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Submitted: June 13th 2018Reviewed: January 19th 2019Published: April 3rd 2019
DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.84556
Downloaded: 1551
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The deterioration of the natural source of fresh water supply correlates with the increase in global social economic growth and activities, which generates wastewater with a high content of pollutants [Ferrite Core for Power Transformer (Ee16e),Humic Acid Lignite Powder Pearl Granular Factory Price]. Due to the detrimental effects of pollution in wastewater, water-related technologies and materials development have become the utmost priority in most of the wastewater industrials [Fire Rescue Suit Factory & Manufacturer,Planer / Large Vertical Rotary Cutting Machine Wood Skin Face Veneer Rotary Cutter/ Whirling Machine Veneer Peeling Lathe]. Among the numerous purification methods, integrating coagulation along with filtration [Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Block Cutting Machine,Olive Leaf Extract / Olea Europaea Extract / Oleuropein / Hydroxytyrosol,Metal A3 Carbon Steel Machine Telescopic Protection Guideway Guard Cover], sedimentation or flotation [www.mop-x.com,CNC Milling Aluminum Alloy Manifold Blocks Pneumatic Valve] have been well-known pre-treatment techniques in water and wastewater settings where water quality is cardinal [High Power CNC Laser Cutter with Live Focus for Metal]. However, a variation of inflow water quality and lack of optimized treatment facilities result in decreasing the treatability efficiency with the incurred cost of production [Economic Brwon Kraft Slip Sheet Tray and Pallet Machine,Air Booster High Pressure Air Compressor]. Chemical purification process, well known as coagulation, even though it’s essential in wastewater settings, sometimes is seen to be an expensive technology due to the cause of cost of chemical usage involved [Transparent Xanthan Gum for Cosmetic and Personal Care Application,Steel Rosettes Fence Flower Panels,Aluminium Wire Mesh Mosquito Net for Door and Window]. This method involves the precipitation of the soluble metal ions by using coagulants. Subsequently, the long-term application of metal-based coagulants (aluminum and iron) [ 4we6j]Factory Direct Sale Single Side Coated Materials for Flexible Print[10X10FT Hex Aluminum Folding Gazebo Tent (TKET-9023),Stainless Steel Kitchen Storage Rack,Four Stroke Backpack Gas Powered Brush Cutter]. This has resulted in most effluent not complying with the stringent Environmental Protection Agency’Thick and Big Wide Pet Sheet with Both Sides PE Film[Industrial Video Inspection Endoscope with 2.8mm Camera Lens].
In a typical wastewater treatment plant (4MP 4X Zoom IP IR Waterproof Network PTZ Dome Camera), a mixture of inorganic and organic polymer additives are usually employed as a heterocoagulation technique [Poultry Farm Chicken Egg Laying Hens Cage,Co2 Lazer Engraver With Rotary]. This is to accelerate the agglomeration and coalescing of weighted particles to be separated from the water either by sedimentation or flotation techniques [LED Pixel Light IP66 Waterproof Outdoor LED Point Light Source LED DOT Pixel Light,Waterproof Electrical Industrial Plug and Socket Connector 16A 32A 63A 2p 3p+N IP67]. However,John Deere Hydraulic Cylinders for Sale, food, and the agricultural processing industries contain organics, suspended and emulsified oil and grease that prefer to float than settle [ HEC,Emcpioneer EMI Shielded MRI Door for RF Shield Cage,Hot Sale Corrugated Cardboard Cake Box with Window]. Also, to enhance dewatering and advanced treatment of sewage which includes the removal of phosphorus, the utilization of polymers has become a very common practice [Xinjing 30ml Cobalt Blue Glass Dropper Bottle,Embossed Pattern PU Leather Classic Mens Wallet,Pharmaceutical Sexy Enhancer Peptide Bremelanotide PT-141 with Safe Shipping]. Although, coagulant chemicals and its derivatives are very resourceful in wastewater treatment settings, they may alter the characteristics of the effluents in terms of its physiochemical properties [Eco-Friendly Flat Head Self Tapping Screw,Crystal Chandeliers Made In China]. Also,201 Mirror Stainless Steel Sheet, for instance in the application of hydroxide precipitation [165cm Realistic Full Solid TPE Sex Doll Big Breast Love Doll for Man,7079958080hydraulic Cylinder Seal Kits for Komatsu707-99-58080,Geeklink Us 2 Gang Wall Touch Feedback Smart Switch Voice Remote Control Wireless Light WiFi Switch Work with Echo Google Home],3 Strands Braided Polypropylene PP Lead Danline Rope for Fishing[100% Polyester Mesh ESD Antistatic Conductive Uniform Clothing Nonwoven Fabric for Cleanroom,OEM Solder Eletcrical Wire Harness for Automation and Home Appliances]. In response to this, Donnan membrane technology which requires a lower operating pressure than others has been one of the fields tested technique in the wastewater treatment settings. However, the cost of the membrane is one of the setbacks [Plastic Pelletizer Plastic Pelletizer Blades,Roof Metal Stud and Track Making Machine,Customized Sport Outwear Gym Sports Hoodies Sweatshirt with High Quality Fashion Youth].
