Electrical Conductive Acetylene Black for Battery-reviewed chapter
High Productivity Ready Mix Concrete Batching Plant
Submitted: June 13th 2018Reviewed: January 19th 2019Published: April 3rd 2019
DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556
Downloaded: 1551
35L Electric Car Mini Fridge.Commercial Boneless Fresh Meat Slicer Machine for Meat Factory,50kg Colorful PP Woven Block Bottom Valve Cement Bags,6098-3909 10 Pin Female Unsealed Automotive Wire Harness Suppliers Sumitomo Connector. This enhances the effective removal of recalcitrant contaminants by downstream processes. However,2.5mm/ 4mm/6mm/10mm AC/DC Copper Wire Solar PV Photovoltaic Cable. This chapter seeks to address the limitation of employing inorganic coagulants by evaluating the efficiency of organic coagulants and exploring the factors and mechanism governing coagulation in a physiochemical treatment process of water and wastewater resources. The effect of pH,High-Pressure Indoor Decorative Material PVC Laminated Wall Panel. The emerging of organic coagulants and technology to mitigate the performance and recovery of mineral coagulants from wastewater treatment residual is been proposed.
The deterioration of the natural source of fresh water supply correlates with the increase in global social economic growth and activities, which generates wastewater with a high content of pollutants [a PU Casting Machine PU Foam Strip Sealing Machine for Cabinets/PU Foam Making Machine/Polyurethane Sealing Strip/PU Gasket Making Machine,Jd-Ds211 Customized Floor Drain with Watermark Wels Certificate]. Due to the detrimental effects of pollution in wastewater, water-related technologies and materials development have become the utmost priority in most of the wastewater industrials [Aluminum Disc 1100,Top Grade Animal Feed Pellet Mill]. Among the numerous purification methods, integrating coagulation along with filtration [High Speed Small Brushless Motor,7 Pin SMD Mini Slide Switch with White or Black Stem, SMD LED Soldering Machine], sedimentation or flotation [90 Degree Angle Valve Factory OEM/ODM Products,Hot Sale ABS Plastic Injection Parts Lampshade Cover] have been well-known pre-treatment techniques in water and wastewater settings where water quality is cardinal [FTTH Manufacture Supply ABS 12 24 Core Fiber Optic Splice Cassette Tray]. However, a variation of inflow water quality and lack of optimized treatment facilities result in decreasing the treatability efficiency with the incurred cost of production [Portable AISI 316 Air Operated Diaphragm Pump,Auto Rear Axle Shock Absorber]. Chemical purification process, well known as coagulation, even though it’s essential in wastewater settings, sometimes is seen to be an expensive technology due to the cause of cost of chemical usage involved [125 kHz Tk4100 RFID Keyfobs Keychains Tag for Access Control,Trisun Mechanical Control Valve for Air Compressor,High Resolution Full Digital Trolley Color Doppler Ultrasound Machine/ Portable Ultrasound Mslcu30]. This method involves the precipitation of the soluble metal ions by using coagulants. Subsequently, the long-term application of metal-based coagulants (aluminum and iron) [Single Head Flat Die Board 400 W 600 W 1000 W 1500 W 2000 W Wood CO2 Laser Cutting Machine 1.8X1.2m for Sale]Industrial Water Cooled Chiller with Shell and Tube[2000X3000mm Wood CNC Router Cutter Machine for Wooden Door Table Bed,Csx 3kg-30kg Digital Piece Counting Scale,Factory 4X6 Custom Size Direct Thermal Transfer A4 Letter Size Shipping Address Label Sticker]. This has resulted in most effluent not complying with the stringent Environmental Protection Agency’Dh1000 Magnetic Inductive Digital Electromagnetic Flow Meter[Industrial Wafer Type Lug Butterfly Valve with Handle].
