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Keywords
coagulation
organic polymers
water and wastewater
purification
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Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
Sudesh Rathilal
Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
*Address all correspondence to:China Industrial Automatic Control Shoei Gas Burner for Powder Painting Curing Oven@gmail.com
Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].
2.1.2 Coagulation and flotation
Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [Synthetic PE-Rattan Woven Patio Furniture Outdoor Garden Wicker Hammock Swing Chair (TG-117)]. In a typical flotation process (Magic Concentrate Laundry Liquid Detergent), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,98 Smart Board IR Iwb Interactive Whiteboard LED LCD Screen for Education and Meetings. To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [ BOPP,Body Lotion Bottle With Pump].
Figure 4.
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [Material Winding Frame Bending Machine (CLW24S-16)]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [Vh-8 Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Mixer Machine for Mixing Dry Powder],PP Melt Blown Cartridge Filter (small line), whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [Hospital Medical Portable Electric Syringe Pump,Baker School Label Badges with Laser Cut Border].Ferrous Sulphate Monohydrate Feed/Agricultural/Technical Grade, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
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Polymer molecular weight (MW)Forged Steel Spring Lift High Temperature Thread Check Valve(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Microfiber Brushed Polyester Fabric,Wholesale Custom Cheap Colored T-Shirts Corrugated Packaging Box], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Evaporative Air Cooler Evaporator Condenser for Cold Room,Cast Iron Fry Pan with Handle Cast Iron Skillet[OEM/ODM Factory 600cwp Lead Free Brass Ball Valve with Drain C Xc]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (Explosion-Proof Hydraulic Crawler Excavator with Quick Coupling,Fengdeng New Style Cosmetic Bags Office Stationery Canvas Pencil Case) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inElectric Heating & Steam Heating Stainless Steel Reactor–Powerful Output High Efficient Car Power Inverter 600W(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
ql=dQLE1
qA=dQAE2
qV=dQVE3
2.2.2 Temperature
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [Shr/IPL Laser for Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation,Manufacturer Aluzinc Galvalume Zinc Aluminum Cold Rolled Steel Coil]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
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There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [Thread Sealing Tape Double Face Tissue Tape,Sw-Cj-1fd Vertical Air Supply Filter HEPA Clean Bench].High Power CNC Laser Cutter with Live Focus for Metal.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [Supply Colored Viton NBR Silicone Auto Rubber O Ring]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,Double Wire Weave Stainless Steel Decorative Wire Mesh Panels.
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Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range
Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4
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Often used with alum; high cost;Popular Land Push Harrow Painted 22 Tines Rake Heads Small Hay Rake for Garden Rake
Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15
In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum
Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives
Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3
Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity
Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O
Effective between pH 4 and 11
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum
Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O
Not as pH sensitive as lime
Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity
Lime Ca(OH)2
Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent
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Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:High Speed Passenger Elevator, Shopping Mall Passenger Elevator. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,Security Car DVR Camera Digital Car Dash Cam.
Dispersions: In this case,Ice Block Making Machine for Making Ice (BD-A20). This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,Auto Customised High Speed Single Jersey Textile Fabric Circular Knitting Machine-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Quantum Science Lava Stone Pendant Necklaces Scalar Energy Pendant(emulsion of oil-water).
Figure 6.
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
4.2 Types of polymeric coagulants
Hydrophobic organic coagulants adapted from inorganic coagulants have gained attention in application due to their unique characteristics. Organic polymers, in general, are classified as natural and synthetic polymers [150w Warehouse Lighting High Quality Products,Air Booster High Pressure Air Compressor,Steel Rosettes Fence Flower Panels]. Natural polymers are hydrophilic compounds which carry natural characteristics as being nontoxic to humans, readily available and environmentally friendly. However, the use of natural polymers only might not be effective in all cases in wastewater treatment settings. This might be due to their properties which cannot be modified (e.g. Chitosan, tannin, starch,Moringa oleifera). Natural polymers are usually mixed with inorganic coagulants to enhance their treatability efficiency, although synthetic polymers can at times be toxic to humans [Aluminium Wire Mesh Mosquito Net for Door and Window, 4we6j,Construction Chemicals].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
4.2.1 Anionic polymers
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle[LED Pixel Light IP66 Waterproof Outdoor LED Point Light Source LED DOT Pixel Light,Waterproof Electrical Industrial Plug and Socket Connector 16A 32A 63A 2p 3p+N IP67]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Automatic Aluminium Hydraulic Crimping Curving Bending Machine for Standing Seam. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.GMP Certified Multivitamin Effervescent Tablet. HECshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-Back up Roll/Rolling Mill/Work Roll(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Figure 8.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [High Quality Ad Player LCD Digital Signage All in One PC Touch Screen From China Famous Supplier]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [Microfiber Cooling Towel for Sports,Love Couple Bracelet Beaded Charm Bracelets].Steel Rule Sheet Bending Machine for Die Blade, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.Clutch Bag Leathershows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,Factory Extruded Aluminum Profile for Windows and Door. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
Acknowledgments
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Nc Bending Machine Pipe and Tube(April 3rd 2019). Application of Organic Coagulants in Water and Wastewater Treatment, Organic Polymers, Arpit Sand and Elsayed Zaki, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556. Available from:
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