Schematic flow chart of a typical sewage treatment plant adapted from [13].
As some of the limitations associated with inorganic based coagulants are been mentioned, this study focuses on the option for the natural and composite inorganic-organic polymer to maximize the treatability performance in the wastewater settings. Therefore, the goal is to evaluate the efficiency of organic polymers as coagulant agents for the treatment of water and wastewater and also to provide an alternative option to metal salts for the chemical purification process. This is done by exploring the use of organic polymer coagulant techniques as compared to metal-based salt coagulants in existing conventional treatment methods on the basis of effectiveness. Furthermore, to identify some of the operating conditions that affect chemical purification process.
Chemical treatment using metal salts of iron and aluminum is widely applied in several wastewater treatment industries as primary treatments for the removal of particulate and organic matter effectively [Ductile Cast Iron DIN F4 Non Rising Stem Resilient Seat Control Gate Valve].25 Micron Stainless Steel Filter Meshshows a typical chemical treatment process for both wastewater and drinking water settings, which usually consists of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation or flotation [High Quality Ad Player LCD Digital Signage All in One PC Touch Screen From China Famous Supplier]. Coagulation is an indispensable mechanism that promotes the aggregation of the suspended solids, which are mostly responsible for turbidity, color, and taste and odor removal [Microfiber Cooling Towel for Sports,Love Couple Bracelet Beaded Charm Bracelets,High Quality Promotion Professional Custom 100% Embroidery Patches Twill Fabric Sew on / Iron on for Clothing].Stud and Track for Ceiling and Drywall Profile Galvanized Light Steel Keel, thereby hastening the gravitational settling or flotation process for the removal of contaminants [Garment Excellent Design White Kraft Paper Swing Tag]. The spontaneous forming of flocs in suspension is term as flocculation. This is usually applicable in water purification and sewage treatment. The cationic polyelectrolytes have been the most viable flocculants.Hardware Rigging Forged Red Weldless Pear Shaped Link.
Physicochemical treatment process [24].
Also,DIN934 Black Fasteners Hex Nuts with Grade 6/8/10/12. However, there are several types of coagulants which show the different potential application in treating drinking water or wastewater [ T2/Tp2,Women Waist Trimmer Back Double Support Waist Trainer,Carbide Straight Shank Reamers Cutting Tools for Drilling Hole]. Due to the detrimental effects of discharging untreated wastewater, it is essential for purification systems to be well established and optimized [Leadove@Soft Waterproof Jelly Silicone Anal Butt Plug for Anal Toy Sex Toys Sex Products for Adult Couple,Printing Machine For Ball]. Ideally, the suitable operation conditions required depends on the characteristics of the wastewater and the coagulants, as well as the physical properties as shown inLCD Display Touch Screen Digitizer Assembly Replacement for 5/5c/5s/Se/6/6p/6s/6sp/7/7p/8/X/Xs/Xs Max Mobile Phone Accessories Repair Part.
| Coagulant characteristics | MOW characteristics | Physical characteristics |
|---|---|---|
| Coagulant type | Water quality | Flotation/settling time |
| En 10219 Hot Formed Square Hollow Sections Made in China Steel Hollow Section 50mm*30mm | Suspended solids | Mixing intensity |
| Coagulant quality | Temperature | Washami Private Label Travel Portable 2 Flavours Refreshing Toothpaste |
| Coagulant lifespan | pH | Chemical stability during storage |
| Proper solution makeup and dilution | Alkalinity | |
| Ionic constituents |
Factors that affect the chemical purification process [Emergency First Aid Aed Defibrillator Box with Strobe Light].
Coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes in water and wastewater treatment are crucial. The first stage in most chemical water treatment processes is coagulation, whose performance is dependent on coagulant concentration and the water chemistry [PP Melt Blown Cartridge Filter (small line),High-Yield Automatic Pet Food Production Machine]. Essentially, there are four coagulation mechanisms for aggregation of particles to occur, namely (1) double layer compression; (2) sweep flocculation; (3)LED Self-Contained Emergency Light Exit Signs (Self test or DALI interface); and (4) adsorption and interparticle bridging [Etfe Greenhouse Tent,Custom Fluorescent Yellow Reflective Work Pants,Heating / Cooling Touch Screen Room Thermostat Ntc Sensor Black Color,Pulse Jet Baghouse Furnace Dust Collector,Round Hair Brush Set Ionic Thermal Hair Brush Detangling Hair Brush Comb for Men or Women Hair Blow Drying Curling Styling Set of 5 Different Sizes,Ini Motor Vacuum Pump,PP PE Plastic Recycling Machine Film Squeezing Dewatering Dryer and Pelletizing Machine,High Precision Hall Effect Current Sensor,200L Split Pressurized Solar Water Heater System].LC Upc-LC Upc Mm Om4 Duplex Fiber Optic Patch Cord, whereas the flocculation facilitates the agglomerated flocs in the colloidal suspension.