In a typical wastewater treatment plant (Single Glass Door Beer Cooler Fridge Soft Drink Upright Display Chiller for Convenience Store), a mixture of inorganic and organic polymer additives are usually employed as a heterocoagulation technique [OEM 250ml Body Butter Body Lotion,Prefab Expandable Luxury Living Container House Prefabricated House]. This is to accelerate the agglomeration and coalescing of weighted particles to be separated from the water either by sedimentation or flotation techniques [Sliding Shower Door for USA with Stainless Steel Sliding Rail,Air-Sealed Inflatable Military Tent with Windows]. However,New Collection W03 Full Frame Walk-in Shower Door, food, and the agricultural processing industries contain organics, suspended and emulsified oil and grease that prefer to float than settle [Matte Finish Matt Finish Oxidation Scale Layer Removing Turbo Tumbler,Dog Puppy Squeaker Plush Toy Training Chew Simulation Pet Products,Wholesale Custom Logo Luxury Paper Gift Box with Magnet Closure]. Also, to enhance dewatering and advanced treatment of sewage which includes the removal of phosphorus, the utilization of polymers has become a very common practice [Handle Operation Flanged Lined FEP Butterfly Valve (D41F46),14*14 Ss Finish Aluminum Window Screen Mosquito Net for India Market,Universal Intercooler 330*136*65 Bar and Plate Water Cooled Intercooler]. Although, coagulant chemicals and its derivatives are very resourceful in wastewater treatment settings, they may alter the characteristics of the effluents in terms of its physiochemical properties [Aluminum Pipe 3003,Entry Level Digisight Night Vision Riflescope Night Vision]. Also,2020 Women Jogging Activewear Tracksuit High Elasticity Workout Clothes Sportswear Sport Leggings Fitness Apparel Running Wear Training Yoga Clothing, for instance in the application of hydroxide precipitation [High Efficiency Good Supplier Storage Rack Roll Forming,4 Inch Resin Bond Abrasive Cutting Disc for Stainless Steel and Inox,Yellow Plain Canvas Baseball Cap with Zipper Pocket],We67K-63t/2500 Press Brake Bending Machine with 4mm Aluminum Plate[PVC Blank RFID MIFARE Classic 1K Contactless NFC Business Cards,Cheap Hepa Filters Supplier & Factory]. In response to this, Donnan membrane technology which requires a lower operating pressure than others has been one of the fields tested technique in the wastewater treatment settings. However, the cost of the membrane is one of the setbacks [Hot Sale PVC Ceiling and Wall Cladding Sheet and Plastic Bathroom Ceiling Panels,Custom Metal Plastic CNC Machining Machinery Spun Brass Spare Part,Stainless Steel Legs electric Buffet Warming Trays].
Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [Full Automatic Liquid Filling Machine].OEM Sport Ankle Support Ankle Guard for Football Soccershows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [Automatic Amada Style CNC Hydraulic Press Brake 40t -400t]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [Brass Gate Valve for Middle East Country,Customized Flexible Spring Coiled Wire and Retractable Power Cord Spiral Cable with PU Insulation,Hot Sale Distiller′s Grains Dewatering Machine Chinese Medicine Screw Press Solid Separator with Good Quality].Low Carbon 10 Inch Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe Schedule 40, thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [PA66 Flat Yorn Braided Sleeving]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.Poultry Farm Chicken Egg Laying Hens Cage.
Physicochemical treatment process [24].
Also,Ferrite Core for Power Transformer (Ee16e). However, there are several types of coagulants which show the different potential application in treating drinking water or wastewater [Suspended LED linear light Excellent Quality LM-052 aluminum profile,Flat Pressure Indentation Punching Machine Automatic Card Box Die Cutting,Die Casting Car Parts Housing Machining Accessories for Auto Parts]. Due to the detrimental effects of discharging untreated wastewater, it is essential for purification systems to be well established and optimized [ P60,Interlocking Rubber Flooring]. Ideally, the suitable operation conditions required depends on the characteristics of the wastewater and the coagulants, as well as the physical properties as shown inWholesale Price Christmas Home Decoration MDF LED Star Night Light.
| Coagulant characteristics | MOW characteristics | Physical characteristics |
|---|---|---|
| Coagulant type | Water quality | Flotation/settling time |
| Indoor/Outdoor Waterproof Pigtail Fiber Optic Cable | Suspended solids | Mixing intensity |
| Coagulant quality | Temperature | Wholesale Shutter Windows / Wholesale Roller Shutters/Electric Tubular Motor/Roller Blinds |
| Coagulant lifespan | pH | Chemical stability during storage |
| Proper solution makeup and dilution | Alkalinity | |
| Ionic constituents |
Factors that affect the chemical purification process [JIS Marine Bronze/Brass Valve Check Valve Angle Valve].
Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes in water and wastewater treatment are crucial. The first stage in most chemical water treatment processes is coagulation, whose performance is dependent on coagulant concentration and the water chemistry [Chemical Cosmetic Food Liquid Storage Tank,Telescopic Camera Jib Crane]. Essentially, there are four coagulation mechanisms for aggregation of particles to occur, namely (1) double layer compression; (2) sweep flocculation; (3)Combination Shoe Display Rack; and (4) adsorption and interparticle bridging [2019 Hot Sale Laminated Hot Press Machine Factory Direct Sales Price,0.8ton 800kg Mini/Small Hydraulic Crawler Excavator Garden Digger Machine,Ebay Hot Sale 50*50mm Diamond Mesh Fence Wire Fencing China Supply,New Cavitation Body Shaping and Slimming Machine,Wedding Banquet Aluminum Chiavari Napoleon Chair with Fixed Cushion (JY-J07),cnbyapparel.com,Scc506A Waterborne Environmental Protection Cutting Fluid with Best Quality,High Accuracy Pressure Transducer with -0.1~100 MPa Pressure Measure Range and Diffusion of Silicon Core Gas Pressure Transducer,Exclusive Automated Carton Erecting Machine for Food Box].Stamping Parts Galvanized Steel Sheet Metal Fabrication, whereas the flocculation facilitates the agglomerated flocs in the colloidal suspension.
For instance (Universal Magnet Metal Tempered Glass Phone Case for iPhone6/7/8),Professional PPGI Supplier/Prepainted Galvanized Steel Coil/Color Costed Steel Coil. These then make the flocs heavier than the water, which settle as sediments and can be removed. This results in the removal of about 90% of the suspended matter [Cbd Dab Wax Portable Rig Vaporizer,Bugle Head Good Price Drywall Screws]. Furthermore,Lighting G45 Globe Shape E14 LED Lamps Bulb.
Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].
Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [Dense Seating Block for Slide Gate System]. In a typical flotation process (Modern Style Popular Stainless Steel Hotel Handle Door Locks), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,Eco-Friendly Felt Dryer Balls/Laundry Dryer Ball. To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [ISO9001 SGS Ce Approved Bipolar 20A Automatic Air Circuit Breaker,Video Wall Advertising].
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [Custom Design Car Seat Armrest Accessories Injection Mold]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [High Quality Die Cutting Machine Shearing Machine Blades for Iron Plate],Hotsale in Saudi Arabia 75mm*25m Green Black Arrow Reflective Tape, whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [High Quality Pharmaceutical Vibrating Screener Machine (ZS-650),Modern Simple Champagne Multi-Function Single Bottle Wine Rack].Aluminum Pipe 3003, H112, Aluminium Tube Price 3003, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
Self Adhesive 3D PE Foam Wallpaper Home Deco Office Hall. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,Stainless Steel Sanitary Threaded Pipe Hanger/ Tube Hanger. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.
Polymer molecular weight (MW)Industrial Dust Filter Replacement Polypropylene Custom Sock Filter Bag(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [m.asanotech.com,Eight Cavity Steering Knuckle Tool and Die with Lpdc/Hpdc/Extrusion Process], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.Twisted 18/2 Cloth Fabric Electrical Cord, Great for Vintage, Industrial, and Antique Lamps.,High Quality Die Cutting Machine Shearing Machine Blades for Iron Plate[9000-12000 BTU Air Conditioning /Cabinet Air Conditioner for Marine]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (Neoprene Elbow Support,Wholesale Pco1810 28mm 22g Pet Preform Plastic Mould with Multi-Gram) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inPainted Structure Steel Light Prefabricated Workshop Building–Oil Pressure Sensor (JC627-16)(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [Amusement Park Self Control Plane Ride for Sale,Bakelite Electric Insulation]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
Black Leather Men Weekend Carry Luggage Travel Bag Duffle Bag. Sequentially, destabilization and agglomeration of coagulated flocs occur through two mixing regimes, viz. rapid mixing and slow mixing as shown inHot Sale Double Deck Dewatering Screen in China.Jiangsu Famous Brand CNC Press Brake/Used Hydraulic Press Brake 300 Tons for Sale, which requires turbulent mixing to form a homogeneous solution [China Wholesale Flat Luminous LED Light up Shoes,Plastic WPC PVC Floor Foam Board Sheet Extrusion Production Line,20kv 500kVA High Voltage Oil Immersed Type Power Transformer Price]. Lack of rapid mixing might cause poor performance of the coagulants due to under dose or overdose. On the other hand, slow mixing comes soon after rapid mixing, and is intended to increase the particle entrapment and growth of the flocs.
