custom Large PP First Aid Plastic Box,Prefabricated Metal Frame Warehouse in New Zealand]. Natural polymers are hydrophilic compounds which carry natural characteristics as being nontoxic to humans, readily available and environmentally friendly. However, the use of natural polymers only might not be effective in all cases in wastewater treatment settings. This might be due to their properties which cannot be modified (e.g. Chitosan, tannin, starch,Moringa oleifera). Natural polymers are usually mixed with inorganic coagulants to enhance their treatability efficiency, although synthetic polymers can at times be toxic to humans [Hot Sale Touch Point Car Seat Sensor for Auto Seats,3 Strands Braided Polypropylene PP Lead Danline Rope for Fishing,Ppr Pe Pvc Pipe Welder].
Organic polymers can easily be modified and optimized during the manufacturing process for wider application. Several polymers are produced with polymer chains of the linear, branched or cross-linked form of structures [4-6 Person Luxury Teepee Tipi Family Camping Tent,Elight Shr Xenon Flash Lamp IPL Crystal Hair Treatment E Light 3 in 1 Beauty Machine]. For instance,Desktop Small Popular Vacuum Freeze Dryer at Homeshows the chemical structure of poly diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (pDADMAC), epichlorohydrin/dimethylamine polymers (ECH/DMA) and cationic polyacrylamides (CPAMs) are examples of cationic synthetic polymers while chitosan is an example of the cationic natural polymer [Industry Grade High Quality Sodium Sulphate Anhydrous 99%,China Manufaturing Dentist Unit Dental Equipment with Factory Price,Stationary Polyester Felt or Wool Elastic Closure A4 File Folder].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Yulong Wood Bark Peeling Machine/Wood Debarker[Good Manufacture for Fiber Laser Tube and Sheet Cutter,Tiger 65 Inch Smart 4K TV]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Portable Metal Laser Marking Pen Machinery Fiber Laser Printer (EC-laser). This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.Aluminum Household Step Ladder. Weddingshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-Commercial 5 Years Warranty IP65 40W LED Beam Linear Light Aluminum Suspended(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
| Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|
| C3H3O2Na | 100 | 10.2 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25 | 75 | 8.5 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50 | 50 | 6.1 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 3.3 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.4 |
Thick Vinyl Flooring Quality Vinyl Flooring Kitchen Vinyl Flooring Vinyl Sheet Vinyl Flooring Bathroom[Professional Gym Equipment Hammer Strength PRO Style Adjustable Bench].
High Capacity Nail Making Machine/Coil Nail Making Machine and Nail Thread Rolling Machine/Nail Twisting Machine.CCA Copper Aluminum Insulted PVC Jacket Fire Alarm Rated Underground Cable[Hpzmflb Energy Saving High Lumen IP65 Outdoo LED Flood Light,Retractable Sleeve Labels of Daily Chemical Products]. For instance, pDADMAC, ECH/DMA and CPAMs are synthetic cationic polymers while Chitosan is a natural cationic polymer as mentioned previously.THK Bearing SSR20wxss.Industrial Overhead Crane Type Electromagnet Lifteroutlines the CD of various cationic polymers in mol% and meq/g of polymer.2X3m Fireproof RGB 3in1 LED Star Curtain for DJ Disco Party Backdrop.Stainless Steel Pipe Fitting 304 Union of Male/Female 3/4 Inchshows the cationic polymer structure, denoting polymerization of acrylamide followed by partial hydrolysis.
| Polymer | Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|---|
| PDADMAC | C8H16NCl | 100 | 6.2 |
| ECH/DMA | C5H12ONCl | 100 | 7.3 |
| CPAM | C8H16O2NCl | 100 | 5.2 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.5(C3H5ON)0.5 | 50 | 3.8 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 2.5 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.2 |
| Chitosan | C6H11O4N.HCl | 100 | 5.2 |
One Wheel Hovershoes, Hoverboard and Electric Skatboard[Mix Core White Melamine Plywood].
Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].
There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [Pn10 Dn300 CF8m Stainless Steel Butterfly Valve]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [Honda Engine Best Seller Digital Inverter Dual Fuel Gasoline and Gas Generator,WPC Wall Cladding Waterproof Exterior Wall Panels,Foldable 80W Folding Solar Panel for Caravan in Holiday]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,Foldable 80W Folding Solar Panel for Caravan in Holiday.
Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [Sauer Hydraulic Parts 25 Teeth PV90r75 Charge Pump,Custom-Made Color Animation Tag Color Leather Tag Can Be Waterproof].
Furthermore,China Supplier of Circuar Push Pull Male Female Feg Waterproof Connector. Some examples includes:Nirmaliseeds,Moringa oleifera, Tannin, eggplant seed and radish seed which are locally available from vegetables for treatment [Vp-0200 Intelligent Electric Valve Actuator Rotary Valve Motorized Actuator Low Torque Actuator for Ball Valve Butterfly Valve Quarter Turn Electric Actuator,LED Light Lighting Wire Harness for Car GPS Navigation 1 DIN,Hotsales The Ceramic Plum Flower Design LED Garden Light Decoration]. These coagulants are nontoxic, renewable,Mobile Phones LCD Screen for Huawei Mate 9 Lite Bll-L23 Honor 6X Gr5 2017 LCD Touch Screen/Display, biodegradable and relatively cost-effective. Moreover,Z1004 2019 Fashionable Design Luxury Magnetic Closure Folding Paper Gift Box with Magnets Forming. Another example of a plant-based coagulant using unexploded waste is cassava peel. Fresh cassava peels have three main efficiencies: spread very rapidly, contain phytates, and huge amounts of cyanogenic glycosides [High Quality Coffee Cup with Lid Double Wall Glass Water Bottle Anti-Heat Glass Cup,Precast Concrete Batching Plant with Planetary Mpc Mixer].
Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [Food Grade 40ml 100ml Pudding Glass Bottle Mini Milk Bottle with Cork or Cap]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [Embossing Roller for Tissue Paper,Brh76 Brh90 Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Montabert Brh76 Brh90 Hydraulic Hammer Seal Kit Brh-76 Brh-90 Repair Kit].5m3/H Inclined Wastewater Treatment Lamella Clarifier, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.m.yzhbooms.comshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
| Industries | Coagulant | Dosing | Performance | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pulp and paper | Poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride | 40 mg/l | 93.13% COD 91.12% turbidity | [Amazon Hot Sales Camping Beach Chair] |
| Textile industry | PAC | 25 mg/l | 90.17% COD, 74.09% TDS and 93.47% turbidity | [Pn10 /Pn16/ Asni 150lb/ JIS10K Wafer Butterfly Valve] |
| Dye wastewater | Polyferric chlorides (PFCs) | 30 mg/l | 55% reduction | [AG-902A Double-Channel 400ml/600ml Electrical Nursing Injection Syringe Infusion Pump] |
| Vegetable tannery wastewater | PACl (poly aluminum chloride) | 60 mg/l | 45%TSS, 20% COD and 80% turbidity | [Supermarket PVC Plastic Shelf Talker Adehsive Data Strips for Shelf] |
| Palm oil effluent | PAC | 0.5 g/l, 8.0 and 60 g/l | 99% SOG | [7000 Lb Heavy Duty Trailer Jack with Stand Square Tube] |
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,Good Quality and Long Time Warranty Hand Held Gold Metal Detector Manufacture Used for Gold Silver Treasure Searching and Sourcing Black and Orange Color, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,Ycom 6.5 mm Stereo to 3 RCA Plug Audio Cable with High Quality, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [25kVA-1500kVA Electric Silent Diesel Power Generator with Cummins Engine,4G Waterproof IP76 2way Call Watch Phone GPS Android Smart Watch].
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,Rigid Clear Pet Sheet Pet Plastic Film Roll for Thermoforming Packing. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
304# Hairline Surface Finished Stainless Steel Plate.
1551total chapter downloads
1Crossref citations
Login to your personal dashboard for more detailed statistics on your publications.
Dental Clinic Gift Kids Present Cartoon Train ToothbrushBy Rui Lu, Xiaobing Qu, Lu Zhang, Nana Zhu and Tao Yang
By Nurhan Onar Camlibel
We are IntechOpen, the world'PVC Coated Polyester Fabric Textile Manufacturing Machine Tb088. Built by scientists, for scientists. Our readership spans scientists, professors, researchers, librarians, and students, as well as business professionals. We share our knowledge and peer-reveiwed research papers with libraries, scientific and engineering societies, and also work with corporate R&D departments and government entities.
www.puyerinternationalgroup.com