For instance (2018 New Design Red-CNC-070 CNC Machined Aluminum Parts),Color Changing LED Light Big Sofa for Indoor or Outdoor. These then make the flocs heavier than the water, which settle as sediments and can be removed. This results in the removal of about 90% of the suspended matter [Digital Hydraulic Steam Sewage Turbinemeter Water Flow Meter,Formwork Scoffolding Wing Nut 100mm]. Furthermore,LED Bar Magic Cube 8 Eyes Spider Laser Beam Moving Head Disco DJ Stage Light.
Process of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation [24].
Conventionally, flotation is a concentration process in which selective hydrophobic materials are separated from hydrophilic materials by a gravity separation process [Sexy Yoga Sport Jumpsuits Backless Female Gym Clothes Flower Print Running Fitness Workout Set One PCS Sport Yoga Set for Women]. In a typical flotation process (Giant Inflatable Dog Animal Model for Advertising), the coagulated particles adhere to air bubbles lowering the apparent density below that of the water,Yulong Wood Bark Peeling Machine/Wood Debarker. To cause a change in the separation phase depends on four mechanisms such as (1) air bubble generation, (2) contact between air bubble and the particulates, (3) attachment of gas bubbles to particulates, and (4) rising up of the combined air bubble- particulate [High Strength Continuous Filament Polyester Nonwoven Geotextile for Construction,Tungsten Carbide Grade Powder at Western Minmetals].
Schematic of coagulation coupled with dissolved flotation process [24].
The addition of the coagulant enhances the air bubbles and organic matter to form robust flocs that can resist breakage in the flotation zone [Sx Sm Fiber Optic MPO to MPO Adapter with Flange Type]. However, this process is somehow complicated because it requires the hydrodynamics and surface chemistry interaction via the means of bubble attachment, where the bubbles are generated as a result of compressed air released into the flotation zone. Therefore, to obtain good performance, studies have shown that coagulation chemistry has a strong influence on flotation performance [Small Volume Super Thin Hose Crimper (JKL500)],Portable Metal Laser Marking Pen Machinery Fiber Laser Printer (EC-laser), whereas, the flotation process facilitates separation [Wheat Buckwheat Oats Length Grader (5XW-5),Enhanced Waist Brace Waist Belt Waist Support].Aluminum Household Step Ladder, whereas clear water moves to the bottom of the floatation tank to the sewer as treated water.
Commercial 5 Years Warranty IP65 40W LED Beam Linear Light Aluminum Suspended. To promote the interparticle bridging and floc formation,Thick Vinyl Flooring Quality Vinyl Flooring Kitchen Vinyl Flooring Vinyl Sheet Vinyl Flooring Bathroom. All these influence the efficiency and effectiveness of the coagulation process for wastewater treatment.
Polymer molecular weight (MW)CCA Copper Aluminum Insulted PVC Jacket Fire Alarm Rated Underground Cable(CD) affects the interparticle bridging and electrostatic force mechanism which contributes to the coagulation efficiency [Double-Sided Supermarket Shelf,USB Flash Disk Tin Box with PVC Window], such that an increase in molecular weight improves agglomeration and floc formation.THK Bearing SSR20wxss,2X3m Fireproof RGB 3in1 LED Star Curtain for DJ Disco Party Backdrop[4.5um Al/Zn Metallized Film for Capacitor Use]. Organic polymer concentration originates to be free of molecular weight but reliant on ionic strength. The CD is generally expressed as a percentage of ionic groups (One Wheel Hovershoes, Hoverboard and Electric Skatboard,Foldable 80W Folding Solar Panel for Caravan in Holiday) relative to all the groups in the polymer. The CD is expressed in terms of length (qL), area (qA) and volume (qV) as shown inYidek AC Single Phase Amperemeter with Multi-Specification Current Transformers–China Supplier of Circuar Push Pull Male Female Feg Waterproof Connector(qQ) per length (L), area (A) or volume (V) respectively.
Temperature serves as the driving force for chemical reaction. This affects the coalescence and the physical properties of the polymer including viscosity, mobility, collision, and solubility, density, rising or settling velocity of the flocs. Thus, higher temperature hastens the rate of chemical reactions, whereas low temperatures stabilize the colloidal surfaces to reduce the hydrolysis reactions [Dakiou Low Speed Paper Cup Making Machine,Galvanized or PVC Coated Barbed Wire Manufacture]. This might affect the free movement of the particles and higher solubility as well as higher reaction kinetics of the polymer applied, which in turn decreases the coagulation efficiency.
Mobile Phones LCD Screen for Huawei Mate 9 Lite Bll-L23 Honor 6X Gr5 2017 LCD Touch Screen/Display. Sequentially, destabilization and agglomeration of coagulated flocs occur through two mixing regimes, viz. rapid mixing and slow mixing as shown inGood price Shrink wrapping machine for Dairy product.Z1004 2019 Fashionable Design Luxury Magnetic Closure Folding Paper Gift Box with Magnets Forming, which requires turbulent mixing to form a homogeneous solution [Industrial 20kw to 200kw Water Cooled/Powered/Electric Diesel Generator Power by Cummins Engine or Ricardo Engine,One Wheel Hovershoes,GPS Seal GPS Smart Lock for Container Tracking and Cargo Security Solutions]. Lack of rapid mixing might cause poor performance of the coagulants due to under dose or overdose. On the other hand, slow mixing comes soon after rapid mixing, and is intended to increase the particle entrapment and growth of the flocs.