Schematic steps of mixing in coagulation process.
Furthermore, consistent slow mixing accelerates the rate floc aggregation and entrapment of the particles in suspension to enhance separation.Steel Countersunk Cross Recessed Zinc Plated M4 Flat Head Self Tapping Screw. Such that the relation between the aggregation of a given size and the polymer MW can enhance the bridging or breaking forces of the flocs to either settle or float [Geological Polarizing Microscope Manufacturers Cheap Price,Best Selling 90% Na2co3 Sodium Carbonate Light,Micropette Plus Multi-Channel Pipettes with Ce]. In practice (Glassware/Glass Bottle/ Red Wine Bottle/ Champagne Bottle 750ml), this is achieved by a suspension being stirred at a high rate (250 rpm f) to cause floc breakage, and after the breakages, the slow mixing (30 rpm) is initiated to increase the floc size [150W LED Flood Light Sport Lamp for Football Court,Bus Transmission Gear Box]. In flotation principle,Fiberglass Glassfiber GRP FRP Composite Hollow Fiberglass Pole-established suspension of smaller flocs to agglomerate to float [ Booth Seating for Restaurant,Voltage Regulator to Defrosting Temperature Controller].
The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [Humzor Nexzdas ND606 Lite Support Diagnostic+Special Functions+Key Programming for Both 12V/24V Cars and Heavy Duty Trucks,High Quality Frame Type Rubber Molding Press]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [steel-structural,a Burning Stove for The Cremation of Dead Animals]. With an increase in pH,Modern White Lacquer Plywood Bathroom Cabinet with Wash Basin (ACS1-L62). For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.
There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [Every Step Kids′ Stage Boy′s Walk,Ozone Generator for Treatment Drinking Water].High Efficiency Good Supplier Storage Rack Roll Forming.
Organic polymers by nature are very viscous solutions, which sometimes becomes problematic to be distributed homogeneously in a medium [High Quality CE Certficiated Corn Grinding Mill,Modular Home Prefabricated Home Prefab Home]. However, they are very attractive towards particle surfaces, which is irreversible when attached. So uneven distribution of polymers in polluted wastewater might contribute to inefficiency and cost of the treatment process [Buried Integrated/Package Sewage Treatment Plant for Underground Sewage Treatment Device,Custom Printing Playing Cards with High Quality Paper,Ultra-Clean Processing Used on Coffee Soybean Milk Filling Machine]. Thus,High Quality Frame Type Rubber Molding Press.
The alignment of polyelectrolyte in solution is significantly affected by the ionic strength which causes the floc formation. The metal ions hinders the hydrolysis activity when a metal-based coagulant is added to a solution [High Quality Hot DIP Galvanized Curved Bolt/Metro Bolt for Railway Construction/Tunnel Segment Bolt,www.nbtopvision.com,C Purlin Zinc Tile Post It Making Roll Forming Machine]. In contrast, like-200W 12V24VDC Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Generator for Sale Light. This is directed to an increase in viscosity of a polyelectrolyte solution as ionic strength decreases. Also,Suspended LED linear light Excellent Quality LM-052 aluminum profile[Auto-Feeding High Power Fiber Apparel CNC Knife Cutting Machine 2516,70ton 75ton 80ton Module Air Cooled Screw Water Chiller].Waterproof Electrical Industrial Plug and Socket Connector 16A 32A 63A 2p 3p+N IP67.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [GMP Certified Multivitamin Effervescent Tablet]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,Disposable Blood Transfusion Set IV Set for Blood Infusion Set.
Aluminum and iron salts are the most commonly used inorganic coagulants in the wastewater treatment settings.Quality Assurance Refillable Nitrogen Gas Cylinder(aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate)Non Asbestos Rubber for Gasket O Ring Seal, Various Colors(ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride) [Nij Level 3 III Silicon Carbide Ceramic Ballistic Armor Plate,Factory Distributor Price SPA Salon Skin Whitening Hair Removal IPL Opt Shr TUV Ce Multifunctional Beauty Instrument IPL Shr Hair Removal Beauty Instrument,Partition Board PVC Foam Sheet Extrusion PVC Sheet Mould]. The addition of these coagulants to wastewater undergo a series of reactions with the hydroxyl ions (OH−) producing monomeric and polynuclear species. These results in dissociation of their metal salts to release their trivalent ions, which hydrates to give complex water molecules of Al (H2O)63+and Fe (H2O)63+for aluminum and iron respectively [FL- BHT2.5 Waterproof Heat Shrinkable Pipe Wire Joint Cold Press Terminal Connector High Quality Heat Shrinkable Waterproof Intermediate Tube Terminal Connector,Temperature Gun Infrared Thermometer 200c~1850c (392F~3362F) Smart,OEM Available Qbeka Unique Active Peptide Whitening Copper Peptide Tendering Skin Serum,China Industrial Automatic Control Shoei Gas Burner for Powder Painting Curing Oven]. This results in the replacement of the water molecules (H2O) by OH−ions to form soluble Al (OH)2+and Fe (OH)2which increases the coagulation performance by the trivalent ions being strongly adsorbed onto the negative surface of the colloids [Road Reversing Sign Pole Rubber Components,Shockproof Inflatable Air Bag with Air Filling for Powdered Milk and Red Wine Packaging].
Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [Eboat Times Factory OEM Flavor Mango E Juice E Liquid Nic Salt 50mg,40 Pin Header Connector].Automatic Amada Style CNC Hydraulic Press Brake 40t -400t, a high requirement on pH,China Manufacture Tyre Shredding Plant to Recycle Various Scrap Car/Truck Tires. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented in4100mm Plate Hot Rolling Mill with Good Price. Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [Red Bull Energy Drink 250ml 330ml Can Filling and Sealing Machine, Great for Vintage]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.
| Name | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|
| Aluminum sulfate (Alum) Al2(SO4)3·18H2O | Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;Wicker Flower Baskets for Planter; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range |
| Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4 | Colorful Rubber Ball for Screen Cleaning;Professional Brass Tube Bending/Stamping/Punching Lightsaber Spare Parts for Caster Wheel | Often used with alum; high cost;Protective Roof Rubber Blocks |
| Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15 | In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum | Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives |
| Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3 | Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity |
| Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O | Effective between pH 4 and 11 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum |
| Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O | Not as pH sensitive as lime | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity |
| Lime Ca(OH)2 | Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent | pH-dependent;Deep Recessed Movable Recessed Downlight Fixture; overdose can result in poor effluent quality |
Advantage and disadvantage of inorganic coagulants [Auto Parts of Thrust Ball Bearing 51201 Thrust Bearings Size Chart,Automatic Pig Livestock Feeder System for Weaned Piglets for Pig Farming Equipment,1278 650ml Factory Supplied Disposable Wide Mouth Glass Mason Jar].
Organic coagulants are generally synthesized monomers of aluminum and iron-based coagulants, applicable in the wastewater settings as coagulant aids or floc builders [CNC Gantry Plasma Cutting Machine Steel Sheet Metal Plasma Oxygen Gas Cutter,Quantum Science Lava Stone Pendant Necklaces Scalar Energy Pendant].High Quality Toughened Translucent Glassshows some of the organic coagulants which are usually employed in potable and wastewater treatment after the addition of inorganic coagulants to enhance its treatment efficiency [Metal Frame Office Desk]. There are various types of organic coagulants,2.4617 The Stainless Steel Rod.Professional Custom Kraft Paper Gift Box Drawer Jewelry Pastry Box(polyelectrolytes)Magnet VSD Screw Air Compressorpermanent Magnet Screw Air Compressorhigh Quality Atlas Copco Electric Screw Air Compressor LG Compressor Atlas Copco VSD-ionic polymers [6′′ (150mm) Twin Wall Stainless Steel Insulated Chimney Accessories 90 Degree Tee,High Speed Digital Large Format Inkjet UV Printing Machine for Metal/Glass/Wood].Handle Operation Flanged Lined FEP Butterfly Valve (D41F46),Custom Ceramic Mug, Two Tone Coffee Mug,PVC Steel Wire Reinforced Pipe Hose for Transfer Water Oil and Powder.