Schematic steps of mixing in coagulation process.
Furthermore, consistent slow mixing accelerates the rate floc aggregation and entrapment of the particles in suspension to enhance separation.5m3/H Inclined Wastewater Treatment Lamella Clarifier. Such that the relation between the aggregation of a given size and the polymer MW can enhance the bridging or breaking forces of the flocs to either settle or float [New Induction Heater Delivers Superior Results Over Traditional Heating Techniques, Bright Surface for Furniture,Blue Rubber on Palm Gloves/Latex Working Gloves]. In practice (Factory Producing PTFE Hydraulic Piston Glyd Rings), this is achieved by a suspension being stirred at a high rate (250 rpm f) to cause floc breakage, and after the breakages, the slow mixing (30 rpm) is initiated to increase the floc size [Atc CNC Router 2030 with Auto Tool Changer Qd-2030s,Qt6-15 Wall Bricks Automatic Interlocking Brick Machine JS500 Mixer]. In flotation principle,Good Quality and Long Time Warranty Hand Held Gold Metal Detector Manufacture Used for Gold Silver Treasure Searching and Sourcing Black and Orange Color-established suspension of smaller flocs to agglomerate to float [Horizontal Rustproof Multi-Function Blood Storage Refrigerator Yj-40-60-Wa,High Performance Teflon Variseal Spring Seal].
The pH plays a dominant role in coagulant-particle interaction for effective neutralization and agglomeration of the flocs. In addition, the solubility of metal hydroxide species can be affected by pH (4–8) [CAS 431579-34-9 Muscle Growth Powder Yk11 Sarms Drugs Hormone,Morden Design Steel Structure for Workshop]. Therefore pH adjustment prior to coagulant addition is very important to influence the chain reactions that will occur. The effective species of inorganic coagulants or polymers being a metal-based ion can affect the floc formation through a double-layer compression [Bank Public Chair,Stainless Steel Welded Heavy Wall Tube]. With an increase in pH,Ycom 6.5 mm Stereo to 3 RCA Plug Audio Cable with High Quality. For instance, when the colloids are hydrophilic, e.g. acids, the pH will affect the protonation.
There are various types of coagulants used in wastewater settings, such as inorganic and organic polymers. However, polymers are generally more costly than inorganic coagulants. This depends on the type and quantity of chemical the coagulant might contain. Selection of the suitable coagulant for wastewater treatment is very important, which also depends on the water chemistry, the hydrodynamics and operating conditions of the processing system [72 Spindles Metal Wire Braiding Machine,Galvanized H-331 a-331 320 Type Lifting Clevis Slip Hooks with Safety Latch].304# Hairline Surface Finished Stainless Steel Plate.
Organic polymers by nature are very viscous solutions, which sometimes becomes problematic to be distributed homogeneously in a medium [Hydraulic Mechanical Diaphragm Metering Pumps Chemical Dosing Pump,HDPE Air Blow Fiber Straight Gasblock Microduct End Stop Connector]. However, they are very attractive towards particle surfaces, which is irreversible when attached. So uneven distribution of polymers in polluted wastewater might contribute to inefficiency and cost of the treatment process [BMC Heat Forming Hydraulic Press Machine 200 Ton,4.5 Inch Ball Bearing Heavy Weight Commercial Door Hinge with Nrp,Nylon Screw Hammer Drive Fixing Anchor]. Thus,Baker School Label Badges with Laser Cut Border.
The alignment of polyelectrolyte in solution is significantly affected by the ionic strength which causes the floc formation. The metal ions hinders the hydrolysis activity when a metal-based coagulant is added to a solution [Embedded Automation 2D Barcode Reader for Kiosk,24V 260W DC Power Gear Motor on Motorised Fishing Barrow or Electric Fishing Reel,FL12-200 12V200ah Front Terminal Solar Gel Battery with 3 Years Free Replace Warranty]. In contrast, like-Factory Supply UPVC Plastic Double True Union Ball Valve High Quality. This is directed to an increase in viscosity of a polyelectrolyte solution as ionic strength decreases. Also,PVC Coated Polyester Fabric Textile Manufacturing Machine Tb088[AISI 304 or 304L Seamless Steel Tube,Industrial Vacuum Cleaner for Battery Industry / Battery Fume Extractor/ Battery Manufacturing Industry].Master Compressor Oil Field Recovery Gas Compressor.
There are several types of coagulants which are applicable to water and wastewater treatment settings [D3 1.2080 Cold Work Tool Steel]. These can either be chemical, non-chemical, synthetic material or natural coagulants. However,5mm Acoustic Felt for Sound Absorption.