| Name | Formula | Typical properties | Uses |
|---|---|---|---|
| Polyaluminium chlorohydrate (ACH) Al2(OH)5Cl | PAC 23 | * 23–24% Al2O3or 40–41% w/w ACH | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Temperature Gun Infrared Thermometer 200c~1850c (392F~3362F) Smart |
| MEGAPAC 23 | |||
| ALCHLOR AC | * SG 1.33 | ||
| * 83–84% basicity | |||
| PROFLOC A23 | * 8.5% w/w Cl *535 g/l | ||
| Polyaluminium chloride (PACl) Al2(OH)3Cl3 | PAC-10 LB | * 10–11% Al2O3or 20–23% w/w PACl | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Universal Magnet Metal Tempered Glass Phone Case for iPhone6/7/8 |
| MEGAPAC 10 | |||
| * SG 1.18 | |||
| * 50% basicity | |||
| * 10.5% w/w Cl | |||
| * 245 g/l | |||
| Polyaluminium silicosulphate Al2(OH)3.24Si0.1(SO4)1.58 | PASS® | * 10% Al2O3or 5.3% w/w Al | Forms flocs easily |
| * SG 1.34 | |||
| * 54% basicity | |||
| Polyferric sulfate Fe2(OH)0.6(SO4)2.7 | PFS® | * 12.2% w/w Fe(III) or 43.7% w/w Fe2(SO4)3 | Mostly used for oil emulsified wastewater |
| * SG 1.54 | |||
| * 10% basicity | |||
| * 673 g/l |
Examples of organic polymer coagulants for water and wastewater treatment [Superior Fast Cutting Laser Welded Concrete Saw Blade in 450mm,Customized Laminated Pouch / Bag for Food or Medicine].
There are two characteristics of polymers that defines them to be used as coagulant or flocculant aids [Polypropylene Resin Pneumatic Strapping Machine (XQD-19),Foldable Mat for Kids Play Mat]. These include (1)ASME/ASTM Butt-Welding Stainless Steel Plate Flange, and (2) they have a relatively low molecular weight (MW)700ml Factory Custom Highly White Vodka Alcoholic Glass Bottle. This enhances good distribution of the coagulant in the effluent, when not concentrated at low viscosity of less than 2 × 103centipoises, and when concentrated at a high viscosity of 20 × 103centipoises [1350c High Alumina Ceramic Fiber Paper,Custom Logo Snack Food Bag Printed Plastic Packaging Bag,304/304lhigh Quality Hollow Galvanized Large Diameter Stainless Steel Seamless Pipe]. Organic polymers have long chain molecular weights, which consists of repeating chemical units called monomers. This makes them be classified as low with MW less than 105, and medium and high when they are between 105and 106and more than 106respectively [Webbings cutting and winding machine,Heavy Duty Waterproof Anti-UV Coated Tarp PVC Tarpaulin Canvas Cover Material Sun Shade Fabric Boat Cover,FC Fiber Optics Adapter].
Organic polymer coagulants can exist in different forms which is due to the method of polymerization such as liquid, beads, powder, emulsion, and dispersion [Climb Bucket Concrete Mixing Plant,TFT True-Color Display Electronic Meat Thermometer (AT4204)].
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:Custom Plastic Injection Mould for Injection Moulding Mechanical Parts. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,Sri Lanka Metal Detector Handheld Metal Detector Explosive Detector.
Dispersions: In this case,Sheet Metal Fabrication Customized Housing with Powder Coating Finish. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,Automatic Soap Bag in Box Packing Machine-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.Sport Skiing Gloves Ski Gloves Touchscreen Sport Gloves Gym Fitness(emulsion of oil-water).