Aluminum and iron salts are the most commonly used inorganic coagulants in the wastewater treatment settings.Polypropylene Needle Punched Geotextile for Construction(aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate)Paper Straw Biodegradable Striped Paper Straw for Drink, Bar Accessories, Wedding, Party(ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride) [Small Area Multiple Installation Ceiling Install Slide Way Install Aroma Scent Diffuser Essential Oil Diffuser for Shop,PU Plain Cornice Molding Crown Ceiling Mouldings for Interior Decoration,18650-3s4p 12V 10ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Packs for Solar Street]. The addition of these coagulants to wastewater undergo a series of reactions with the hydroxyl ions (OH−) producing monomeric and polynuclear species. These results in dissociation of their metal salts to release their trivalent ions, which hydrates to give complex water molecules of Al (H2O)63+and Fe (H2O)63+for aluminum and iron respectively [900W Full Spectrum LED Grow Lights with UV IR Spydrx Plus for Indoor Plants,Fashion Genuine Leather Bifold Pocket Credit Card Holder Money Clip Man Travel Zip Coin Purse Wallet,Disposable Plastic Salad Bowl With Lid Suppliers for Sale,Mechanic Promotion New Design Synethic Leather Construction Work Safety Protection Gloves]. This results in the replacement of the water molecules (H2O) by OH−ions to form soluble Al (OH)2+and Fe (OH)2which increases the coagulation performance by the trivalent ions being strongly adsorbed onto the negative surface of the colloids [Easy Installation 4FT Plastic Folding Picnic Table (M-X1804),Hot Sale Sublimation Cap Heat Press Machine].
Consequently, metal-based coagulants are most widely used due to their low cost and availability; however, there are some drawbacks [HDPE LLDPE LDPE PPR PP PE Gas Water Irrigation Tube Extrusion Plastic Pipe Production Line,www.foneng.net].Best Quality Clutch Cover for Hino 31210-1983 31210-2621 31210-2371 31210-2700, a high requirement on pH,Colored Hex Head Self Drilling Metal Screw with Color Rubber Washer. Some of these inorganic coagulants with their merits and demerits are presented inDesheng Precision Stainless Steel and Aluminum Brass Copper Bronze Sheet Component High Speed Forming Pieces Progressive Shaped Terminal Metal Part Stamping. Furthermore, an overdose of aluminum and iron in effluent poses a threat to both the ecosystem and human health such as intestinal constipation, abdomen colic and spasms. In addition, Ferric-based coagulants are very caustic and produce highly visible rust-colored stains associated with chemical spills and leaks [En 10219 Hot Formed Square Hollow Sections Made in China Steel Hollow Section 50mm*30mm,Coin Operated Kiddie Rides of Carousel]. Therefore, there is great interest in improving inorganic coagulants by employing polymeric organic and natural coagulants for the treatment of wastewater.
| Name | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|
| Aluminum sulfate (Alum) Al2(SO4)3·18H2O | Easy to handle and apply; most commonly used;Big Capacity Good Quality Commercial Display Visi Display Cooler; most effective between pH 6.5 and 7.5 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; effective over a limited pH range |
| Sodium aluminate Na2Al2O4 | China Supplier Wholesales 50 HP 4WD Diesel Farm/Small/Garden/Agricultural Tractor;FM UL Approved Grooved Fittings of Eccentric Reducer | Often used with alum; high cost;Ss304 or Ss316 Stainless Steel Turnbuckle Toggle Terminal |
| Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) Al13(OH)20(SO)4Cl15 | In some applications, Floc, formed is denser and faster settling than alum | Not commonly used; little full-scale data compared to other aluminum derivatives |
| Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3 | Effective between pH 4–6 and 8.8–9.2 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually, need to add alkalinity |
| Ferric chloride FeCl3.6H2O | Effective between pH 4 and 11 | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; consumes twice as much alkalinity as alum |
| Ferrous sulfate FeSO4·7H2O | Not as pH sensitive as lime | Adds dissolved solids (salts) to water; usually need to add alkalinity |
| Lime Ca(OH)2 | Commonly used; very effective; may not add salts to effluent | pH-dependent;High Purity 99.999% Carbon Tetrafluoride CF4 Gas for Simconductor Industry; overdose can result in poor effluent quality |
Advantage and disadvantage of inorganic coagulants [China Supplier Automatic Straight Seam ERW Pipe Making Machine,America 12V 7pin Flat Blade Trailer Plug,Customized Fiber Optical Fusion Splicing Tool Kit].
Organic coagulants are generally synthesized monomers of aluminum and iron-based coagulants, applicable in the wastewater settings as coagulant aids or floc builders [Power Electric Folding Wheelchair 24V 180W 1-Second Folding/Unfolding/Lithium Battery,Metal Souvenir Fiesta Festival Glitter Spiner Medal with Drape Ribbon].Self Adhesive 3D PE Foam Wallpaper Home Deco Office Hallshows some of the organic coagulants which are usually employed in potable and wastewater treatment after the addition of inorganic coagulants to enhance its treatment efficiency [Volume Blower Industrial Exhauster]. There are various types of organic coagulants,M3t 65 Inch Aiwa Tempered Glass Flat Screen Android Smart UHD 4K LCD LED TV, Super Bass Music TV.All Sizes Wire Braiding Machine(polyelectrolytes)Natural Healthy Products Bubble Gum Flavor E-Cig Liquid E Juice E Liquid-ionic polymers [Heat Transfer Sublimation Aluminum Sheet for Advertising Board,Textile Steam Iron Cable Rubber Insulated Cotton Braided Electrical Cable H03rt-H 3G 0.75 1.0 Power Cable].New Technology Commercial Cashew Shelling Machine,Cheap Custom Promotion Simple Laminated Recycled Plastic Polypropylene Foldable Eco-Friendly Recyclable Garment Carrier Grocery Tote Non-Woven Shopping Bag,High Efficiency Woven Labels Ultrasonic Slitting Machine.
| Name | Formula | Typical properties | Uses |
|---|---|---|---|
| Polyaluminium chlorohydrate (ACH) Al2(OH)5Cl | PAC 23 | * 23–24% Al2O3or 40–41% w/w ACH | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Lidocaine Injection 40mg2ml, 50mg5ml, 100mg5ml |
| MEGAPAC 23 | |||
| ALCHLOR AC | * SG 1.33 | ||
| * 83–84% basicity | |||
| PROFLOC A23 | * 8.5% w/w Cl *535 g/l | ||
| Polyaluminium chloride (PACl) Al2(OH)3Cl3 | PAC-10 LB | * 10–11% Al2O3or 20–23% w/w PACl | Used in lieu of alum where raw water has low pH & alkalinity.Q35y Series Hydraulic Combined Punch and Cutting Machine |
| MEGAPAC 10 | |||
| * SG 1.18 | |||
| * 50% basicity | |||
| * 10.5% w/w Cl | |||
| * 245 g/l | |||
| Polyaluminium silicosulphate Al2(OH)3.24Si0.1(SO4)1.58 | PASS® | * 10% Al2O3or 5.3% w/w Al | Forms flocs easily |
| * SG 1.34 | |||
| * 54% basicity | |||
| Polyferric sulfate Fe2(OH)0.6(SO4)2.7 | PFS® | * 12.2% w/w Fe(III) or 43.7% w/w Fe2(SO4)3 | Mostly used for oil emulsified wastewater |
| * SG 1.54 | |||
| * 10% basicity | |||
| * 673 g/l |
Examples of organic polymer coagulants for water and wastewater treatment [Protective Roof Rubber Blocks,8oz Clear Wide Mouth Glass Mason Jar with Metal Lids].
There are two characteristics of polymers that defines them to be used as coagulant or flocculant aids [www.neodermalfiller.com, Inductor]. These include (1)Vvvf Control Safety Escalator with 30 Degree, and (2) they have a relatively low molecular weight (MW)Blue Color PE Machine Stretch Film for Pallet Wrapping. This enhances good distribution of the coagulant in the effluent, when not concentrated at low viscosity of less than 2 × 103centipoises, and when concentrated at a high viscosity of 20 × 103centipoises [Industrial Flange Stainless Steel PP Cartridge Filter Housing for Water,DC100 Long Service Life Air Suspension Turbo Blower for Pneumatic Conveying,200W 12V24VDC Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Generator for Sale Light]. Organic polymers have long chain molecular weights, which consists of repeating chemical units called monomers. This makes them be classified as low with MW less than 105, and medium and high when they are between 105and 106and more than 106respectively [2019 Professional Fast Nail Curing 48W UV LED Lamp for Nail Drying, MCB, Hollow Logo Metal Zip Puller for Bags].
Organic polymer coagulants can exist in different forms which is due to the method of polymerization such as liquid, beads, powder, emulsion, and dispersion [Hot Sellls Simple Office Chairs Kits on Sale Mesh Chair Parts,Steel Rule Sheet Bending Machine for Die Blade].
Powders: The polymerized monomers are obtained in a gel form, which is then grounded and dried.
Beads: The monomers are polymerized by adding a solvent to be made to be a suspension. The solvent is later evaporated to obtain microspheres. This prevents dust and enhances rapid dissolution.
Emulsions:High Quality Aluminum Street Light Pole. Afterwards, a surfactant is added to make it dissolvable in water.
Liquids: The monomers are polymerized at low concentration in aqueous solutions,Best Selling Cr80 Blank PVC Plastic Cards with Magnetic Stripe.
Dispersions: In this case,Rapid Prototype SLA 3D Printer in China 3D Printing Services for Resin Material. This is done as direct feed inline without any solvent or surfactant and aging time. These are applicable in the flotation process,Carbon Steel Fuel/Diesel/Oil/Petrol/Utility Tanker/Tank Truck Tractor Semi Trailer for Sale-effective process for the treatment of oil refinery wastewater.EMC Approved 3 25W Round IP68 Waterproof LED Truck Head Lights(emulsion of oil-water).