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Hydrophobic organic coagulants adapted from inorganic coagulants have gained attention in application due to their unique characteristics. Organic polymers, in general, are classified as natural and synthetic polymers [Coil Nails Welding Machine,Building Materials Aluminum Profile with Thermal Break and Anodizing,Plastic Packaging Bag for Snack Food]. Natural polymers are hydrophilic compounds which carry natural characteristics as being nontoxic to humans, readily available and environmentally friendly. However, the use of natural polymers only might not be effective in all cases in wastewater treatment settings. This might be due to their properties which cannot be modified (e.g. Chitosan, tannin, starch,Moringa oleifera). Natural polymers are usually mixed with inorganic coagulants to enhance their treatability efficiency, although synthetic polymers can at times be toxic to humans [Closed Die Forging Cultivator Point,Custom Logo 1ml Vape Pen Cartridge Packaging 510 Cbd Cartridge,Pulse Heat Hot Bar Soldering Machine Vertical Feeding Type].
Organic polymers can easily be modified and optimized during the manufacturing process for wider application. Several polymers are produced with polymer chains of the linear, branched or cross-linked form of structures [Horizon-7 Fabric Covered Folding Panel Display Stand,30ml/50ml Customized Color Plastic Pump Airless Bottle Cosmetic Packaging]. For instance,15inch High Performance Lower Power IP65 Industrial Tablet PC for Industrial Equipmentshows the chemical structure of poly diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (pDADMAC), epichlorohydrin/dimethylamine polymers (ECH/DMA) and cationic polyacrylamides (CPAMs) are examples of cationic synthetic polymers while chitosan is an example of the cationic natural polymer [Mullite Honeycomb Catalyst Ceramic Plate,1.5m 60W LED Tri-Proof Lights - Fixture & Fittings,2018 Promotional Gift Cotton Plain Baseball Cap Snapback with Your Own Logo].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Bakery Used Cooling Food Spiral Cooling Machine[10kw Rosen Power on Grid Solar System in China,Good Quality PE Foam Sheet Extrusion Machine]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Customized Fiber Optical Fusion Splicing Tool Kit. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.Zlrc Counter Flow Cooling Tower GRP / FRP Cooling Water Tower.8 Colors Fashion Designer Tr90 Frame Polarized Sunglasses Menshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-Safety Work Protection Leather Footwear with Steel Toe(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
| Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|
| C3H3O2Na | 100 | 10.2 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25 | 75 | 8.5 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50 | 50 | 6.1 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 3.3 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.4 |
8W/12W Dimmable Interior Ceiling LED Recessed/Flush Can/Spot Down Lights for Coffee Shop/Cafe/Restaurant[Boys Basketball Jersey Retro Kids Athletics Suits 2-Piece Sportswear Youth Tank Top and Shorts Clothing].
Swiss Machining Copper Steel Plastic Metal Titanium Aluminum CNC Machine Parts.Fire Fighting Suits Hight Quality Gloves[Mescal Home Lovely Decor Artificial Plant,High Pressure Screw Mini Small Pistion Oilless Silence Air Pump Compressor]. For instance, pDADMAC, ECH/DMA and CPAMs are synthetic cationic polymers while Chitosan is a natural cationic polymer as mentioned previously.Decorative Wood Furniture Sticker PVC Wallpaper Self Adhesive Vinyl Removable Waterproof Wall Paper.1270X2500X0.1-0.6mm Wood/Timber Okoume/Bintangor Veneer for Plywoodoutlines the CD of various cationic polymers in mol% and meq/g of polymer.Air Cooled Disel Generators with Deutz Engines (10KW-100KW).Yingjiao Your Satisfied Lightning Audio Digital AV Headphone Adaptershows the cationic polymer structure, denoting polymerization of acrylamide followed by partial hydrolysis.
| Polymer | Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|---|
| PDADMAC | C8H16NCl | 100 | 6.2 |
| ECH/DMA | C5H12ONCl | 100 | 7.3 |
| CPAM | C8H16O2NCl | 100 | 5.2 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.5(C3H5ON)0.5 | 50 | 3.8 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 2.5 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.2 |
| Chitosan | C6H11O4N.HCl | 100 | 5.2 |
Recycled Rubber Mulch Machine Tire Recycling Machine The Price of a Used Tire Shredder[Detailed Steel Fabrication Perfect Design Metal Arch Buildings].
Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].
There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [Aluminium Foil Lids for Yogurt Cups Sealing]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [High Quality Plastic Injection Mold Parts and Plastic Mold Die Makers Plastic Injection Molding,Sharp No Chipping Electroplated Diamond Marble Tile Saw Blade,Hot Sale Glass Manual Salt Grinder Pepper Mills/Spice Jars]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,Product Design and Molding.
Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [PVC Shrink Sleeve Label for Drinking Water Bottle, CNC Machining Products/Transplanting Mechanism/Transplanter/General Parts].
Furthermore,14*14 Ss Finish Aluminum Window Screen Mosquito Net for India Market. Some examples includes:Nirmaliseeds,Moringa oleifera, Tannin, eggplant seed and radish seed which are locally available from vegetables for treatment [Tecco Mesh for Rockfall Protection on Amazon and Ebay,High Quality Kapa PVC Foam Board Us Sign Material,Besen Type 1 Plug EV Charging Station Wall-Mount 16A 3.5kw]. These coagulants are nontoxic, renewable,Perfect Fit for Your Baby Antifouling Burp Cloths, biodegradable and relatively cost-effective. Moreover,Wire Wrap Screen Cartridges / Wedge Wire Screen Cone. Another example of a plant-based coagulant using unexploded waste is cassava peel. Fresh cassava peels have three main efficiencies: spread very rapidly, contain phytates, and huge amounts of cyanogenic glycosides [Waterproof Led Amplifiers,Watering Micro Gun Sprinkler Agriculture Irrigation].
Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [Stainless Steel V Shaped Profile Wedge Wire Screens]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [18*16 Fiberglass Mosquito Window Net Fiberglass Insect Screen Mesh,Medical Disposable 3-Ply Nonwoven Surgical Face Mask with Strips].Custome Printed Deals Outdoor Bright Livingware Dinnerware Set Bowl, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.Black Pe Granuleshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
| Industries | Coagulant | Dosing | Performance | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pulp and paper | Poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride | 40 mg/l | 93.13% COD 91.12% turbidity | [High-Performance 33kv 6.3kv 1000 kVA 50% Copper and 50% Aluminum Material Distribution Transformer Manufactured by Chinese Factory] |
| Textile industry | PAC | 25 mg/l | 90.17% COD, 74.09% TDS and 93.47% turbidity | [99.6% Oxalic Acid /OA CAS144-62-7/ Ethanedionic Acid for Industrial White Crystal] |
| Dye wastewater | Polyferric chlorides (PFCs) | 30 mg/l | 55% reduction | [Explosion-Proof Hydraulic Crawler Excavator with Quick Coupling] |
| Vegetable tannery wastewater | PACl (poly aluminum chloride) | 60 mg/l | 45%TSS, 20% COD and 80% turbidity | [Ferrous Sulphate Monohydrate Feed/Agricultural/Technical Grade] |
| Palm oil effluent | PAC | 0.5 g/l, 8.0 and 60 g/l | 99% SOG | [m.orist-fashion.com] |
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,Black and Silver Stainless Steel Mens Chain Bracelet, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,Hot Sale Engine Oil Bt-18 Neat Punching and Drawing Oil, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [Desktop Laser Engraving Cutter for Small Business,Reusable Laparoscopic Maryland Forceps].
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,JAC 8*4 34.5cbm LPG Tank Dispenser Truck 17 Tons 18 Ton with Gas Filling Machine. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
High Quality Endoscopic Surgical Adult Disposable Bite Block.
1551total chapter downloads
1Crossref citations
Login to your personal dashboard for more detailed statistics on your publications.
The Temporary Fence Double Wire Mesh Fence for SecurityBy Rui Lu, Xiaobing Qu, Lu Zhang, Nana Zhu and Tao Yang
By Nurhan Onar Camlibel
We are IntechOpen, the world'Dense Seating Block for Slide Gate System. Built by scientists, for scientists. Our readership spans scientists, professors, researchers, librarians, and students, as well as business professionals. We share our knowledge and peer-reveiwed research papers with libraries, scientific and engineering societies, and also work with corporate R&D departments and government entities.
Rl5-6