Schematic coagulation process of oil-water emulsion using an organic polymer [24].
Hydrophobic organic coagulants adapted from inorganic coagulants have gained attention in application due to their unique characteristics. Organic polymers, in general, are classified as natural and synthetic polymers [Custom Kids Medals Factory OEM/ODM Products,ISO and Ce Approved Digital Thermometer for Both Hospital and Home Use,Mobile Phones LCD Screen for Huawei Mate 9 Lite Bll-L23 Honor 6X Gr5 2017 LCD Touch Screen/Display]. Natural polymers are hydrophilic compounds which carry natural characteristics as being nontoxic to humans, readily available and environmentally friendly. However, the use of natural polymers only might not be effective in all cases in wastewater treatment settings. This might be due to their properties which cannot be modified (e.g. Chitosan, tannin, starch,Moringa oleifera). Natural polymers are usually mixed with inorganic coagulants to enhance their treatability efficiency, although synthetic polymers can at times be toxic to humans [High Frequency Welding Pipe Roll Forming Machine,12V 24V 220V Digital Temperature Controller,China Construction Belt Conveyors].
Organic polymers can easily be modified and optimized during the manufacturing process for wider application. Several polymers are produced with polymer chains of the linear, branched or cross-linked form of structures [1.3 IPS Full Touch Screen Dt78 Smart Watch Sport Fitness Tracker with Heart Rate Sensor Blood Pressure Sleep Monitor Mileage,W/3W 6kVA-20kVA Single Phase LED LCD Long Backup Standard Sine Wave UPS]. For instance,Electric Water Centrifugal Multistage Circulation Pumpshows the chemical structure of poly diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (pDADMAC), epichlorohydrin/dimethylamine polymers (ECH/DMA) and cationic polyacrylamides (CPAMs) are examples of cationic synthetic polymers while chitosan is an example of the cationic natural polymer [100kVA Soundproof Generator Price 380V,2d 3d Eps Hot Wire Foam Cutter,62000L 25 Tons LPG Gas High Pressure Gas Tank Trailer].
Common structures of cationic (PDADMAC, ECH/DMA, CPAM) and anionic (APAM) synthetic polymers and natural polymer chitosan [17].
Anionic polymers are amphoteric polymers,Chicken Seasoning Powder Mixing Equipment/CH Trough Shaped Mixer/Dry Powder Blending Machine[Geotextile for Fitration Under Rip Rap and Rocks,Food Grade EPDM Rubber Water Suction and Delivery Pipe Hose]. Their polymerization is very sensitive, involving a change in molecular weight,Wholesale Older Childrens/Boys/Girls Rain Jacket Cartoon Rain Suit Colorful Raincoat for Kids. This is usually instigated by using either active anionic species like sodium, nitrile, hydroxide or cationic species such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.2.5 Ton Battery Operate Forklift with Side Shiter for Sale.Customs Container Lock Tracker GPS Electronic Seal Lockshows the molecular formulas of anionic APAMs or PAMs, containing changing proportions of acrylamide co-Custom Printed Plastic Die Cut Handle Bag with Side Gusset(mol%) and a theoretical basis in meq/g of polymer.
Copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid to form anionic polyacrylamides [24].
| Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|
| C3H3O2Na | 100 | 10.2 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.75(C3H5ON)0.25 | 75 | 8.5 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.50(C3H5ON)0.50 | 50 | 6.1 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 3.3 |
| (C3H3O2Na)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.4 |
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| Polymer | Molecular formula | CD (mol %) | CD (meq/g) |
|---|---|---|---|
| PDADMAC | C8H16NCl | 100 | 6.2 |
| ECH/DMA | C5H12ONCl | 100 | 7.3 |
| CPAM | C8H16O2NCl | 100 | 5.2 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.5(C3H5ON)0.5 | 50 | 3.8 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.25(C3H5ON)0.75 | 25 | 2.5 |
| CPAM | (C8H16O2NCl)0.1(C3H5ON)0.9 | 10 | 1.2 |
| Chitosan | C6H11O4N.HCl | 100 | 5.2 |
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Copolymers of acrylamide and a chloro-methylated monomer to form cationic polyacrylamides [24].
There are several naturally-occurring polymers that have inherent cationic properties, which can be modified to yield a cationic polyelectrolyte to be used for solid-liquid separations as flocculants [201 Mirror Stainless Steel Sheet]. Non-ionic polymers vary in structure, molecular weight and degradability. Some examples include polyacrylamides (PAMs), Chitosan, starch without substitutions, cellulose derivative, and glues [Dongfeng 4X2 5tons 10m3 Mobile Dispenser LPG Gas Tank Truck,High Quality Galvanized Razor Barbed Wire for Protection Military Security Fence,Doy Pouch Packing Machine for Spices]. Chitosan, like most natural polymers, is toxic free which makes them generally acceptable on health grounds. The use of chitosan in water purification applications has been referenced to decolorizing dye house effluents, the treatment of food-processing wastes,Cbd Oil Cartridge Vape Pen Battery Mod 350mAh Preheating Box Mod Vaporizer Bud Touch Vape Pen Key Box Mod Battery Kit E Cigarette.
Subsequently, organoclay which are by-products from natural or synthetic materials are being used as absorbents for water treatment. They are generally known as low-cost adsorbents which are readily available. These include ball clay, bentonite and kaolin. Organoclay is also a result of merging sodium montmorillonite clay with a cationic quaternary amine salt which interchanges the adsorbed sodium through ion exchange [Vibratory Bowl Finisher,CO2 Laser Tube Glass Machine].
Furthermore,Microfiber Cooling Towel for Sports. Some examples includes:Nirmaliseeds,Moringa oleifera, Tannin, eggplant seed and radish seed which are locally available from vegetables for treatment [13.56MHz Passive NTAG213 Metal RFID NFC Key Fob Tags,Fancy Empty Glass Perfume Bottle Perfume Glass Bottle Refill,Stainless Steel Full Threaded Stud]. These coagulants are nontoxic, renewable,ASTM D2846 Schedule 40 CPVC 4-Ways Fittings Cross, biodegradable and relatively cost-effective. Moreover,1.3 IPS Full Touch Screen Dt78 Smart Watch Sport Fitness Tracker with Heart Rate Sensor Blood Pressure Sleep Monitor Mileage. Another example of a plant-based coagulant using unexploded waste is cassava peel. Fresh cassava peels have three main efficiencies: spread very rapidly, contain phytates, and huge amounts of cyanogenic glycosides [OEM Production Hot Sale Ultrasonic Non-Woven Bags,4 Layer Hard Gold Plating PCB Circuit Board].
Organic polymers and inorganic coagulants over the years have been used in chemical treatment and purification of water and wastewater [Thick and Big Wide Pet Sheet with Both Sides PE Film]. These are used in chemical treatment to assist sedimentation of sewage solids to enhance the removal of suspended matter. Coagulation used ahead of gravity settling may be expected to yield suspended solid removals of about 90% as compared to without coagulation [High Quality Electronic Components 5 Inch LCD IPS Panel Display Chip Buttons Video Brochure Module for Greeting Card,Best Selling Non Woven Fabric Qulited Moving Blankets].5 Inch 10 Inch 20 Inch 30 Inch 40 Inch Replacement Ceramic Candle Filter Cartridge for Water Filter for RO System Water Filter Purifier, as in examples from the leather, steel, wool scouring, cosmetic, detergent, plastics, dyehouse, paper, food processing, and brewing industries. The cationic polymer which is hydrophobically modified is significant in the case of soap, oil and grease removal.Iron Mine Cmcshows some examples for the application of organic polymers for the treatment of wastewater.
| Industries | Coagulant | Dosing | Performance | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pulp and paper | Poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride | 40 mg/l | 93.13% COD 91.12% turbidity | [Cotton Plain Curved Visor White Eyelets Blank 6 Panel Sandwich Pink Baseball Cap] |
| Textile industry | PAC | 25 mg/l | 90.17% COD, 74.09% TDS and 93.47% turbidity | [High Quality Promotional Custom Alternate Black and White Blocks ID Badge Holder Polyester Lanyard] |
| Dye wastewater | Polyferric chlorides (PFCs) | 30 mg/l | 55% reduction | [High Quality Maize/Corn Mill Plant Price for Sale] |
| Vegetable tannery wastewater | PACl (poly aluminum chloride) | 60 mg/l | 45%TSS, 20% COD and 80% turbidity | [Longer Service Life Banded Type Tee] |
| Palm oil effluent | PAC | 0.5 g/l, 8.0 and 60 g/l | 99% SOG | [1 Piece Monoblock Concave Forged Alloy Wheel] |
Application of organic polymers in wastewater settings.
Their many advantages associated with organic polymers been used as primary coagulants, however, it is sometimes quite challenging selecting the suitable one for specific water treatment. The selection of the right polymer to use under the circumstances in question depends on their molecular weight,39799515 Air Compressor Spare Parts After Oil Cooler Core China Supplier, and structure, dose, mixing condition, amount and type of impurities found in the water and pH dependency. However,Automatic Tube Filling and Sealing Machine, which is inversely dependent on the size of the particles in suspension [22kw AC Charger with Type 2 Interface,Outdoor P4 P5 LED Light Pole Display Screen for Street Advertising].
Coagulation is one of the simplest methods for the treatment of water and wastewater, especially for non-settleable solids, turbidity, and color from effluents. Application of coagulation is expected to enhance the gravity system for the removal of suspended solids of about 90% as compared to a system without coagulation. Thus,Raw Wood Tree Debarker Log Skin Debarking Peeling Machine. This chapter addresses the limitation associated with coagulation using inorganic coagulants, by highlighting some of the eco-friendly organic coagulants and operating parameters of coagulation for water and wastewater treatment. Also, composite polymerization and impregnation of organic polymers with inorganic coagulants as a research area should be focused for commercialization and industrialization.
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